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Fundamentals of Research Methodology: A Reference Book for PhD Students in Management 1st Edition
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Fundamentals of Educational Research
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Fundamentals of Educational Research succeeds in cutting through the complexities of research to give the novice reader a sound basis to define, develop, and conduct study, while providing insights for even the accomplished reader. This best-selling book is of value to all social researchers, but in particular to upper-level undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers employed in private industry, management and government agencies. Anderson discusses the research process and offers a wealth of information on how to define a research problem, plan a study, develop a research framework, collect the data, analyse it and write it into a credible paper or thesis. He has captured the essential components of the research process in a book that balances the quantitative and qualitative perspectives through both the academic and consulting research traditions.
Research Fundamentals
- First Online: 14 January 2018
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- Edzard Ernst 3 &
- Kevin Smith 4
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Research is the gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement or completion of knowledge. By adding to the store of human knowledge, scientific research has great intrinsic value. Research also has substantial practical value, in the guise of beneficial technologies flowing from such knowledge.
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Although frequently referred to in the singular, the ‘placebo effect’ in fact comprises several distinct components.
For example, suppose an ancestral human eats a toadstool and a few hours later is violently sick. If this experience makes her to believe that the toadstool caused the vomiting, it will aid her survival by helping her avoid a possible source of poisoning in the future. This pattern-recognition mechanism ought to be error-prone in the direction of making false assumptions about causality: if the toadstool is not actually toxic (and the sickness actually resulted from some other unseen cause), the resultant false knowledge carries some cost (in terms of the erroneous avoidance of a potential food source), but this is unlikely to greatly threaten survival. By contrast, if the cause-effect link fails to be made in the case of a genuinely toxic toadstool, the cost is likely be much higher: if more toadstools are eaten, the effects could be lethal. Thus, the genetic sequences underlying the error-prone cause-and-effect heuristic are transmitted to the following generations through natural selection. It is clear that such pressures have influenced the evolution of the human brain such that we have a strong inbuilt tendency to make error-prone assumptions about causality.
For example, see Nuzzo ( 2014 ), and Schwalbe ( 2016 ).
There is ongoing academic debate on the extent to which the medical literature is corrupted with false findings. For example, a recent survey of major (mainstream) medical journals claimed that the false positive rate is 14%—a high rate but one that is less than the claim of ‘most’ published findings being false (Jager and Leek 2014 ). However, Ioannidis and other academics have repudiated this claim of 14%, pointing to various flaws in the paper in terms of sampling, calculations, and conclusions, and pointing out that it uses only a very small portion of select papers in top journals (Ioannidis 2014 ; Benjamini and Hechtlinger 2014 ).
In the context of observational studies (as opposed to clinical trials), the equivalent term is false discovery rate , in the context of the problem of multiple comparisons.
There is debate amongst statisticians as to whether p < 0.05 or p = 0.05 is the better interpretation. The former is used by many papers on medical statistics, however it is arguably less realistic than the latter, which tends to generate higher false positive risk values. An in-depth exposition of this subtle but important distinction is beyond the scope of this book; see Colquhoun ( 2017 ) for more detailed discussion.
It is ethically questionable to conduct such small-scale RCT s, because they are inherently underpowered and thus prone to generating misleading results. Moreover, because effect size and sample size are interrelated, small samples can lead to overestimations of effect sizes. However, in some specific cases the determination of effect size can be aided by data from such trials.
This will only be true if the power calculation has been valid.
This is optimistic because, as discussed elsewhere in this book, the alleged specific effects of acupuncture are supposedly due to completely implausible physiological features and mechanisms, including Qi (‘vital energy’) flowing through meridians (body channels), none of which have been discovered by science and all of which are implausible.
Various ways exist to calculate false positive risk; the values that result vary according to methodology, but all valid approaches yield risks that are substantially greater than the 5% assumed by the common but disastrously wrong assumption that p = 0.05 equates with a 5% false positive risk. For example, in simplified terms, we can compute the expected false positive risk for p < 0.05 by: [a] multiplying the sample size by the prior probability, then multiplying the proportion of the sample with a real effect by the power value, to establish the number of true responders; then [b] multiplying the proportion of the sample who are expected to have showed no effect with the threshold p -value (0.05) to establish the expected number of false positives; and finally [c] expressing as a percentage the number of false positives from the overall number of positive results. For the example given above, this computes to 86%. Note that for p = 0.05, using the methodology used by Colquhoun ( 2017 ), the false positive risk computes to be even higher, at 97%.
