what are research citations

Introduction to Citations

• In-text Citations
• Citing Patents & Standards
• Annotated Bibliography

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A citation is a reference to a source . In both research and discussions, citing sources is fundamental in demonstrating your understanding of a subject and your ability to utilize credible information in the topic. It is also how one provides credit to claims.

There are three main reasons to provide citations:

• Avoid plagiarism (See the Plagiarism page in this guide for more info.)
• Demonstrates that you have thoroughly researched the topic, and that your work is based on evidence.
• Provides details necessary for readers to find the original source if they wish to read it themselves.
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• Last Updated: Mar 12, 2024 4:29 PM
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Research Strategies

• Reference Resources
• News Articles
• Scholarly Sources
• Search Strategy
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• Evaluating Information
• Revising & Polishing
• Presentations & Media
• MLA 9th Citation Style
• APA 7th Citation Style
• Other Citation Styles
• Citation Managers
• Annotated Bibliography
• Literature Review How to

APA Style Guides, 7th edition

• Style Guide, citing in APA 7th edition This guide includes citation examples for a variety of sources, information on in-text citations, and a sample reference list.
• APA 7 for Business This is a continuously updated document created by business librarians across the US to give citation examples for common business databases (Mintel, Business Source Premier, IBIS, etc.) and documents (reports, analysis, etc.).
• Sample Student Paper 7th edition From APA Style Blog

View the   APA Style website  for additional style and grammar guidelines.

Basic APA Formatting Guidelines 

• Reference list entries are alphabetized by author’s last name or equivalent.
• Reference lists are doubled spaced with a hanging indent after the first line of each entry
• References (in bold) should appear at the top center of the page.
• When referring to books, chapters, articles, or webpage titles , capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns
• Example: Last, F. M., Last, F. M., & Last, F. M.
• Parenthetical citation: “Direct quote” (Furlong, 2015, p.25).
• Narrative citation, if the author is mentioned in the sentence, place the year after the last name and the page number after the quote. Example: Furlong (2015) found that “direct quote” (p. 25)
• More guidelines can be found in the PDF Style Guide, citing in APA 7th edition . 

APA 7th Annotated Bibliography Examples

Journal article.

Alvarez, N. & Mearns, J. (2014). The benefits of writing and performing in the spoken word poetry community.  The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41 (3), 263-268.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2014.03.004 Prior research has shown narrative writing to help with making meaning out of trauma. This article uses grounded theory to analyze semi-structured interviews with ten spoken word poets.  Because spoken word poetry is performed live, it creates personal and community connections that enhance the emotional development and resolution offered by the practice of writing. The findings are limited by the small, nonrandom sample (all the participants were from the same community).

• APA 7th Sample Annotated Bibliography
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• Research Guides
• Citing Sources
• Introduction

Citing Sources : Introduction

• Understanding Citations

Citation Tools

• Other Resources

About this Guide

When you quote, paraphrase, summarize, or otherwise refer to the work of another, you are required to cite its source, either with a parenthetical citation or  a footnote or endnote.  Not to do so is plagiarism.  At the end of documents with references to others' works is a list of sources (e.g., Bibliography, Works Cited, Reference List)

Before starting your research, identify the appropriate citation style according to the academic discipline and/or media format. Check with your advisor or instructor about which style you should use.

This guide provides information about citing sources according to different styles. Select the page for the style you are using.  Print manuals and electronic sources with examples of citations for different types of sources are included.

Also available is a link to information about tools you can use to collect, manage, and format citations.

If you need further assistance with citing sources, use Ask A Librarian .

Major Style Manuals

• The Chicago Manual of Style. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006-. (Online) Access to 17th & 16th editions.

Ask a Librarian

or click for more options ...

UW Writing Center

The UW-Madison Writing Center , located in 6171 Helen C. White Hall, helps students with their writing skills through in-person and online assistance.  This research guide links to pages with documentation related to a number of citation styles. 

Citation Managers such as EndNote, Mendeley, or Zotero are software tools for managing your citations.  Citation managers will help you:

• Create and organize a personal research database,
• Download citations from online databases,
• Format bibliographies and citations in papers, and
• Share your citations with others.

Compare Citation Managers

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How To Write a Research Paper

• 1. Understand the Assignment
• 2. Choose Topic & Write Thesis Statement
• 3. Create Concept Map & Keyword List
• 4. Research Your Topic
• 5. Create an Outline
• 6. Write the Paper
• Assignment Calculator

Why are citations important?

Apa citations.

Good research projects combine data from a variety of sources and carefully document the sources of information and ideas. Research documentation usually appears in two parts: short in-text citations occurring within the actual paper and a longer, complete list of works at the end of the paper called a bibliography, reference list, or works cited page. 

Besides giving credit to the source of information or ideas, there are other great reasons to cite in your research project:

• Persuasiveness - Your writing will be more persuasive if you cite the research on which you based your own conclusions and arguments.
• Sharing - Citations make it possible for your professor and other readers to examine interesting sources that you found.
• Communication -  Correct citations helps you communicate effectively with potential peers within a discipline.
• Skills -  Correct citation demonstrates your research and documentation abilities to your professor.
• Avoid Plagiarism -  Correct citation use helps protect you from plagiarizing.

Note: a hyperlink or URL included in the text is not the same as a citation. Ex: "Higher gas prices are on the way (cnn.com/specialreport)." URLs in the text, while common on the internet, are not considered a correct form of scholarly citation.

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Home » How to Cite Research Paper – All Formats and Examples

How to Cite Research Paper – All Formats and Examples

Table of Contents

Research Paper Citation

Research paper citation refers to the act of acknowledging and referencing a previously published work in a scholarly or academic paper . When citing sources, researchers provide information that allows readers to locate the original source, validate the claims or arguments made in the paper, and give credit to the original author(s) for their work.

The citation may include the author’s name, title of the publication, year of publication, publisher, and other relevant details that allow readers to trace the source of the information. Proper citation is a crucial component of academic writing, as it helps to ensure accuracy, credibility, and transparency in research.

How to Cite Research Paper

There are several formats that are used to cite a research paper. Follow the guide for the Citation of a Research Paper:

Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication.

Example : Smith, John. The History of the World. Penguin Press, 2010.

Journal Article

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Year of Publication, pp. Page Numbers.

Example : Johnson, Emma. “The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture.” Environmental Science Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, 2019, pp. 45-59.

Research Paper

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Conference Name, Location, Date of Conference.

Example : Garcia, Maria. “The Importance of Early Childhood Education.” International Conference on Education, Paris, 5-7 June 2018.

Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Webpage.” Website Title, Publisher, Date of Publication, URL.

Example : Smith, John. “The Benefits of Exercise.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 1 March 2022, https://www.healthline.com/health/benefits-of-exercise.

News Article

Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper, Date of Publication, URL.

Example : Robinson, Sarah. “Biden Announces New Climate Change Policies.” The New York Times, 22 Jan. 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/22/climate/biden-climate-change-policies.html.

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.

Example: Smith, J. (2010). The History of the World. Penguin Press.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page range.

Example: Johnson, E., Smith, K., & Lee, M. (2019). The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture. Environmental Science Journal, 10(2), 45-59.

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of paper. In Editor First Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Title of Conference Proceedings (page numbers). Publisher.

Example: Garcia, M. (2018). The Importance of Early Childhood Education. In J. Smith (Ed.), Proceedings from the International Conference on Education (pp. 60-75). Springer.

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of webpage. Website name. URL

Example: Smith, J. (2022, March 1). The Benefits of Exercise. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/benefits-of-exercise

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of article. Newspaper name. URL.

Example: Robinson, S. (2021, January 22). Biden Announces New Climate Change Policies. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/22/climate/biden-climate-change-policies.html

Chicago/Turabian style

Please note that there are two main variations of the Chicago style: the author-date system and the notes and bibliography system. I will provide examples for both systems below.

Author-Date system:

• In-text citation: (Author Last Name Year, Page Number)
• Reference list: Author Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher.
• In-text citation: (Smith 2005, 28)
• Reference list: Smith, John. 2005. The History of America. New York: Penguin Press.

Notes and Bibliography system:

• Footnote/Endnote citation: Author First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page Number.
• Bibliography citation: Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
• Footnote/Endnote citation: John Smith, The History of America (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), 28.
• Bibliography citation: Smith, John. The History of America. New York: Penguin Press, 2005.

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

• Reference list: Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume Number (Issue Number): Page Range.
• In-text citation: (Johnson 2010, 45)
• Reference list: Johnson, Mary. 2010. “The Impact of Social Media on Society.” Journal of Communication 60(2): 39-56.
• Footnote/Endnote citation: Author First Name Last Name, “Article Title,” Journal Title Volume Number, Issue Number (Year): Page Range.
• Bibliography citation: Author Last Name, First Name. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume Number, Issue Number (Year): Page Range.
• Footnote/Endnote citation: Mary Johnson, “The Impact of Social Media on Society,” Journal of Communication 60, no. 2 (2010): 39-56.
• Bibliography citation: Johnson, Mary. “The Impact of Social Media on Society.” Journal of Communication 60, no. 2 (2010): 39-56.

