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The Impact of Volcanic Eruptions on Climate Change: A Case Study of Mount Pinatubo
1. Introduction The general perception regarding climate change is that it is mainly induced by man, particularly due to the increase in the release of greenhouse gases from activities such as industrialization and increasing use of fossil fuels. The impact of these activities has been recognized and has been receiving increasing attention in recent years, leading to a number of international protocols where countries are encouraged and required to control and/or reduce the levels of these gase ...
The Impact of Climate Change on New Hampshire's Natural Scenery and Conservation Efforts
1. Introduction When one speaks of the natural scenery of New Hampshire, one should remember that New Hampshire has been inhabited and its natural beauty enjoyed by no small number of societies long before Henry David Thoreau, the great apostle of nature study, was born. The soil erosion which had already begun even in Thoreau's day has been greatly accelerated by the heedless destruction of forests and other indigenous vegetation by reckless landowners interested only in short-term profits, an ...
El impacto de los desastres naturales en el desarrollo económico y social de una región
1. Introducción Se discute la importancia del tema sobre los desastres y la necesidad del análisis resultante del impacto económico y social de estos fenómenos, tanto para la planificación como para el proceso de toma de decisiones. En el año 2000, el Departamento de Desarrollo Sostenible del Banco Mundial produce el informe SOS 2000 "Reducing Vulnerability to Natural Disasters", que marca un hito en el análisis del impacto económico de estos fenómenos. El documento arroja luz sobre los efectos ...
El papel de la tecnología en la gestión de desastres naturales
1. Introducción a la gestión de desastres naturales Los desastres naturales son una constante en la historia. Según Emilio Lamo de Espinosa, presidente del Real Instituto Elcano, en los años 90 murieron más de dos millones de personas a causa de desastres naturales, 30 millones les fueron atribuidos y tuvieron un efecto directo sobre 700 millones. La frecuencia y gravedad de los desastres se multiplican por dos cada decenio. Según el Fondo Mundial para la Paz, tres cuartas partes del territorio ...
The Impact of El Niño on Global Climate Patterns and Weather Systems
1. Introduction El Niño events disrupt global climate patterns and weather systems. It is caused by the disruption of normal sea-surface temperatures and wind circulations in the Pacific Ocean. Although it is known that these events impact global patterns, the importance and roles of other ocean regions in controlling these patterns and whether El Niño impacts could change as a result of climate change are less well known. By using simulations from both simple and high-resolution climate models ...
The Impact of El Niño on the Environment and Local Communities
1. Introduction El Niño, Spanish for "the Christ Child," was originally recognized by the inhabitants of northwestern South America as the appearance of warm water in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Ecuador and Peru in the month of December. This happens every two to five years, disrupting the normal flow of the cold Humboldt current that flows along the western coast of South America. While traditionally associated with the Christmas season, climatologists now refer to this event as El Niño ...
Análisis de la gestión de riesgo del cambio climático en áreas costeras vulnerables
1. Introducción El cambio climático (CC), como resultado de la acción antrópica que incrementa la concentración de gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera, ha representado un aumento brusco de la temperatura y cambios en los patrones de precipitación que afectan directamente a la superficie terrestre y el océano generando impactos a bienes y servicios ecosistémicos. Las áreas costeras constituyen un hábitat muy complejo; están influenciadas por una combinación de factores tales como patrone ...
The Impact of Climate Change on Natural Disasters and Ecological Conservation
1. Introduction The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have explicitly recognized that climate change has a wide variety of impacts on ecological systems, which, in turn, feed back to influence climate. Global warming has intensified significantly since the mid-twentieth century and resulted in a series of highly impactful climate disasters. According to United Nations data, weather and climate-related disaster ...
Los efectos de los planes de emergencia y la preparación en la gestión de desastres naturales
1. Introducción Los desastres naturales a lo largo de la historia han causado innumerables pérdidas, las cuales muchas veces pudieron haberse evitado o mitigado. En el día a día, la humanidad enfrenta diferentes desastres naturales, tales como terremotos, tsunamis, huracanes, inundaciones, incendios, entre otros, que causan la pérdida del bienestar del ser humano, del patrimonio personal, así como de la destrucción o daño del patrimonio cultural y ambiental del territorio en que estos ocurren. ...
The Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Erosion
1. Introduction Over the last few years, few environmental problems have raised as much concern as those resulting from global change, particularly those associated with climate change. Humanity's growing concern has led several government and scientific organizations to study and analyze the nature and consequences of these global aspects of change. Without a doubt, one of the problems affected is the field of coastal zones. For some years now, the concept of "sustainable development" has been ...
Análisis de las estrategias de manejo de riesgo de desastres naturales en áreas urbanas
1. Introducción A comienzos del siglo XXI, las ciudades enfrentan un conjunto complejo de problemas y desafíos, fruto de la urbanización, los desequilibrios regionales, el incremento de la pobreza y la exclusión social, el deterioro del ambiente, el debilitamiento del tejido social, la desinstitucionalización y las tensiones continentales originadas en la inequidad entre regiones y países, los cuales están siendo acentuados por los problemas de adaptación y prevención a los riesgos naturales y ...
The Importance of Early Warning Systems in Natural Disaster Preparedness and Response
1. Introduction In the last decade, losses from natural catastrophes have continuously increased. There is a widespread consensus among risk experts that natural disasters will increase both in frequency and severity, making sufficient precautionary mitigation measures indispensable. Sound disaster mitigation includes pragmatic response and recovery programs and involves transatlantic cooperation between policymakers, the private and public sectors, and non-profits. Early warning systems delive ...
The Impact of Climate Change on Natural Disasters and the Environment
1. Introduction The changes that we are experiencing in natural disasters - such as the increase in intensity, at least in some regions of the world, of hurricanes and typhoons; an increase in the intensity, frequency, and location of flooding and prolonged droughts; more fluctuating temperatures varying over large areas in the polar, Andean, and mountainous regions - show that these phenomena are the result of climate change. But this change is not uniform over the surface of the earth, and th ...
The Environmental Impact of Increased Gas Production on Climate Change
1. Introduction This paper intends to examine and quantify what, if any, are the implications for climate policy of the natural gas boom. One straightforward hypothesis that can be advanced is that if less carbon-heavy coal is replaced by natural gas in the electricity market, this could lead to a reduced rate of atmospheric carbon build-up. In fact, as explained below, once the global methane emissions from natural gas production - especially the hydraulic fracturing or fracking process widely ...
The Impact of Natural Disasters on Regional Economies
1. Introduction Natural disasters, like large earthquakes, hurricanes, and windstorms, have increasingly reported widening damage and destruction in various parts of the world. Many models come from a societal perspective. There are studies in sociology that suggest an increase in crime, suicide, and mortality after a natural disaster, and there are the engineers, usually the most scientific ones, who calculate mainly the economic damage on the number of casualties. With an economic perspective ...
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Natural Disasters Argumentative Essays Samples For Students
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Example Of Environmental Studies Argumentative Academic Essay
The importance of an emergency management plan: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery, argumentative essay on is environmental damage the responsibility of the government, should wealthy nations be required to share their wealth among poorer nations argumentative essay examples.
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Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Floods and Volcanic Eruption Term Paper
Introduction.
Natural disasters are rapid and instantaneous occurrences that cause extreme devastation to the environment and the socioeconomic systems. The world is prone to many natural disasters though the the socioeconomic impacts can be mitigated. It is estimated that a third of the world economic cost is channeled towards prediction and mitigating disasters.
Death tolls vary from one catastrophe to another as some countries are vulnerable to these disasters recording a large number of deaths (Abbott, 12). An example is Japan, which is known to have experienced frequent and different types of disasters in the past (Kisslinger, 37). This paper discusses earthquakes, floods and volcanic eruption.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes have rocked the earth for a long period. Scientists do not have exact reasons why earthquakes occur. However, the only explanation given is that they occur when plates shift positions or collide. It is clear that some areas of the earth experience frequent and deadly earthquake more than others. Scientists study earthquakes using seismographs to locate the epicenter and for future predictions. Scientists have observed that different regions may have different earthquake precursors.
