Partial disaggregation parcel groupings of TPB variables
Construct | Parcel | Variable | Factor loading |
---|---|---|---|
Attitude | 1 | (ATT_4) Fun | 0.79 |
2 | (ATT_1) Enjoyable | 0.79 | |
(ATT_5) Positive | 0.57 | ||
3 | (ATT_3) Exciting | 0.71 | |
(ATT_2) Pleasant | 0.67 | ||
Behavioral Intention | 1 | (BI_1) I will visit a DT location in the next 12 mos | 0.69 |
2 | (BI_4) I would recommend visiting the most recent DT location I visited to a friend/family member | 0.65 | |
(BI_3) I would revisit the most recent DT location I visited again in the future | 0.54 | ||
3 | (BI_2) I want to visit a DT location in the next 12 mos | 0.62 | |
(BI_5) I would recommend visiting any DT location to a friend/family member | 0.58 | ||
Subjective Norms | 1 | (SN_2) People who are important to me think I should/should not choose a DT location to visit | 0.84 |
2 | (SN_3) People who are important to me would approve/disapprove of my visit to a DT location | 0.77 | |
3 | (SN_1) Most people I know would choose a DT location for vacation purposes | 0.52 | |
Perceived Behavioral Control | 1 | (PBC_1) I am in control of whether or not I visit a DT location | 0.52 |
2 | (PBC_3) There are DT location(s) within reasonable driving distance from my home | 0.46 | |
3 | (PBC_2) If I wanted, I could easily afford to visit a DT location | 0.45 |
Demographic characteristics of survey participants
Demographic characteristics | Frequency | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 368 | 34.5 |
Female | 698 | 65.4 | |
Prefer not to answer | 2 | 0.2 | |
Age | 18–24 years | 223 | 20.9 |
25–34 years | 472 | 44.2 | |
35–44 years | 224 | 21.0 | |
45–54 years | 78 | 7.3 | |
55–64 years | 43 | 4.0 | |
65–74 years | 26 | 2.4 | |
Over 75 years | 2 | 0.2 | |
Level of Education | Less than high school degree | 9 | 0.8 |
High school graduate (diploma or GED equivalent) | 116 | 10.9 | |
Some college but no degree | 270 | 25.3 | |
Associate degree in college (2-years) | 98 | 9.2 | |
Bachelor's degree in college (4-years) | 326 | 30.5 | |
Master's degree | 155 | 14.5 | |
Doctoral degree | 35 | 3.3 | |
Professional degree (JD, MD) | 56 | 5.2 | |
I prefer not to say | 3 | 0.3 | |
Marital Status | Single | 402 | 37.6 |
Married | 582 | 54.5 | |
Divorced/Separated | 72 | 6.7 | |
Widow/Widower | 8 | 0.7 | |
I prefer not to say | 4 | 0.4 | |
Annual Income | Less than $20,000 | 177 | 16.6 |
$20,001 to $40,000 | 208 | 19.5 | |
$40,001 to $60,000 | 172 | 16.1 | |
$60,001 to $80,000 | 153 | 14.3 | |
$80,001 to $100,000 | 143 | 13.4 | |
$100,001 to $120,000 | 55 | 5.1 | |
$120,001 to $140,000 | 36 | 3.4 | |
$140,001 to $160,000 | 39 | 3.7 | |
$160,001 to $180,000 | 10 | 0.9 | |
$180,001 to $200,000 | 12 | 1.1 | |
More than $200,000 | 20 | 1.9 | |
I prefer not to say | 43 | 4.0 |
CFAs of nested models
Model | CFI | RMSEA | SRMR | 90% CI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8-factor 3-parcel hypothesized model | 224 | 1560.20 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 0.06 | [0.071, 0.078] |
8-factor single-parcel hypothesized model | 1 | 318.10 | 0.89 | 0.55 | 0.13 | [0.496, 0.596] |
8-factor full hypothesized model | 1099 | 8283.79 | 0.69 | 0.08 | 0.09 | [0.077, 0.080] |
7-factor model (DE, EE combined) | 231 | 2141.38 | 0.84 | 0.09 | 0.06 | [0.085, 0.091] |
7-factor model (ULE, CI combined) | 237 | 1831.23 | 0.87 | 0.08 | 0.06 | [0.076, 0.083] |
6-factor model (DE, EE combined; ULE, CI combined) | 237 | 2314.35 | 0.83 | 0.09 | 0.07 | [0.087, 0.094] |
5-factor model (all DT constructs combined) | 246 | 3076.99 | 0.77 | 0.10 | 0.08 | [0.101, 0.107] |
Full-data set hypothesis testing results
Hypothesis | Path | Estimate | Significant | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE → Attitudes | 0.434 | < 0.001 | Supported | |
DE → SN | 0.242 | < 0.001 | Supported | |
EE → Attitudes | −0.080 | N.S. | Not supported | |