RESEARCH PAPERS:

• Reference list: Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Paper.” Conference Proceedings Title, Location, Date. Publisher, Page Range.
• In-text citation: (Jones 2015, 12)
• Reference list: Jones, David. 2015. “The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change, Paris, France, June 1-3, 2015. Springer, 10-20.
• Footnote/Endnote citation: Author First Name Last Name, “Title of Paper,” Conference Proceedings Title, Location, Date (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), Page Range.
• Bibliography citation: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Paper.” Conference Proceedings Title, Location, Date. Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
• Footnote/Endnote citation: David Jones, “The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change, Paris, France, June 1-3, 2015 (New York: Springer, 10-20).
• Bibliography citation: Jones, David. “The Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Climate Change, Paris, France, June 1-3, 2015. New York: Springer, 10-20.
• In-text citation: (Author Last Name Year)
• Reference list: Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Webpage.” Website Name. URL.
• In-text citation: (Smith 2018)
• Reference list: Smith, John. 2018. “The Importance of Recycling.” Environmental News Network. https://www.enn.com/articles/54374-the-importance-of-recycling.
• Footnote/Endnote citation: Author First Name Last Name, “Title of Webpage,” Website Name, URL (accessed Date).
• Bibliography citation: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Webpage.” Website Name. URL (accessed Date).
• Footnote/Endnote citation: John Smith, “The Importance of Recycling,” Environmental News Network, https://www.enn.com/articles/54374-the-importance-of-recycling (accessed April 8, 2023).
• Bibliography citation: Smith, John. “The Importance of Recycling.” Environmental News Network. https://www.enn.com/articles/54374-the-importance-of-recycling (accessed April 8, 2023).

NEWS ARTICLES:

• Reference list: Author Last Name, First Name. Year. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper, Month Day.
• In-text citation: (Johnson 2022)
• Reference list: Johnson, Mary. 2022. “New Study Finds Link Between Coffee and Longevity.” The New York Times, January 15.
• Footnote/Endnote citation: Author First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Name of Newspaper (City), Month Day, Year.
• Bibliography citation: Author Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Name of Newspaper (City), Month Day, Year.
• Footnote/Endnote citation: Mary Johnson, “New Study Finds Link Between Coffee and Longevity,” The New York Times (New York), January 15, 2022.
• Bibliography citation: Johnson, Mary. “New Study Finds Link Between Coffee and Longevity.” The New York Times (New York), January 15, 2022.

Harvard referencing style

Format: Author’s Last name, First initial. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.

Example: Smith, J. (2008). The Art of War. Random House.

Journal article:

Format: Author’s Last name, First initial. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(issue number), page range.

Example: Brown, M. (2012). The impact of social media on business communication. Harvard Business Review, 90(12), 85-92.

Research paper:

Format: Author’s Last name, First initial. (Year of publication). Title of paper. In Editor’s First initial. Last name (Ed.), Title of book (page range). Publisher.

Example: Johnson, R. (2015). The effects of climate change on agriculture. In S. Lee (Ed.), Climate Change and Sustainable Development (pp. 45-62). Springer.

Format: Author’s Last name, First initial. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of page. Website name. URL.

Example: Smith, J. (2017, May 23). The history of the internet. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-the-internet

News article:

Format: Author’s Last name, First initial. (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of article. Title of newspaper, page number (if applicable).

Example: Thompson, E. (2022, January 5). New study finds coffee may lower risk of dementia. The New York Times, A1.

IEEE Format

Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of Book. Publisher.

Smith, J. K. (2015). The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business. Random House.

Journal Article:

Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of Article. Title of Journal, Volume Number (Issue Number), page numbers.

Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2016). Interactivity and the Future of Journalism. Journalism Studies, 17(2), 228-246.

Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of Paper. Paper presented at Conference Name, Location.

Jones, L. K., & Brown, M. A. (2018). The Role of Social Media in Political Campaigns. Paper presented at the 2018 International Conference on Social Media and Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.

• Website: Author(s) or Organization Name. (Year of Publication or Last Update). Title of Webpage. Website Name. URL.

Example: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (2019, August 29). NASA’s Mission to Mars. NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/topics/journeytomars/index.html

• News Article: Author(s). (Year of Publication). Title of Article. Name of News Source. URL.

Example: Johnson, M. (2022, February 16). Climate Change: Is it Too Late to Save the Planet? CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/16/world/climate-change-planet-scn/index.html

Vancouver Style

In-text citation: Use superscript numbers to cite sources in the text, e.g., “The study conducted by Smith and Johnson^1 found that…”.

Reference list citation: Format: Author(s). Title of book. Edition if any. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Example: Smith J, Johnson L. Introduction to Molecular Biology. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley-Blackwell; 2015.

In-text citation: Use superscript numbers to cite sources in the text, e.g., “Several studies have reported that^1,2,3…”.

Reference list citation: Format: Author(s). Title of article. Abbreviated name of journal. Year of publication; Volume number (Issue number): Page range.

Example: Jones S, Patel K, Smith J. The effects of exercise on cardiovascular health. J Cardiol. 2018; 25(2): 78-84.

In-text citation: Use superscript numbers to cite sources in the text, e.g., “Previous research has shown that^1,2,3…”.

Reference list citation: Format: Author(s). Title of paper. In: Editor(s). Title of the conference proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. Page range.

Example: Johnson L, Smith J. The role of stem cells in tissue regeneration. In: Patel S, ed. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Regenerative Medicine. London: Academic Press; 2016. p. 68-73.

In-text citation: Use superscript numbers to cite sources in the text, e.g., “According to the World Health Organization^1…”.

Reference list citation: Format: Author(s). Title of webpage. Name of website. URL [Accessed Date].

Example: World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public [Accessed 3 March 2023].

In-text citation: Use superscript numbers to cite sources in the text, e.g., “According to the New York Times^1…”.

Reference list citation: Format: Author(s). Title of article. Name of newspaper. Year Month Day; Section (if any): Page number.

Example: Jones S. Study shows that sleep is essential for good health. The New York Times. 2022 Jan 12; Health: A8.

Author(s). Title of Book. Edition Number (if it is not the first edition). Publisher: Place of publication, Year of publication.

Example: Smith, J. Chemistry of Natural Products. 3rd ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2015.

Journal articles:

Author(s). Article Title. Journal Name Year, Volume, Inclusive Pagination.

Example: Garcia, A. M.; Jones, B. A.; Smith, J. R. Selective Synthesis of Alkenes from Alkynes via Catalytic Hydrogenation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 10754-10759.

Research papers:

Author(s). Title of Paper. Journal Name Year, Volume, Inclusive Pagination.

Example: Brown, H. D.; Jackson, C. D.; Patel, S. D. A New Approach to Photovoltaic Solar Cells. J. Mater. Chem. 2018, 26, 134-142.

Author(s) (if available). Title of Webpage. Name of Website. URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

Example: National Institutes of Health. Heart Disease and Stroke. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/heart-disease-and-stroke (accessed April 7, 2023).

News articles:

Author(s). Title of Article. Name of News Publication. Date of Publication. URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

Example: Friedman, T. L. The World is Flat. New York Times. April 7, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/07/opinion/world-flat-globalization.html (accessed April 7, 2023).

In AMA Style Format, the citation for a book should include the following information, in this order:

• Title of book (in italics)
• Edition (if applicable)
• Place of publication
• Year of publication

Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th ed. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman; 2000.

In AMA Style Format, the citation for a journal article should include the following information, in this order:

• Title of article
• Abbreviated title of journal (in italics)
• Year of publication; volume number(issue number):page numbers.

Chen H, Huang Y, Li Y, et al. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e207081. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7081

In AMA Style Format, the citation for a research paper should include the following information, in this order:

• Title of paper
• Name of journal or conference proceeding (in italics)
• Volume number(issue number):page numbers.

Bredenoord AL, Kroes HY, Cuppen E, Parker M, van Delden JJ. Disclosure of individual genetic data to research participants: the debate reconsidered. Trends Genet. 2011;27(2):41-47. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2010.11.004

In AMA Style Format, the citation for a website should include the following information, in this order:

• Title of web page or article
• Name of website (in italics)
• Date of publication or last update (if available)
• URL (website address)
• Date of access (month day, year)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How to protect yourself and others. CDC. Published February 11, 2022. Accessed February 14, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html

In AMA Style Format, the citation for a news article should include the following information, in this order:

• Name of newspaper or news website (in italics)
• Date of publication

Gorman J. Scientists use stem cells from frogs to build first living robots. The New York Times. January 13, 2020. Accessed January 14, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/13/science/living-robots-xenobots.html

Bluebook Format

One author: Daniel J. Solove, The Future of Reputation: Gossip, Rumor, and Privacy on the Internet (Yale University Press 2007).

Two or more authors: Martha Nussbaum and Saul Levmore, eds., The Offensive Internet: Speech, Privacy, and Reputation (Harvard University Press 2010).

Journal article

One author: Daniel J. Solove, “A Taxonomy of Privacy,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 154, no. 3 (January 2006): 477-560.

Two or more authors: Ethan Katsh and Andrea Schneider, “The Emergence of Online Dispute Resolution,” Journal of Dispute Resolution 2003, no. 1 (2003): 7-19.

One author: Daniel J. Solove, “A Taxonomy of Privacy,” GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 113, 2005.