Therefore, to avoid faulty warnings, the tools used should monitor a wide range of parameters for vulnerable areas of the world. Predictions are made using data and observations in dense networks of epicenter areas (Abbott, 17). This will help in the future monitory of small earthquakes of six magnitudes and below. This is important since the techniques would help in predicting large future earthquakes for earthquake control. Today, experiments are done for future earthquake control in Colorado rangelands.
However, further studies are still necessary for reality in terms of understanding the physical processes involved, magnitudes, rock characteristics. This knowledge will play a significant role in earthquake control modification models and earthquake feasibility. The success of future predictions depends on the manpower commitment to seismological programs (Kisslinger 38).
California, San Fransico, 1906
San Fransico was occupied mainly by Spanish from Mexico. By 1906, the population was about half a million. The city experienced small, yearly earthquakes, and everyone knew about earthquakes. The city is built on the pacific and north America tectonic plates over the San Andreas fault stretching for about eight hundred miles and sixteen kilometers deep (Prokos, 43).
There are many other fault lines in the region. Each year, scientists record about 20,000 strong tremors. On 18th April 1906, a great earthquake of 7.8 magnitude hit the city at 5.00 am while people were still sleeping. Three thousand people lost their lives in this incident. The underling plates slid horizontally past each other.
Chimneys crumbled into pieces; buildings collapsed and crushed people while some were trapped. The streets split into two. Several days after the quake, the city was still in flames as the fire fighters could not extinguish the flames. Many people died instantly while others drowned in the flooded buildings as they could not escape. The aftershock flattened the already damaged buildings disrupting the recovery process (Weil, 17).
The calamity caused death of thousands of people, and almost all the material wealth were destroyed by fire. It caused both administrative and economic mess. The inhabitants described the disaster as a fire storm because the most destruction was done by the fire. The American and British insurance company settled the cost of losses at 65.3% and 34.3% respectively (Röder, 37).
After this disaster, the chiefs of major insurance companies pushed for major changes to improve the building codes and the infrastructure (Röder, 42). In January 2010, the population of San Francisco city was expected to be about 809, 249. This was extrapolated from US census of 2000.
The earth was formed million of years ago from a hot mess that split from the solar system. The force of gravity separated the earth into layers as heavier materials settled at the center whereas lighter materials settled on the outer surface. Volcanoes are known to release the pressure of the molten magma when the overlying rocks can no longer contain the pressure through eruption.
There are two kinds of volcanic mountain. The active volcano is expected to erupt in the future while the dormant volcanoes are not likely to erupt in the future. Some erupt for months and years while others erupts quickly and stop. A volcanic eruption is one of the most feared natural disasters. Volcanic eruptions cause extreme destruction to people, land, vegetation, landscape, buildings, roads and other infrastructure.
Major volcanic eruptions occur killing and injuring inhabitants of the volcanic active regions. Apart from the visible dangers of volcanoes, they can be a poisonous thereby killing living organism in case of contact. The dark ashes from the volcanoes may have several mixtures of gases resulting in air pollution (Thompson and Turk 31).
Prediction and risk assessment
Many volcanoes are active and thus the geologists should predict an eruption to reduce potential disasters. One should understand the tectonic environment of a given region as a first step for prediction. This is due to the relationship between an eruption and the geology of the area.
The previous frequencies and the magnitudes of eruptions are critical during future risk assessment. Regional predictions can estimate the time of a future earthquake, but cannot predict the intensity. Short term predictions are more accurate than regional predictions. In this case, short term focuses on detecting signs and time for an active volcano. Some signs can be seen in the changes within the surrounding land such as smoke or gas emissions, temperature of the nearby hot springs, and earthquake (Thompson and Turk 40).
The eruption of Mt St. Helens, 1980
The last time there was an eruption at Mt Helens was in 1857. Two US geologists predicted that the mountain would erupt before the end of the century due to the past frequent and violent eruptions. An earthquake occurred below the volcano causing small eruptions that led to a greater eruption two months later.
Geologists installed seismographs and surveying tools to record signs of the seismic activities. Sensitive and sophisticated equipments were used to detect changes in the ground water and temperature increase prior to the eruption. It was observed that the mountain swelled and increased in size due to the upward force of magma.