An alternative way of expressing this is to say that if you observe p = 0.05 then, in order to achieve a false positive risk of 5%, you would need a prior probability of 87%—clearly preposterously high (Colquhoun 2017 ).
The numbering is ours, and the wording of #2 had been adapted slightly, to remove reference to ‘business or policy decisions’.
This example is chosen to illustrate an inherently absurd modality, recognisable as such to all reasonable people. Sadly however, proponents of such ‘intercessory therapeutic prayer’ exist; indeed, some of them have even conducted ‘clinical trials’ into this form of CAM (Roberts et al. 2009 ). We shall consider one such real-life case later in the next chapter.
An online statistics tool was used to calculate this sample size (ClinCalc LLC 2017 ).
This was calculated using a z-test; other suitable tests exist, but all of these will approximate to this value.
There is an interesting ethical side question here: should subjects who cannot feasibly be affected in any way whatsoever by a remote experiment (such as intercessory prayer) be required to give consent?
The statistical analysis of such combined data is referred to as ‘meta-analysis’, and some systematic review publications are titled as meta-analyses.
For example, a search of the academic publications database Web of Science (which includes all the major CAM journals) covering 2007–2017 using various relevant search terms ( p -value , reproducibility crisis, p-hacking) led to merely one CAM paper dealing with the issue of problematic statistical interpretation of clinical data (Benbassat 2016 ).
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Ernst, E., Smith, K. (2018). Research Fundamentals. In: More Harm than Good?. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69941-7_2
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Fundamentals of Research BOOK
2020, Notion Press; 1 edition (9 June 2020)
Organized around research design, methodologies, besides other integral elements of research, this book is a step by step platform aimed at providing to its readers a reliable and in-depth understanding of the procedures & core concepts involved in the subject, making it more straightforward and practical to apply. The book has reached its final shape after an extensive literature survey across texts focussing on students of both the undergraduate & post-graduate levels. Doctoral level researchers & professionals can enjoy the book by way of adding a dimension to the understanding of basic research methodology with regard to its application in the research world. The book addresses the specific needs of the students, research scholars & managers by successfully blending concepts of research with its literal applications. The key strengths of this book includes: Caselets that focus on methodology. Exercises that will help to gain insight into research disposition. Marginal definitions as a quick reference. Multiple choice questions with terminal questions and exercises. Explicit illustrations enhancing recapitulating of the text. ABOUT AUTHOR: Dr.Anubha Maurya Walia Human Process Interventionist, International Trainer, OD Consultant, Speaker & founder of PRISM™ Philosophy. Her mission is to blend the Andragogy principles with experiential learning insights in an attempt to empower and develop her far-reaching audience.
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The authors of this work reviewed Ranjit Kumar's book entitled Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners (3 rd ed.). This book can provide desirable skills for readers regarding writing a successful research project and implementing research methods with confidence. It goes beyond teaching students how to conduct academic qualitative and quantitative research. It can also be adapted to various projects that scholars will encounter throughout their careers.
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This book is the outcome of more than four decades of experience of the author in teaching and research field. Research is a creative process and the topic of research methodology is complex and varied. The basic premise for writing this book is that research methods can be taught and learnt. The emphasis is on developing a research outlook and a frame of mind for carrying out research. The book presents current methodological techniques used in interdisciplinary research along with illustrated and worked out examples. This book is well equipped with fundamentals of research and research designs. All efforts have been made to present Research, its meaning, intention and usefulness. Focussed in designing of research programme, selection of variables, collection of data and their analysis to interpret the data are discussed extensively. Statistical tools are complemented with examples, making the complicated subject like statistics simplest usable form. The importance of software, like MS Excel, SPSS, for statistical analyses is included. Written in a simple language, it covers all aspects of management of data with details of statistical tools required for analysis in a research work. Complete with a glossary of key terms and guides to further reading, this book is an essential text for anyone coming to research for the first time and is widely relevant across the disciplines of sciences. This book is designed to introduce Masters, and doctoral students to the process of conducting scientific research in the life sciences, social sciences, education, public health, and related scientific disciplines. It conforms to the core syllabus of many universities and institutes. The target audience for this book includes those are going to start research as graduate students, junior researchers, and professors teaching courses on research methods. The book entitled “A guide to Research Methodology for Beginners” is succinct and compact by design focusing only on essential concepts rather than burden students with a voluminous text on top of their assigned readings. The book is structured into the following nine chapters. Chapter-1: What is Scientific Research? Chapter-2: Literature Review Chapter-3: How to develop a Research Questions & Hypotheses Chapter-4: Research Methods and the Research Design Chapter-5: Concept of Variables, Levels and Scales of Measurements for Data collection Chapter-6: Data Analysis, Management and Presentation Chapter-7: Tips for Writing Research Report Chapter-8: Glossary Related to Research Methodology Chapter-9: References It is a comprehensive and compact source for basic concepts in research and can serve as a stand-alone text or as a supplement to research readings in any doctoral seminar or research methods class. The target audience for this book includes those are going to start research as graduate students, junior researchers, and professors teaching courses on research methods.