Two or more authors: Ethan Katsh and Andrea Schneider, “The Emergence of Online Dispute Resolution,” Cyberlaw Research Paper Series Paper No. 00-5, 2000.

WebsiteElectronic Frontier Foundation, “Surveillance Self-Defense,” accessed April 8, 2023, https://ssd.eff.org/.

News article

One author: Mark Sherman, “Court Deals Major Blow to Net Neutrality Rules,” ABC News, January 14, 2014, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/court-deals-major-blow-net-neutrality-rules-21586820.

Two or more authors: Siobhan Hughes and Brent Kendall, “AT&T Wins Approval to Buy Time Warner,” Wall Street Journal, June 12, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/at-t-wins-approval-to-buy-time-warner-1528847249.

In-Text Citation: (Author’s last name Year of Publication: Page Number)

Example: (Smith 2010: 35)

Reference List Citation: Author’s last name First Initial. Title of Book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Example: Smith J. Biology: A Textbook. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.

Example: (Johnson 2014: 27)

Reference List Citation: Author’s last name First Initial. Title of Article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. Year of publication;Volume(Issue):Page Numbers.

Example: Johnson S. The role of dopamine in addiction. J Neurosci. 2014;34(8): 2262-2272.

Example: (Brown 2018: 10)

Reference List Citation: Author’s last name First Initial. Title of Paper. Paper presented at: Name of Conference; Date of Conference; Place of Conference.

Example: Brown R. The impact of social media on mental health. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association; August 2018; San Francisco, CA.

Example: (World Health Organization 2020: para. 2)

Reference List Citation: Author’s last name First Initial. Title of Webpage. Name of Website. URL. Published date. Accessed date.

Example: World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. WHO website. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-coronavirus-2019. Updated August 17, 2020. Accessed September 5, 2021.

Example: (Smith 2019: para. 5)

Reference List Citation: Author’s last name First Initial. Title of Article. Title of Newspaper or Magazine. Year of publication; Month Day:Page Numbers.

Example: Smith K. New study finds link between exercise and mental health. The New York Times. 2019;May 20: A6.

Purpose of Research Paper Citation

The purpose of citing sources in a research paper is to give credit to the original authors and acknowledge their contribution to your work. By citing sources, you are also demonstrating the validity and reliability of your research by showing that you have consulted credible and authoritative sources. Citations help readers to locate the original sources that you have referenced and to verify the accuracy and credibility of your research. Additionally, citing sources is important for avoiding plagiarism, which is the act of presenting someone else’s work as your own. Proper citation also shows that you have conducted a thorough literature review and have used the existing research to inform your own work. Overall, citing sources is an essential aspect of academic writing and is necessary for building credibility, demonstrating research skills, and avoiding plagiarism.

Advantages of Research Paper Citation

There are several advantages of research paper citation, including:

• Giving credit: By citing the works of other researchers in your field, you are acknowledging their contribution and giving credit where it is due.
• Strengthening your argument: Citing relevant and reliable sources in your research paper can strengthen your argument and increase its credibility. It shows that you have done your due diligence and considered various perspectives before drawing your conclusions.
• Demonstrating familiarity with the literature : By citing various sources, you are demonstrating your familiarity with the existing literature in your field. This is important as it shows that you are well-informed about the topic and have done a thorough review of the available research.
• Providing a roadmap for further research: By citing relevant sources, you are providing a roadmap for further research on the topic. This can be helpful for future researchers who are interested in exploring the same or related issues.
• Building your own reputation: By citing the works of established researchers in your field, you can build your own reputation as a knowledgeable and informed scholar. This can be particularly helpful if you are early in your career and looking to establish yourself as an expert in your field.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Holman Library

Library Research: A Step-By-Step Guide

• Step 5: Cite Your Sources
• Library Research: A Step-by-Step Guide
• 1a. Understand Your Assignment
• 1b. Select a Topic
• 1c. Develop Research Questions
• 1d. Identify Search Words
• 1e. Find Background Info
• 1f. Refine Your Topic
• 2a. Use Smart Search Strategies
• 2b. Find Books
• 2c. Find Audio and Video
• 2d. Find Articles
• 2e. Find Websites
• 2f. Find Info in Holman Library One Search
• 3a. Evaluate By Specific Criteria
• 3b. Distinguish Between Scholarly/Popular Sources
• Step 4: Write

Definitions

Some definitions.

A citation reflects all of the information a person would need to locate a particular source. For example, basic citation information for a book consists of name(s) of author(s) or editor(s), title of the book, name of publisher, place of publication, and most recent copyright date.

Citation styles

A citation style (such as "APA" or "MLA") dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other formatting.

Bibliographies

A bibliography is an organized list of citations.

Annotated bibliographies

In an annotated bibliography, each citation is followed by a brief note—or annotation—that describes and/or evaluates the source and the information found in it.

A works cited or reference page

A works cited (MLA style) or references (APA style) list presents citations for those sources referenced or cited in a particular paper, presentation, or other composition.

In-text citations

An in-text citation consists of just enough information to correspond to a source's full citation in a Works Cited or References list. In-text citations often require a page number (or numbers) showing exactly where relevant information was found in the original source.

An Abstract

An abstract is a summary of an article or other work and cannot be used as if it were the full text. You should not reference or cite an abstract in a paper or presentation, but instead find the full text.

Step 5: Cite your sources

Why cite sources, avoid plagiarizing.

You must cite any direct quotation, summary, or paraphrase of any idea or fact from your research. Citing sources is giving credit to the original author and publication where you found the information. 

Lend Authority to Your Research: 

By referencing the work of scholars and other professionals, you demonstrate that your own research is based on solid, reliable information and that you are capable of critical thinking by being able to synthesize that research into your own.

Provide a Path: 

By citing sources, you provide the information readers of your paper need in order to locate the same sources that you did. 

Acknowledge Other's Work: 

Part of your research is built upon the research of other people. It is respectful and fair to give them credit for their hard work (just as you would hope someone would give you credit if they were quoting your own work!)

What are citations?

Citation basics.

Review the list and image below, which both outline how the in-text citation in your essay connects to the larger reference page of your work. 

(click on image to enlarge)

• Place in-text citations in the body of the paper to acknowledge the source of your information.  This is meant to be a shortened version of the full citation that appears on the final page of your paper.
• Place full citations for all your sources on the last page entitled References or Works Cited (different citation styles require different titles).  Full citations are meant to provide readers with enough information so that they can locate the source themselves.
• APA or MLA are citation styles.  Each has different guidelines for how source information (author, title, year...etc.) should be formatted and punctuated for both in-text citations and for the References or Works Cited pages

Consult a guide for the specific citation style you are using:

• APA Citation Style Guide Offers complete and detailed instructions on APA citation style as well as annotated bibliographies, verbal citations and formatted essay examples.
• MLA Citation Style Offers complete and detailed instructions on MLA citation style as well as annotated bibliographies, verbal citations and formatted essay examples.
• Other Citation Styles

Resources to learn more about why you should cite!

Avoid plagiarism.

• Verbal Citations

Check and cite your sources

Citations are crucial to avoiding plagiarism and in giving credit to the creators of the sources you used! But citations are very nitty gritty; they're all about the tiny details! Take the time to sign up for a NoodleTools account that can help you get those citations created with ease!

Image Source:  "Verification"  by  Mohamed Hassan  is in the  Public Domain, CC0

Automatic citation generator

Noodletools.

Access online tutorials using the links below:

• NoodleTools Quick Start Guide
• NoodleTools How-To Guide
• Video Tutorial: NoodleTools (length=10:02)
• NoodleTools: Importing Citations from Library Databases

Quick guides: APA and MLA

Citation quick guides.

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• Citation Styles in Research Writing: MLA, APA, IEEE

Citation styles are rules on how to cite sources in academic writing.  These citation guidelines and referencing styles may vary across academic disciplines

Beyond in-text citation and reference list formatting, Citation styles also encompass the structure of papers and cover sheets.

In this article, we will explore the characteristics of each citation style along with examples and resources. 

What is a Citation?

A citation is when you reference the source of the information used in your study. Anytime you quote someone else’s publication or paraphrase significant elements of another person’s research, what should follow is an in-text citation. 

Before we proceed, let us briefly discuss in-text citation, paraphrasing, and similar terms.

An in-text citation is a short notation that is input within your paper’s text or your presentation. The notation refers your readers to the citation at the end of the paper, or to the fuller notation which details all information about the researcher’s source of information.

Explore: Writing Research Proposals: Tips, Examples & Mistakes

Now, when placing direct quotations in a paper or publication, it should be done with quotation marks at the sides. Also, direct quotations are used when the best way to convey the idea you want to input in your work is best expressed in the exact way the source conjoined it. 

Summarizing and paraphrasing entails using your own words to express the significant idea behind the work of someone else. This is often done by either condensing the words or wording them to fit into the researcher’s writing style.

Note that there is no need for you to cite your own ideas except they have been previously published. Also, you don’t have to cite things considered as common knowledge or general information already known by your readers without looking it up on the internet.

Importance of Citation in the Research Process

1. citation is a fact-checking tool..

In writing, accuracy is extremely important, especially when the paper or publication involves science. Providing a reference that can be looked up for verification serves as an accuracy check to the work of the researcher.