EE → SN | 0.152 | N.S. | Not supported | |
ULE → Attitudes | −0.217 | N.S. | Not supported | |
ULE → SN | −0.247 | N.S. | Not supported | |
CI → Attitudes | 0.404 | < 0.001 | Supported | |
CI → SN | 0.330 | < 0.01 | Supported | |
Attitudes → Intention | 0.396 | < 0.001 | Supported | |
SN → Intention | 0.058 | N.S. | Not supported | |
PBC → Intention | 0.716 | < 0.001 | Supported |
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by Daniel Fillion, The Conversation
"Oh, come on Daniel, space travel is so expensive, and pointless!" These were the words of my friend Max, during a Christmas party where I was discussing my thesis project: studying places on Earth where the living conditions are so extreme, they could hold lessons for future space missions.
This disdainful attitude toward space research is actually quite common.
Space exploration is currently booming. Just think of the Artemis missions, SpaceX's ambitious plans for Mars, the deployment of the James Webb telescope or the recent "race to the moon."
A number of large-scale projects are getting the green light now, mainly from NASA, including the Artemis II mission that will carry four astronauts to the moon, which will have Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen aboard . This will be a first since 1972. Incredibly, it's been 50 years since the last human mission to Earth's natural satellite.
Although many people find space exploration inspiring, others are skeptical and even angered by what they see as an unjustifiable waste of resources and money on an activity that only spreads pollution to another place. This sums up the feelings of my friend Max.
In this article, I will try to prove him wrong.
My great curiosity has led me to travel to extreme places so I can study them . But I am not the only one with this desire to explore.
In my Grade 9 history class, my teacher stood on top of her desk and, with a grave and serious tone, went on to act out Jacques Cartier's arrival in North America in her own, colorful style. A few years earlier, I had learned about how the first humans left their caves to climb mountains. One hundred and thirty years ago, humans sailed further and further south until they saw the glacial landscapes of Antarctica for the first time . At the same time, humans were attempting to dominate the skies and aiming for the beyond with planes and rockets—which is how we got to the moon.
What is the common denominator in our history? Exploration, of course.
Human nature is characterized by a propensity to travel, to look further and to discover. We are all curious by nature. If we stop wanting to explore, we stop being human.
So, my friend Max, let me invite you outside. It's a beautiful, starry night with no moon. It's a bit cold, but at least the atmosphere isn't too humid, which makes the sky more transparent. We can see stars flickering. Some are blue, others are red. And the more our eyes adapt, the more the sky reveals its secrets.
Suddenly, something else stands out. It's another light, but it's not flashing, and it's moving quite quickly. A shooting star? No, the atmosphere would have burned it up in a few seconds .
It's a satellite, one of thousands that orbit the Earth like rings. These satellites are a direct consequence of space exploration. We would be living in a completely different world without them.
Indeed, not an hour goes by in our lives when we don't use a satellite .
On the one hand, you would likely have gotten lost on your way here, Max, because there would have been no GPS to show you which exit to take. And secondly, I wouldn't have been able to help you find your way because there would be no wifi. We can push our thinking even further; agriculture, environmental monitoring, communications, the weather, even banks, all of these depend on satellites.