The results showed that the mountain could erupt again, and thus the government was advised to vacate the civilians to avoid loss of lives. These instruments were used in the Philippines in 1991 where lives were saved. David Johnstone is one of the unlucky scientists whom have been caught off guard and killed. The eruption flattened a vast area of thirty five by twenty kilometers. Some people were engulfed by the dark cloud debris as they tried to escape.
The high temperatures melted the mountain ice resulting in strong mud flows that flattened the vegetation and moved vehicles and buildings. The mud reached the Columbia river where it destroyed the river biodiversity. Ash clouds of high temperature smoldered everything in their path. The area still shows the effects of the disaster though the vegetation is slowly regenerating. The forest service has managed to replant trees, especially on the plain ground (Thompson and Turk 56).
Floods are natural occurrences that shape the landscape, ecological habitats, and ecosystems. Floods can cause loss of lives and property destruction. Thus, it is advisable for vulnerable regions take steps to predict and control floods. Poor land use methods in the rural and urban areas can cause flooding.
Different regions of Europe have experienced major flood problems between 1998 and 2000 due to climate change. It is predicted that floods will increase in Europe given the recent frequency. It is estimated that over 25 billion Euros insured economic losses experienced and about seven hundred fatalities. It was estimated that around 1.5% of the Europeans were affected by floods that covered expansive areas (International commission for the protection of Dandube river basin floods 3).
Danube river basin 2002
The flood affected the following countries: Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania. The flash flood Suceuva that is northern Romania led to massive deaths of citizens. Over sixteen thousand houses were flooded. Hundreds of kilometers of roads were destroyed, and close to five hundred bridges were destroyed.
The destruction of infrastructure also affected communication systems. The gas and electricity network were also damaged. Several municipalities in Hungary were affected with more than twenty thousand people being vacated from their homes. More than 4,370 homes were damaged. The presence of prevention structures and well executed emergency interventions minimized the possible overall damage.
Emergency operations were valued at thirty three million Euros, and over ten million Euros were needed for rehabilitation. The central parts of Slovakia were the most affected as 144 settlements and thousands of hectares were flooded. Damages were valued at €36.2 million, and emergency costs amounted to €2.2 million.
The 20 communities in the Morava river basin, Czech Republic were affected especially in regard to agriculture and infrastructure resulting in a €11.7 million damage cost. Over 10,000 homes and infrastructure were destroyed in lower and upper Austria. The total damage amounted to €3.1bilion.
In Germany, the Inn, Traun, Regen, and Salzach tributary areas were slightly affected due to the regulating structures that reduced a potentially extended damage. The 2006 floods caused swelling of rivers and many people abandoned their homes due to high water levels.
This was a major flooding experienced in the Danube in the last 100 years. The international commission for the protection of the Danube area revised the hydrology of the area to develop ways to support the national preparedness. The report from this meeting proposed possible solutions and the way forward to minimize damage in the future (International commission for the protection of Dandube river basin floods 5).
This paper has presented a few of the major natural disasters that the world has experienced. Natural disasters happen due to natural causes. However, experts should engage in prediction of the occurrence of natural disasters to issue alerts before the disasters strike. It is evident that disaster preparedness has been critical in reducing the magnitude of devastation in the past. Therefore, various governments should adopt mitigation measures that can assist in minimizing the impacts of the disasters.
Works Cited
Abbott, Patrick L. Natural Disasters . Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.
International commission for the protection of Dandube river basin floods, 2006. Web.
Kisslinger, Carl. Earthquake predictions. Physics Today , 27. 3. (1974): 36-42. Print.
Prokos, Anna. Earthquakes . Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub, 2009. Print.
Röder, Tilmann J. From Industrial to Legal Standardization, 1871-1914: Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake . Leiden [u.a.: Martinus Nijhoff Brill, 2011. Print.
Thompson, Graham R. and J. Turk. Earth Science and the Environment . Australia: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007. Print.
Weil, Ann. Earthquakes . Costa Mesa, Calif.: Saddleback Educational Pub, 2013. Print.
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IvyPanda. (2018, November 30). Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Floods and Volcanic Eruption. https://ivypanda.com/essays/natural-disasters/
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