For example, the authenticity of a direct quote or a summarized paraphrase can be confirmed by fact-checking the citation to a study similar to yours.  

2. Citation makes you a better researcher

One hallmark of excellent research is how it pays attention to details and how it makes connections to the information and discerns patterns. This is where excellent citation practices come in because they can help with both attention to detail and pattern discernment. Proper assertion of the sources used in research requires many details. 

Some of the details are the facts being presented in your paper, the correct spelling of the author’s name, and the correct page number. A researcher can improve their reputation in the research community and within their colleagues and readers by referencing the sources of information used in their research.

Paying attention to detail also helps the researcher to form good habits regarding the entire study. Writing Bibliography, on the other hand, prepares the researcher to discern patterns and trends which are important in scientific analysis.  

Explore: How to Write a Thesis Statement for Your Research: Tips + Examples

3. Citation makes you a better writer

We all aspire to be elegant writer who creates interesting papers. Excellent citation habits help in building the required firm foundation that leads to achieving that goal. When you accurately cite your sources, it shows you’re not slothful, shallow in thought, and sloppy.

It also shows that you do not rely on the “everyone knows this sentence” or “somebody said” phrases. You are willing to include accurate sources of the ideas in your paper.

Proper citing of sources erases any doubt in the mind of your readers as regards your key points in the paper. Another way citing makes you a better writer is by helping you avoid passive language in your writing. The more you properly cite your sources, the more your paper is free from phrases such as “it is said that” in your research paper. 

4. Good citation practices build credibility

This is a simple one that comes with good practice. As great as being a scholar is, it is even greater to see what being an author of a well-cited article or publication can do for you. Bibliography especially gives a deeper insight into the work of a researcher and this helps to build credibility for the researcher in the research community. You build more credibility among your colleagues when your paper is properly documented.  

5. Citation makes your work more verifiable

All academic writings are vetted over and over again before they are finally approved for printing or publication to a website. You also make the works of the reviewers, editors, or editorial assistants who should track the sources in the bibliography easier when you properly cite your sources.

Therefore, less criticism is given to your work even when it passes through all these verification stages, and editing. You get more positive feedback when you properly and accurately cite all your sources in your paper. 

Read: How to Write a Problem Statement for your Research

What is a Citation Style?

A citation style means a set of rules on how a researcher should cite the sources sampled in a paper. Whenever you make a reference to an idea from another person’s work, you should use a citation. This will also help you to avoid plagiarism.

The guidelines of different citation styles are usually published in an official handbook detailing the explanations of the citation styles, the examples, and the instructions.

All necessary information about citation is included, and the citation styles are orderly placed with punctuation and other formatting.

After you have concluded on what you will cite in your paper, and whether to use paraphrase or direct quotation, then select a citation style. Citation styles will give you the specific format of bibliographies and in-text citations that are in your study paper. Basically, the field you’re writing on will dictate your choice of citation style and it could also be decided by your professor.

Citation Styles in Research

1. MLA system and examples: This is mostly used in Humanities to write language and literature.

2. APA system and examples: This style came about by the American Psychological Association. It was first used in psychology and the social sciences. APA’s citation style makes use of an author-date system of the parenthetical citation.

3. Chicago/Turabian Citation Style and examples: This citation style can have both a Notes page and a Bibliography page. Also, there are two types of Chicago style. There is Chicago A and Chicago B style.

4. IEEE Style and examples: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a citation style that is used in technical studies. IEEE has specifications on the types of sources. If the source style you’re using is not covered in IEEE, then use Chicago style because IEEE makes use of a numeric system.

5. Harvard system and examples: it is mostly used in the economics field. It has no official style guide, but just a few variations. 

6. MHRA system and examples : This style is a set of guidelines for referencing, commonly used in humanities subjects. In MHRA, sources are cited in footnotes, marked by superscript numbers in the text.

Read: Research Report: Definition, Types + [Writing Guide]

How to Choose a Citation Style

To pick a reference style in your research, you have to be guided by your citation style. The citation style you use will determine how you gather information and the manner in which the information is ordered. The citation style will also determine the format and the punctuation you will adopt for the footnotes and endnotes, the in-text citations, and the bibliography or list to be cited.

It is, however, easier to get the citation done when you select the citation style you want to apply in your paper before starting your research. This provides insight on the information you need to collect about the sources whose work you will adapt in your paper.

We have curated some steps that can help you in your citation style decision-making in this paragraph. Let us take a look.

1. The first thing you can do to save time is to ask your professor what the preferred style is or what the required style for your course is. That way, you are sure that the style you want to use is not out of line.

2. You can also pick your citation style on a standard basis. That means you should select your citation style depending on how they relate to your area of study. 

For instance, 

• Use the APA format if your study is under Social Sciences.
• Use the MLA if your study is under Rhetorics, Humanities, Foreign Language, and English.
• You can use Turabian in almost all academic research. It supports these two styles.

a. The notes and bibliography style are used primarily in humanities.

b. The Author-date style is used primarily in sciences and Social Sciences.

• You can use the Chicago format if your study but it supports these two styles:

When you have selected one of the above-listed styles for your paper, try to stick to it throughout. You can also make sure of a citation management tool on the internet to gather, organize and cite your sources.

Plagiarism is hugely frowned upon in the research community and in society at large. Hence, there are citing and referencing guidelines for researchers to follow. 

There is no offense in drawing ideas from someone else’s work, however, it is wrong to take credit for someone else’s work

Therefore, we have extensively discussed different types of citation styles and how to apply them in this article. It is important that you note them as a researcher and use them appropriately in your research. 

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Archer Library

Quantitative research: citations & reference.

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Citation Resources

• APA Style: American Psychological Association
• Purdue OWL: APA Style
• Purdue OWL: APA Formatting & Style Guide

• MLA Style Center: Works Cited Guide
• Purdue OWL: MLA Style

Chicago Style

• The Chicago Manual of Style Online
• Chicago Manual of Style: Video Tutorials
• Purdue OWL: Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)

Purdue OWL: Research Resources

• Writing a Literature Review: Purdue OWL "A literature review is a document or section of a document that collects key sources on a topic and discusses those sources in conversation with each other (also called synthesis)."
• Research Overview: Types of Sources "This section lists the types of sources most frequently used in academic research and describes the sort of information that each commonly offers"
• Citation: URLs vs. DOIs "This resource explains the difference between URLs and DOIs and briefly describes how to incorporate either form of information into your citations."

General Reference

Reference resources: ebooks.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources

How to Cite Sources

Here is a complete list for how to cite sources. Most of these guides present citation guidance and examples in MLA, APA, and Chicago.

If you’re looking for general information on MLA or APA citations , the EasyBib Writing Center was designed for you! It has articles on what’s needed in an MLA in-text citation , how to format an APA paper, what an MLA annotated bibliography is, making an MLA works cited page, and much more!

MLA Format Citation Examples

The Modern Language Association created the MLA Style, currently in its 9th edition, to provide researchers with guidelines for writing and documenting scholarly borrowings.  Most often used in the humanities, MLA style (or MLA format ) has been adopted and used by numerous other disciplines, in multiple parts of the world.

MLA provides standard rules to follow so that most research papers are formatted in a similar manner. This makes it easier for readers to comprehend the information. The MLA in-text citation guidelines, MLA works cited standards, and MLA annotated bibliography instructions provide scholars with the information they need to properly cite sources in their research papers, articles, and assignments.

• Book Chapter
• Conference Paper
• Documentary
• Encyclopedia
• Google Images
• Kindle Book
• Memorial Inscription
• Museum Exhibit
• Painting or Artwork
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Sheet Music
• Thesis or Dissertation
• YouTube Video

APA Format Citation Examples

The American Psychological Association created the APA citation style in 1929 as a way to help psychologists, anthropologists, and even business managers establish one common way to cite sources and present content.

APA is used when citing sources for academic articles such as journals, and is intended to help readers better comprehend content, and to avoid language bias wherever possible. The APA style (or APA format ) is now in its 7th edition, and provides citation style guides for virtually any type of resource.

Chicago Style Citation Examples

The Chicago/Turabian style of citing sources is generally used when citing sources for humanities papers, and is best known for its requirement that writers place bibliographic citations at the bottom of a page (in Chicago-format footnotes ) or at the end of a paper (endnotes).

The Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost identical, but the Turabian style is geared towards student published papers such as theses and dissertations, while the Chicago style provides guidelines for all types of publications. This is why you’ll commonly see Chicago style and Turabian style presented together. The Chicago Manual of Style is currently in its 17th edition, and Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is in its 8th edition.

Citing Specific Sources or Events

• Declaration of Independence
• Gettysburg Address
• Martin Luther King Jr. Speech
• President Obama’s Farewell Address
• President Trump’s Inauguration Speech
• White House Press Briefing

Additional FAQs

• Citing Archived Contributors
• Citing a Blog
• Citing a Book Chapter
• Citing a Source in a Foreign Language
• Citing an Image
• Citing a Song
• Citing Special Contributors
• Citing a Translated Article
• Citing a Tweet

6 Interesting Citation Facts

The world of citations may seem cut and dry, but there’s more to them than just specific capitalization rules, MLA in-text citations , and other formatting specifications. Citations have been helping researches document their sources for hundreds of years, and are a great way to learn more about a particular subject area.