But how does this work? You have to understand that these satellites move so quickly they actually circle the Earth several times a day. Combined with a very large workforce, they provide a complete view of the globe. From the middle of the oceans to the highest mountains and the almost inaccessible poles, we have eyes everywhere. By drawing on this vast quantity of observations, we obtain data on changes to the earth's surface, the spread of forest fires, the movement of winds, the melting of ice and many other things, while enabling global communication and credit card transactions .
Space exploration was the trigger that enabled us to develop and operate these technologies. And it doesn't stop there.
The practice of medicine in remote areas also benefits from space exploration. It's not easy for communities in remote areas to access health care, especially since hospitals don't always have the sophisticated equipment they need.
If you think about it, when astronauts explore space, they become a small population in a very, very remote region. It's true. What happens if someone has a really bad stomach ache? Or breaks an arm? They don't have time to come back home for treatment, so we have to react, and quickly.
Scientific research in telemedicine has developed to address this important issue, producing a number of innovative technologies. And if these are useful for astronauts, why not use them for rural populations, too?
A few years ago, three Québec researchers from different universities were working on a tiny probe that could rapidly analyze and diagnose a blood sample .
Although some prototypes are not yet on the market, others are already in widespread use, such as the ultrasound scanner designed by NASA . This scanner takes precise photos of organs and bones that can be transmitted to a doctor, who will then have crucial information on hand to recommend treatments.
In a way, space exploration provides us with opportunities to respond to urgent needs on Earth. So, Max, are you beginning to see the need for it?
Finally, I have to admit that I find it rather encouraging to see Russians, Americans, Japanese, Canadians and Europeans living together on the Space Station. Not so long ago, some of these countries were attacking each other with nuclear bombs. In space, no such borders exist.
Exploration brings people together. It opens our eyes to new perspectives. It shows us that we're all in the same boat together. That's pretty important, don't you think, Max?
Our planet is magnificent and unique, an oasis of impossible life. But it is fragile. We need to protect it. That's why exploring beyond the Earth should not be considered a luxury; it's an investment in our shared humanity.
So, Max, when Jeremy Hansen and his crew take off in 2025, will you be there to watch them?
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The influence of social media on travel decision-making has attracted much attention from tourism scholars. A recent literature analysis has suggested that most of such studies have focused on the impact of social media on behavioural intention with very limited studies on actual behaviour (Leung et al., 2019).Furthermore, relatively little insight has been put on the roles of social media in ...
Sagada is one of the tourist destinations in the Philippines that can be considered cultural; yet, spectacular at the same time. It is famous for its Hanging Coffins and Lumiang Burial Cave, which is a traditional and unique way of burying people. This study discusses tourists who are visiting cultural sites in Sagada with different perceptions ...
Hence, the follow ing hypo thesis can be propo sed to test th e relationship betw een attraction a nd tourist sa tisfaction. Hypothesis 1: A ttraction will po sitively aff ect tourist satisfac ...
Introduction. Dark tourism is defined as the act of tourists traveling to sites of death, tragedy, and suffering (Foley and Lennon, 1996).This past decade marks a significant growth of dark tourism with increasing number of dark tourists (Lennon and Foley, 2000; Martini and Buda, 2018).More than 2.1 million tourists visited Auschwitz Memorial in 2018 (visitor numbers, 2019), and 3.2 million ...
The economic benefits of tourism have spurred government officials to identify places of interest within their territorial jurisdiction and to develop a tourism development plan. Doing so requires an assessment of the tourist destination to provide relevant inputs. This paper assessed the Cuyo Islands in Palawan in terms of three tourism elements namely accessibility, accommodations, and ...
"Oh, come on Daniel, space travel is so expensive, and pointless!" These were the words of my friend Max, during a Christmas party where I was discussing my thesis project: studying places on ...
Tourist Spots, Customer Satisfaction, Davao de Oro . I. INTRODUCTION . A. Background of the Study . Tourist Spot is a place for tourists to visit a nd stay, could .