Ever wonder what sets all the different styles apart, or how they came to be in the first place? Read on for some interesting facts about citations!

1. There are Over 7,000 Different Citation Styles

You may be familiar with MLA and APA citation styles, but there are actually thousands of citation styles used for all different academic disciplines all across the world. Deciding which one to use can be difficult, so be sure to ask you instructor which one you should be using for your next paper.

2. Some Citation Styles are Named After People

While a majority of citation styles are named for the specific organizations that publish them (i.e. APA is published by the American Psychological Association, and MLA format is named for the Modern Language Association), some are actually named after individuals. The most well-known example of this is perhaps Turabian style, named for Kate L. Turabian, an American educator and writer. She developed this style as a condensed version of the Chicago Manual of Style in order to present a more concise set of rules to students.

3. There are Some Really Specific and Uniquely Named Citation Styles

How specific can citation styles get? The answer is very. For example, the “Flavour and Fragrance Journal” style is based on a bimonthly, peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1985 by John Wiley & Sons. It publishes original research articles, reviews and special reports on all aspects of flavor and fragrance. Another example is “Nordic Pulp and Paper Research,” a style used by an international scientific magazine covering science and technology for the areas of wood or bio-mass constituents.

4. More citations were created on  EasyBib.com  in the first quarter of 2018 than there are people in California.

The US Census Bureau estimates that approximately 39.5 million people live in the state of California. Meanwhile, about 43 million citations were made on EasyBib from January to March of 2018. That’s a lot of citations.

5. “Citations” is a Word With a Long History

The word “citations” can be traced back literally thousands of years to the Latin word “citare” meaning “to summon, urge, call; put in sudden motion, call forward; rouse, excite.” The word then took on its more modern meaning and relevance to writing papers in the 1600s, where it became known as the “act of citing or quoting a passage from a book, etc.”

6. Citation Styles are Always Changing

The concept of citations always stays the same. It is a means of preventing plagiarism and demonstrating where you relied on outside sources. The specific style rules, however, can and do change regularly. For example, in 2018 alone, 46 new citation styles were introduced , and 106 updates were made to exiting styles. At EasyBib, we are always on the lookout for ways to improve our styles and opportunities to add new ones to our list.

Why Citations Matter

Here are the ways accurate citations can help your students achieve academic success, and how you can answer the dreaded question, “why should I cite my sources?”

They Give Credit to the Right People

Citing their sources makes sure that the reader can differentiate the student’s original thoughts from those of other researchers. Not only does this make sure that the sources they use receive proper credit for their work, it ensures that the student receives deserved recognition for their unique contributions to the topic. Whether the student is citing in MLA format , APA format , or any other style, citations serve as a natural way to place a student’s work in the broader context of the subject area, and serve as an easy way to gauge their commitment to the project.

They Provide Hard Evidence of Ideas

Having many citations from a wide variety of sources related to their idea means that the student is working on a well-researched and respected subject. Citing sources that back up their claim creates room for fact-checking and further research . And, if they can cite a few sources that have the converse opinion or idea, and then demonstrate to the reader why they believe that that viewpoint is wrong by again citing credible sources, the student is well on their way to winning over the reader and cementing their point of view.

They Promote Originality and Prevent Plagiarism

The point of research projects is not to regurgitate information that can already be found elsewhere. We have Google for that! What the student’s project should aim to do is promote an original idea or a spin on an existing idea, and use reliable sources to promote that idea. Copying or directly referencing a source without proper citation can lead to not only a poor grade, but accusations of academic dishonesty. By citing their sources regularly and accurately, students can easily avoid the trap of plagiarism , and promote further research on their topic.

They Create Better Researchers

By researching sources to back up and promote their ideas, students are becoming better researchers without even knowing it! Each time a new source is read or researched, the student is becoming more engaged with the project and is developing a deeper understanding of the subject area. Proper citations demonstrate a breadth of the student’s reading and dedication to the project itself. By creating citations, students are compelled to make connections between their sources and discern research patterns. Each time they complete this process, they are helping themselves become better researchers and writers overall.

When is the Right Time to Start Making Citations?

Make in-text/parenthetical citations as you need them.

As you are writing your paper, be sure to include references within the text that correspond with references in a works cited or bibliography. These are usually called in-text citations or parenthetical citations in MLA and APA formats. The most effective time to complete these is directly after you have made your reference to another source. For instance, after writing the line from Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities : “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times…,” you would include a citation like this (depending on your chosen citation style):

(Dickens 11).

This signals to the reader that you have referenced an outside source. What’s great about this system is that the in-text citations serve as a natural list for all of the citations you have made in your paper, which will make completing the works cited page a whole lot easier. After you are done writing, all that will be left for you to do is scan your paper for these references, and then build a works cited page that includes a citation for each one.

Need help creating an MLA works cited page ? Try the MLA format generator on EasyBib.com! We also have a guide on how to format an APA reference page .

2. Understand the General Formatting Rules of Your Citation Style Before You Start Writing

While reading up on paper formatting may not sound exciting, being aware of how your paper should look early on in the paper writing process is super important. Citation styles can dictate more than just the appearance of the citations themselves, but rather can impact the layout of your paper as a whole, with specific guidelines concerning margin width, title treatment, and even font size and spacing. Knowing how to organize your paper before you start writing will ensure that you do not receive a low grade for something as trivial as forgetting a hanging indent.

Don’t know where to start? Here’s a formatting guide on APA format .

3. Double-check All of Your Outside Sources for Relevance and Trustworthiness First

Collecting outside sources that support your research and specific topic is a critical step in writing an effective paper. But before you run to the library and grab the first 20 books you can lay your hands on, keep in mind that selecting a source to include in your paper should not be taken lightly. Before you proceed with using it to backup your ideas, run a quick Internet search for it and see if other scholars in your field have written about it as well. Check to see if there are book reviews about it or peer accolades. If you spot something that seems off to you, you may want to consider leaving it out of your work. Doing this before your start making citations can save you a ton of time in the long run.

Finished with your paper? It may be time to run it through a grammar and plagiarism checker , like the one offered by EasyBib Plus. If you’re just looking to brush up on the basics, our grammar guides  are ready anytime you are.

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Citation Basics

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Citation Best Practices

These tips are designed to help bring visibility to your published work, standardization.

Use a unique name consistently throughout your career Be consistent with your name when submitting research. If you have quite a common name, consider including your full middle name in publications.

Use a standardized institutional affiliation and address, using no abbreviations. Include your institution, college, department, and zip code in the contact information when you submit papers for publication. Providing accurate contact details is essential so researchers can contact you directly for queries, further information, and discussions about the publication. This information also helps departments, colleges, and accrediting bodies accurately track publications.

Keywords and phrases:

Repeat key phrases in the abstract  Make some key phrases of your study and repeat them in the abstract page of your paper. Since search engines and citation trackers search the abstract of your article, the repetition of keywords increases the chance of your paper being retrieved more easily.

Assign keyword terms to the manuscript. In an age of search engines and academic database searching, keywords in your publications are critical. Keywords and phrases in the paper’s title and abstract are also helpful for search purposes. Using keywords in the URL of scientific web pages can also help readers quickly determine the subject matter of the paper.

Make a unique phrase that reflects your research interest and use it throughout your career. Add the unique phrase to all publications and use it consistently.

Picking the right journal:

High-impact factor journals The most effective strategy to increase citation rates is publishing in a journal with a higher  impact factor . Journals that focus on website optimization may enhance your citations indirectly. Submitting a paper to a special journal issue increases the likelihood that others in your field will read it.

Make your research easy to find, especially for online searchers – Open Access. Research suggests a correlation between the number of downloads an article has and citations. Free access invites greater engagement with research through citations. To make your papers more accessible, consider publishing in an open-access journal (see the  Directory of Open Access Journals  for a list of journals that observe OASPA’s principles of transparency and best practices in scholarly publishing). Alternatively, deposit your paper in open-access repositories, like the WSU  Research Exchange , or see  re3data  to search for a list of open-access data repositories.

Publish your article in one of the journals everyone in your discipline reads. Choosing a journal that matches a researcher’s field of study is very important because it makes it more likely that the article receives more citations. A journal that covers a broad range of disciplines may be the best. Publishing across disciplines has been found to increase citations.

Publish your work in a journal with the highest number of abstracting and indexing services. Citation potential increases by attributing to the high visibility of scientific materials. Therefore, a journal with the highest abstracting and indexing in different databases can be a good target.  Indexed journals are considered to be of higher scientific quality than non-indexed journals.

Present a working or tutorial paper. Go to a conference and present some parts of your research or publish working papers. Working papers are freely available before and after the articles are published. Researchers may upload their working papers to their websites or open-access repositories such as  arXiv ,  SSRN , or the WSU  Research Exchange .  Tutorial papers are “a paper that organizes and introduces work in the field. A tutorial paper assumes its audience is inexpert; it emphasizes the basic concepts of the field and provides concrete examples that embody these concepts”. These papers tend to have a higher number of citations.

Write a review paper. Authors seeking to be well-cited should aim to write comprehensive and substantial review articles and submit them to journals that carry previous articles on the topic.

Papers published after having first been rejected elsewhere receive significantly more citations. Resubmissions from other journals typically receive significantly more citations than first-intent submissions.

Paper characteristics/types

Use more references There is a strong relationship between the number of citations a paper receives and the number of its references.

Papers with more “callouts” can be more likely to receive more citations. A “callout” is a phrase or sentence from the paper that is displayed in a different font somewhere in the paper. Also, longer papers have been shown to gather more citations.

Your paper’s title is very important. Evidence shows that articles with short, concise, succinct, and informative titles describing the results or conclusions generally have more impact and citations. Articles with question-type titles tend to be downloaded more but cited less than others.

Choosing collaborators

Publish with international authors Citation analysis shows that papers with international co-authors are cited up to four times more often than those without.

Team-authored articles get cited more. Team-authored articles typically produce more frequently cited research than papers authored by individuals. Typically, highly cited articles are authored by a large number of scientists.

Publish papers with ‘big names’ in your field. Some landmark papers of Nobel laureates, for example, quite quickly give their authors a sudden boost in citation rate. This boost would extend to the author’s earlier papers too – even if they were in unrelated areas.

Publicize yourself!

Claim and use an ORCID ID An ORCID is a unique identifier you can register for at no cost. Publishers, funders, and universities increasingly use them because they help distinguish researchers with similar names. For convenience, you can now sign in to your ORCID account using your WSU credentials. After claiming your ORCID, navigate to the  ORCID sign-in page , click on the “Institutional account” tab, and select WSU as your institution. For other questions about ORCIDs, see  this guide  and list of FAQs.

Present at conferences  Present preliminary research at conferences and consider making posters, figures, and slides available in  FigShare ,  SlideShare , or WSU’s digital repository,  Research Exchange . Contact  [email protected]  for more information about Research Exchange or see these  Research Exchange FAQs .

Create and curate your Google Scholar profile and make an online CV Keep a scholarly profile up to date in Google Scholar or other venues for increased visibility.  An online CV can link the list of published papers and open-access versions of relevant articles and increases researchers’ output visibility to the academic community.  Include your ORCID in your CV.

Keep your professional web pages and published lists up to date, issue press releases, and self-archive articles. Establish an online presence for your research—create a website that describes findings and links to slides, figures, abstracts, and progress reports. Issue press releases with significant findings. Maximize the visibility of your research by making copies of your articles available online.

Be ready to react Once your study has been accepted for publicity, be prepared to provide a quote for the press release and, once it’s been sent out, be available for interviews (these can often be done by email rather than over the phone).  Always reply promptly to requests for interviews or further information from your press office.  Journalists are on tight deadlines and may drop the story if they don’t hear back within a few hours.

Contribute to Wikipedia Try to contribute to Wikipedia. As a good example, one paper that was used as a reference in defining virtual teams in Wikipedia has received significant citations in comparison to the rest of the articles from the same author.

Start blogging/tweeting. Leverage social media by starting a blog or tweeting about your research. Remember to include Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) in your tweets and posts. DOIs are typically assigned by publishers to published articles; they are persistent links to your work online, and they help others find your research. Note that WSU Libraries can now mint a DOI for you at no cost, should you wish to add it to a dataset or other research material that doesn’t receive one from a publisher.

Join academic social networking sites. Increasing the availability of articles through social networking sites broadens dissemination and enhances professional visibility, which leads to increased citations and usage. ResearchGate and Linkedin are just a few examples of knowledge-sharing tools to make others aware of research articles that may be relevant to authors and hence get cited.

Link your latest published article, and list your ORCID, in your email signature. A great way to spread researchers’ outputs and get the extra attention of email recipients is to add a link to the latest publication. This little section of contact information provides a good platform for publication marketing.  Include your ORCID in your signature line as well.

Cite others… and yourself. Do not forget to cite your colleague’s research in relevant areas – sometimes called “colleague for colleague citation.”  It is also fine to cite your relevant work on a new manuscript.

Create a podcast describing the research project. Research is not just text and figures. Create a podcast describing the research project and submit the podcast to  YouTube  or  Vimeo . Video is an increasingly important way for researchers to communicate their results and welcome submissions of podcasts from authors and editors.

Set up citation alerts. Awareness of who has referred to your articles can expand further collaborations.

Use “Enhancing Visibility and Impact” tools Familiarity with academic advertisement tools allows the researcher to increase his/her  h-index in the short term. A person with high levels of h-index has higher quality publications with high citations.

Information on this page is taken from the following:

“effective strategies for increasing citation frequency”, “enhance impact of researchers, journals and increase success for more citations”, “how to improve your citation count”, “how to effectively publicize your research”.

Research & Citations

Skills: Research & Citations

How to research

Infographic from the Northeastern Library

Videos & Handouts

The Northeastern Library has a series of video, slides, and handouts on topics like: “How do I choose a research topic?”; “How do I choose keywords for my search?”; and “How do I find peer-reviewed sources?”

Subject Guides

Research in sociology, history, business, and engineering are all different! Each field has distinct places (journals, databases) where they compile the most recent research of the discipline. The library also has a wide range of subject guides that can help you research recent trends in your area.

Talk to a Librarian

Library staff are here to help you with your research! They can point you in the right direction if you contact a specialist in your field for an appointment or if you drop-in during help hours.

How to cite

“Citing” means adding a clear source for every piece of information that comes from somewhere else. At some point, you’ll certainly need to create a Bibliography, a Works Cited, or a References page that lists all the sources you consulted.

Various style guides (like APA, MLA, and Chicago) have specific rules about how to cite to create consistency within a piece of writing. Writers need to know how to adapt to different citation styles. But don’t worry! There are lots of guides out there.

Northeastern Library Citation Resources

The Northeastern Library offers links to citation style guides, such as APA, MLA, and IEEE.

The OWL at Purdue

The Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University offers a wide variety of guides, including up-to-date resources on: MLA, APA, Chicago, and AMA.

Why it’s important to cite

Osccr “academic integrity”.

The Office of Student Conduct and Conflict Resolution maintains the university’s academic integrity policy. Here is an excerpt from their definition of plagiarism:

The University defines plagiarism as using as one’s own the words, ideas, data, code, or other original academic material of another without providing proper citation or attribution. Plagiarism can apply to any assignment, either final or drafted copies, and it can occur either accidentally or deliberately. Claiming that one has “forgotten” to document ideas or material taken from another source does not exempt one from plagiarizing.

Purdue OWL “Safe Practices”

In order to avoid plagiarism, writers need careful habits when taking notes and researching. The Purdue OWL recommends a series of “safe practices.”

For example:

use “quotation marks” any time you are taking notes from a source, even if you are just borrowing a few words; include page numbers and web links in your notes; check  whether or not your paraphrases are too close; cite as you go in your outline and draft–otherwise you might forget where information came from!

Our Northeastern Writing Center consultants can help you if you’re unsure if you are citing appropriately.

• Directories
• What are citations and why should I use them?
• When should I use a citation?
• Why are there so many citation styles?
• Which citation style should I use?
• Chicago Notes Style
• Chicago Author-Date Style
• AMA Style (medicine)
• Bluebook (law)
• Additional Citation Styles
• Built-in Citation Tools
• Quick Citation Generators
• Citation Management Software
• Start Your Research
• Research Guides
• University of Washington Libraries
• Library Guides
• UW Libraries
• Citing Sources

Citation Tools

Citing sources: citation tools, what are citation tools.

Citation tools are a convenient set of devices, web pages, and software that streamline the process of citing sources to save you time and energy in your research process. Visit the pages below to learn more about the different recommended options available to you.

Which Citation Tool is Right for You?

Use the flowchart below to determine which citation tool is right for you and your project. Then, access the matching sub-page (by clicking on the options linked to the left or hovering over the original "Which Citation Tool is Right for You?" tab) to learn how to use your chosen tool.

Text format:

1. How many citations do you have?

a. If fewer than 10, proceed to step 2

b. If greater than 10, proceed to step 3

2. Is your bibliography larger or smaller?

a. If smaller, proceed to step 4

b. If larger, proceed to step 5

3. Consider using one of the following citation management software, useful for many citations that you will use again. These tools are perfect for long-term storage of multiple citations and longer bibliographies. They include:

b. Mendeley

c. EndNote Basic

4. Consider using built-in citation generators through one of the following programs, useful for convenient, one-time citations and bibliographies (created within a document or database) that won't be used again. They include:

a. Google Docs

b. Microsoft Word

c. Database

5. Consider using one of the following quick citation generators, useful for creating larger, one-time bibliographies, including a wider range of citation styles and resource types to cite. They include:

a. ZoteroBib

c. BibCitation

• << Previous: Additional Citation Styles
• Next: Built-in Citation Tools >>
• Last Updated: May 1, 2024 12:48 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citations

info This is a space for the teal alert bar.

notifications This is a space for the yellow alert bar.

Research Process

• Brainstorming
• Explore Google This link opens in a new window
• Explore Web Resources
• Explore Background Information
• Explore Books
• Explore Scholarly Articles
• Narrowing a Topic
• Primary and Secondary Resources
• Academic, Popular & Trade Publications
• Scholarly and Peer-Reviewed Journals
• Grey Literature
• Clinical Trials
• Evidence Based Treatment
• Scholarly Research
• Database Research Log
• Search Limits
• Keyword Searching
• Boolean Operators
• Phrase Searching
• Truncation & Wildcard Symbols
• Proximity Searching
• Field Codes
• Subject Terms and Database Thesauri
• Reading a Scientific Article
• Website Evaluation
• Article Keywords and Subject Terms

Cited References

• Citing Articles
• Related Results
• Search Within Publication
• Database Alerts & RSS Feeds
• Personal Database Accounts
• Persistent URLs
• Literature Gap and Future Research
• Web of Knowledge
• Annual Reviews
• Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses
• Finding Seminal Works
• Exhausting the Literature
• Finding Dissertations
• Researching Theoretical Frameworks
• Research Methodology & Design
• Tests and Measurements
• Organizing Research & Citations This link opens in a new window
• Scholarly Publication
• Learn the Library This link opens in a new window

One of your first steps in finding similar resources should be to thoroughly examine the reference list of your article to identify the sources used by the author(s). Keep in mind that the sources included in the bibliography will be older, given that you are moving backwards in time. However, there may be seminal works or key authors on that topic which you will not want to overlook.

If a title listed in your article’s reference list looks particularly promising, you may want to search for this new article in the Library. You can easily do this by copying/pasting the article title into the NavigatorSearch box on the Library’s home page. See the Finding Specific Articles FAQ for further instructions on locating an article by title.

Article Linker will connect you to the full text resource within another Library database if it is available. If Article Linker does not connect you to the full text, you may want to consider requesting the item through Interlibrary Loan (see Interlibrary Loan FAQs ).

Below is a comprehensive list of Library databases with accompanying screenshots which provide hyperlinked Reference lists. Each individual reference will either have a PDF file available for immediate viewing or may feature our link resolver button, Article Linker.

• Finding Specific Articles FAQ
• Interlibrary Loan FAQs

Cited References in Library Databases

• Psychiatry Online
• SAGE Journals
• ScienceDirect
• SpringerLink
• Taylor & Francis

Content: The Association of Computing Machinery database is a research, discovery and network platform. The database provides journals, conference proceedings, technical magazines, newsletters and books.

Purpose: An essential database computing and technology research topics.

Special Features: Provides a list of authors after an initial topic search, includes a dataset search filter, and the ability to sort results by most cited.

Content: Literature review database covering psychology, sociology, anthropology, environment and resources, law and social science, political science, and public health.  

Purpose: Provides articles that synthesize primary research and discuss the topic in historical context. Discover seminal works and literature gaps. 

Special Features: Multimedia and supplemental materials.

Content: One central search that contains all of NU's subscribed EBSCO databases.

Purpose: Search for articles from multiple disciplines with this collection of databases from EBSCO. 

Help using this database.

EBSCOhost Databases [not available in MEDLINE, OmniFile Full Text Select, or Regional Business News]

Select the "References Available" limiter to only see results with hyperlinked Cited References.

Content: Collection of more than 30 Proquest subject-specific databases covering Business, Health and Medical, Social Sciences, Education, Science and Technology, and Humanities.

Purpose: Students can view a massive amount of peer-reviewed research across multiple disciplines.

Special Features: Includes a Thesaurus feature that assists in using the database’s controlled vocabulary, as well as read-aloud feature.

Content: Strong in psychiatric reference materials, but also including some journals. Includes the DSM Library.

Purpose: Use when researching psychiatry, mental health, and behavioral science topics.

Special Features: Includes the DSM-5 manual

Content: Scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles only, in health science, biomedical science, engineering, social science, and the humanities. 

Purpose: Use for scholarly research in most fields. 

Special Features: Includes discipline hubs for browsing and citation search.

Content: Elsevier’s science database covering computer science, health science, and social sciences. Contains peer-reviewed and open-access journal articles and book chapters.

Purpose: A great resource that covers foundational science to new and novel research.

Special Features: Covers theoretical and practical aspects of physical, life, health, and social sciences.

Click "Show Preview" to expand the References view.

Contents: Scholarly journals and other resources covering science, technology, business, engineering, medicine, and the social sciences, 1997 to present

Purpose: Millions of scientific documents on a large variety of disciplines.

Special Features: Browse by discipline or keyword search. Filter results by article, book chapter, reference book, discipline, and sub-discipline. Coverage for most journals is from the first issue to the current issue.

Content: Scholarly, peer-reviewed journals covering all disciplines.

Special Features: Browse by topic or keyword search.

Content: Citations and articles in multi-disciplines not found through a NavigatorSearch.

Purpose: Used to conduct topic searches as well as find additional resources that have cited a specific resource (citation network).

Content: Scholarly journals, e-books, and reference materials.

Purpose: Subject areas include Anthropology, Business, Economics, Finance, Geography, Family Studies, Law, Management, and Psychology.

Was this resource helpful?

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• Next: Citing Articles >>
• Last Updated: May 29, 2024 11:16 AM
• URL: https://resources.nu.edu/researchprocess

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

In-Text Citations: The Basics

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note:  On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998)  found  or Jones (1998)  has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998)  finds ).

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from another work but  NOT  directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are directly quoting or borrowing from another work, you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en dash for page ranges. For example, you might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source:  Permanence and Change . Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:  Writing New Media ,  There Is Nothing Left to Lose .

( Note:  in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized:  Writing new media .)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word:  Natural-Born Cyborgs .
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's  Vertigo ."
• If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize it and use title case capitalization in the text:  The Closing of the American Mind ;  The Wizard of Oz ;  Friends .
• If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, use double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses sentence case): "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and “pp.” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en dash).

You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

Long quotations

Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, but do not add an extra blank line before or after it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we have simply provided a screenshot of a generic example below.

Formatting example for block quotations in APA 7 style.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) can also incorporate special location identifiers like verse numbers. In short: pick a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.

Summary or paraphrase

If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer work. 

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Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

https://www.nist.gov/publications/research-fixture-level-peak-probability-water-use-commercial-buildings

Research on Fixture-Level Peak Probability of Water Use in Commercial Buildings

Download paper, additional citation formats.

• Google Scholar

If you have any questions about this publication or are having problems accessing it, please contact [email protected] .

College of Biological Sciences

2023 awards and citations.

2023 Graduating Senior and University Awards

Chancellor's award for excellence in undergraduate research/dean keith simonton prize, cognitive science.

• Alyse Lodigiani

College of Biological Sciences Medal

Genetics and genomics.

• Alex Neupauer

Mary Jeanne Gilhooly Award

Neurobiology, physiology and behavior.

• Prishha Thiagarajan

Outstanding Senior Awards

Biochemistry and molecular biology.

• Karl Ensberg

Biological Sciences

• Madeleine Lu

Cell Biology

Evolution, ecology, and biodiversity.

• Lauren Ward
• Katrine Taran

Human Biology

Mar Bettencourt

Microbiology

• Daniel Wankmuller

Molecular and Medical Microbiology

• Cameron Hom

Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior

• Carson Cable

Plant Biology

• Katherine Cox

Ronald and Lydia Baskin Research Award

• Samuel Carter

Biomedical Engineering

Neeraj Senthil

Rost Family Biology K-12 Education Scholarship

Amaya Rehling

Undergraduate of the Year

• Stephanie Warrior

Cellular Biology

• Jiaying Liu

2023 Undergraduate Scholarships and Awards

Alden s. crafts scholarship, plant sciences, alys hay travel award.

Amrit Bains

Barbara Horwitz and John Horowitz Undergraduate Scholarship in Physiology

• Tsana Griner

Dennis Walker Fund for the UC Davis Botanical Conservatory

Gianluca Bacci

Dawson Andrew Diaz

Dr. Ronald J. Smith Distinguished Teaching Fellow in Quantitative Biology

Richard Szeligowski

Gary D. Hori STEM Award

George and ann lin honors scholarship.

Piper Milligan

John and Jeanne Pryor Educational Support Award

• Kassandra Mandujano
• Kimberly Perez Huerta
• Sophia Davi
• Brandon Chun
• Genavi Gonzalez
• Aileen Mendoza
• Yaritza Vasquez
• Giselle Islas-Gonzalez
• Angel Salinas-Carmona
• Isabel Torres

Kayli-Malena Dela Rosa

• Delfin Kirsch

Lizbeth Alfaro

• Mariella Sierra

Undeclared Life Sciences

• Lance Clark
• Karman Kaur
• Marlene Ramos Ibarra

Kathleen C. Green Scholarship in Biology

• Angelina Phan

Salsala Nasim

• Thi Lan Chi Nguyen
• Simranpreet Gakhal
• Sonia Cherkaoui Jaouad
• Forozan Amiri
• Emily Dominguez
• Tala Abboushi 
• Alyson Guansing 

Kathryn S. Hinchee-Rodriguez, Ph.D. Award

Marisa Carelli

Katrina K. Hoyer and Shane G. Smith Family Scholarship

• Lazer Introlegator

Liliane D Wells Scholarship

• Francheska Ange Delara
• Sadie Peters
• William Gov
• Carly Skiba

Louise and Eric Conn Undergraduate Scholarship in Biochemistry

Milauskas family scholarship.

Wei-Lun Hsiao

Oliver Leonard Memorial Scholarship

• Sopyia Pettit 
• Carly Skiba 

Robyn L. Smith Family Scholarship

Soren Johnson

Steve and Tammy Conston Scholarship

Arshpal Parmar

• Tarek Bacha

2023 Undergraduate Research Awards

Alumni to aggie student research award.

Adyasha Padhi

Aditi Thambala

Individual Major

Camila Sanudo Thomas

Charles and Nanci Cooper Undergraduate Research Award

Neha Ramesh 

Eschscholzia Learning Award

Isabella Gonzales

Global Disease Biology

Kalvin Ngin

Kendra M. Chan Award

Coastal and marine sciences.

Zoe Brumbaugh

Nadia Sparenberg

Khaira Family Experiential Learning Award

Maud wrightson hinchee, ph.d. undergraduate research award.

Dustin Lower

Nieland Family Award

Shih-Na Liu

Roy H. Doi Undergraduate Research Award

Kamille Ann Maningding

Stacey Roberts and Michael Lassner Award

Demorie Galarza

Robert and Rosabel Osborne Undergraduate Research Awards

• Harriet Hughes
• Sowmya Mambakkam
• Nishika Raghavan
• Malia Reiss
• Evan Roybal
• Varsha Vijayakartik
• Haylie Wilcox

2023 Distinguished Scholar Awards

• Alessandra Beelen
• Bradley Chan
• Gabriana La
• Nicholas Robertson
• Skyler Wong
• Lena Cullen
• Isabelle Demarco
• Isoline Donohue
• Jad Bassam Gerges
• Monica Tsui
• Hollin Hamelynck
• Naod Kelete
• Isabella Tan
• Kaitlin Castor
• Thomas Phillips
• Laurel Schmidt
• Saloni Dhopte
• Jude Farhat
• Margarida Bettencourt
• Justa Ferguson

Marine and Coastal Science

• Adrienne Penix
• Cameron Sam
• Neon Calumpang
• Nelly Escalante
• Daniel Novoa
• Alexander Cohen
• Weston Field
• Sydney Figueroa
• Luhaiza Framroze
• Vishal Harnoor
• Srivatsa Katta
• Aron Kishore
• Hadia Lalagul
• Yirong Liang
• Cameron Lin
• Emma Monsen
• Anisha Narsam
• Thao Nguyen
• Emma Proctor
• Emily Ripperdan
• My-Lien Tran

2023 Department Citations

Department citations are given to graduating seniors with a UC GPA of 3.7 or higher, and who graduate between summer of the year prior through spring of the current year. Students are listed below by major. 

• Brendan Barlow
• Aashna Calidas
• Isaac Cheuk
• Desmond Cheung
• Andrew Grassian
• Tommy Hoang
• Jiaheng Huang
• Rose Johnson
• Joseph Kebets
• Jake Khalilieh
• Fu Kiu Leung
• Jonathan Kwok
• Thi Lan Anh Le
• Zhuoran Lyu
• Barry Nguyen
• Brandon Nguyen
• Katherine Nguyen
• Kieu Nhu Ngoc Nguyen
• Lindsay Oshiro
• Brady Parker
• Benjamin Prieto
• Nathan Tran
• Andrew Yang
• Faris Alzergani
• Rahul Araza
• Simranpreet Bains
• Taha Battah
• Ariel Berenyi-Tonesi
• Inder Bhangoo
• Laura Boatz
• Esmeralda Castaneda
• Abdelrahman Elsemary
• Sukhleen Gill
• Margot Glyn Juan
• Cenyun Guan
• Yaser Jamshidi
• Tori Jane Hata
• Zoe Johnson
• Rachel Larson
• Fangchen Liu
• Jason Lopez
• Jacqueline Louie
• Christine Minarik
• Aatifah Mohammad
• Christine Nguyen
• Logan Parisi
• Andrea Pineda
• Rebecca Reeser
• Nicholas Saber
• Kaitlin San
• Eknoor Sandhu
• Ryan Sarraf
• Victoria Smith
• Remi Snouffer
• Ariel Valdez
• Mateo Villacorta
• Lena Wigger
• Jameson Williams
• Yifan Zhang
• Alexandra Calderon
• Kalyn Concepcion
• Harleen Dhillon
• Farzaan Khan
• Shaheen Khatua
• Denisa Lazureanu
• Nitya Lorber
• Sohaib Usman

Evolution, Ecology and Biodiversity

• Lilly Ackerman
• Sophie Allen
• Anjani Patibandla
• Wentao Yang
• Ashley Brown
• Eunjean Choi
• Caleigh Donnelly
• Kieley Evatt
• Quincy Kumfert
• Thomas Mitchell
• Ekaylah Rampola
• Amrita Sivia
• Aidan Van Cleef
• Claudia Wang
• Sydney Wong
• Pablo Acevedo
• Hunain Ahmad
• Maryann Batiste
• Juliet Beach
• Igor Bejenari
• Athena Chow
• Theodore Do
• Keshav Haranath
• Justin Ibarra
• Clairissa Ja
• Csandra Leigh A Lorena
• Aliza Naqvi
• Jaskirat Padda
• Ritika Parvatikar
• Advait Pilkhane
• Loredana Popa
• Camryn Stout
• Gabriella Tenret
• Evelyn Tison
• Christiana Young
• Shreya Kamble
• Aaron Wright
• Lance Barit
• Ethan Feild
• Aine Fullerton
• Alyson Guansing
• Jennifer Kang
• Megan Mindte
• Claire Phan
• Srikar Shrikantham
• Julianne Tarr
• Christine Wong
• Adoniyas Addis
• Alay Adeen Moustafa
• Jamil Ahmadi
• Brianna Alconcher
• Nura Alghannam
• Ayushi Ambekar
• Denise Beatrice Papilota
• Vanya Bhardwaj
• Martina Bolotaolo
• Sean Brennan
• Sarah Burton
• Katia Campos
• Sara Chantit
• Tiffany Chen
• Julinna Cheung
• Tyler Cunningham
• Emelyn Dizon
• Sophia Dungo
• Anamar Flores
• Nicholas Fong
• Andrea Gayle Garcia
• Connor Gregg
• Ritz Harley Tolentino
• Cindy Hoang
• Simin Huang
• Corinne Jabba
• Roland Jericho Del Mundo
• Cameryn Juson
• Rosheni Kandaswamy
• Harpreet Kaur
• Sukhdip Kaur
• Yashdeep Khangura
• Madeline King
• Nola Klebaner
• Jocelyn Kujanek
• Delanie Mcelveen
• Lindsey Miyao
• Abid Mohammad
• Adrienne Parker
• Arshia Pouraryan
• Harshita Rao
• Amin Rasheed
• Samveda Rukmangadhan
• Connor Sayle
• Sidrah Sharif
• Vibha Shastry
• Arvinder Singh
• Zayd Soliman
• Jennifer Song
• Mariya Spiridonova
• Mikenzie Ta
• Su Thwe Myo Khin
• Christina Tran
• Vincent Tran
• Riley Turner
• Aditya Varadan
• Danica Vicente
• Bailey Wallen
• Gen Wen Lim
• Nathan Wong
• Janeene Yeh
• Connie Yuen
• Michael Zughbaba
• Marissa Melton
• Claire Theberge
• Tracy Weitz

2023 Graduate Fellowship and Award Recipients

Dean's mentorship award, biochemistry, molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

• Samuel Petshow
• Natalie Sahabandu

Adam Fishburn

Integrative Genetics and Genomics

Angelica Guercio

• Nathan Meier

Barbara Chapman Neuroscience Award

Neuroscience.

• Alyssa Sanchez

Barbara Horwitz and John Horowitz Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Award

Molecular, cellular, and integrative physiology.

• Sarah Mendoza
• Niknaz Riazatikesheh

Ross Wohlgemuth

• Emmy Xue Yan Tay

Daphne and Ted Pengelley Endowment for Research in Evolutionary Biology

Population biology.

• Brooke Benson
• Danielle De La Pascua
• Alexus Roberts Hugghis
• Marissa Sandoval

David L. Weaver Award

Neurological surgery, elsie taylor stocking fellowship in plant physiology.

• Gabby Wyatt

Eric and Louise Conn Graduate Student Award

Hardman native plant research award.

• Elena Suglia
• Karolina Zabinski

Irving J. Hertzendorf Memorial Award in Physiology

Molecular, cellular and integrative physiology, jack major memorial award.

Anjum Gujral

Horticulture and Agronomy

Will McMahan

Katherine Esau Fellowship

Larry and charlotte mitich memorial fund.

Daisy Huang

Ling-Lie Chau Graduate Student Award for Brain Research

• Stephanie Lozano
• Tracy Warren

Loren D. Carlson Memorial Fund

Chih-Ting Wu

Monsanto Endowed Student Fund in Agricultural Biotechnology

Reagan Reed

Richard G. Coss Wildlife Research Award

Animal behavior.

• Elizabeth Postema
• Kirsten Sheehy

Sharon Gray Memorial Award

Biochemistry, molecular, cellular and developmental biology - graduate mentor.

Lauren Anderson

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology -   Undergraduate Mentee

Minh Chi Do Phan

Biological Sciences -   Undergraduate Mentee

Walter r. and roselinde h. russell graduate fellowship in plant biology.

Hongtao Zhang