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Research is one of the means by which we seek to discover the truth. It is based upon the tacit assumption that the world is a cosmos whose happenings have causes and are controlled by forces and relationships that can be expressed as laws and principles. Discovery of these controls of nature provides us with a hunting license to search for ways of controlling our environment. To search for truth in a scientific way research methodology provides principles to refine our common beliefs through research activity that establishes rules of logical and appropriate reasoning. In order to apply the scientific research methodology properly in research work, the researcher must have a clear basic concept of research methodology & methods that will ensure to find potential research results. This paper deals with the conceptuality of the research methodology like the meaning of the research, objectives of research, motivation in research and types of research. The basic approaches to research,...
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The authors felt during their several years of teaching experience that students fail to understand the books written on Research Methodology because generally they are written in technical language. Since this course is not taught before the Master’s degree, the students are not familiar with its vocabulary, methodology and course contents. The authors have made an attempt to write it in very non- technical language. It has been attempted that students who try to understand the research methodology through self-learning may also find it easy. The chapters are written with that approach. Even those students who intend to attain high level of knowledge of the research methodology in social sciences will find this book very helpful in understanding the basic concepts before they read any book on research methodology. This book is useful those students who offer the Research Methodology at Post Graduation and M.Phil. Level. This book is also very useful for Ph.D. Course Work examinations.
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This section presents an introduction of the study and review of the theories that are adopted in the study. These underpin the theoretical perspectives adopted in the process, the Statement of the problem, objectives and the scope of the study.
rhoda taller
The Cyprus Journal of Sciences
Kakia Avgousti
Carrying out a research paper is concerned to be a simple task. However, in practice it is far more complicated. The most important factor is for the researcher to know the main principles of the research process. It is vital to identify the research methods progression, the meaning and purpose of the research to be carried out, by the formulation of hypothesis, aims and questions, the use of methodology-both quantitative and qualitative-their characteristics and suitability when utilized, and the need of sampling and ethical considerations. By the use of theoretical framework, the current research paper firstly discusses and analyses the principles of bringing about a research paper, and most importantly it emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of research methodology.
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The term Research means a systematic way to investigate new facts or analyse the existing information to update the knowledge. Research methodology refers to the Science of Understanding how the solution to research problem can be obtained systematically. It can also be termed as the specific methods used to conduct the research. This paper presents the detail overview of different research methods. The research methods and methodology differ from problem to problem. In order to conduct a research, it is important for a researcher to not only have a good knowledge on Research methods but also on the research methodology. Researchers need to develop a Research design which acts like a blue print for conducting the research. This paper provides the analysis of different research methods and how to choose the research method based on the application Index Terms-Methodology, Research Process, Pure Research, Qualitative methods, and Quantitative methods I. INTRODUCTION Research is very important in order to progress. The term research is a combination of two words "Re-again, Search-find out". It an art of finding solution to the problem. According to the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary research is defined as "A careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it" [1]P.M. Cook referred as "Research is an honest, exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their meanings or implications with reference to a given problem. The product or findings of a given piece of research should be an authentic, verifiable contribution to knowledge in the field studied." [2] Methodology refers to the organized, theoretical investigation of the methods used in the research. It includes the analysis of the research methods along with the ideologies related to the area of investigation. Technically it includes paradigm, research model, and the research techniques. [3] Research Methodology is art of studying how research is done systematically. It aims to explain on how to conduct a research, what are the problems that need to be answered and what are the pitfalls while conducting a research.
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Research fundamentals from concept to output : a guide for researchers & thesis writers / Adelaida B. Almeida, Ed.D., Amelita A. Gaerlan, Ph.D., Norita E. Manly, Ph.D.
- Almeida, Adelaida B [author. ]
- Gaerlan, Amelita A [author. ]
- Manly, Norita E [author. ]
- Villena, Danilo K [consultant. ]
- 9789719656210
- 001.4 .Al447 2016
- Holdings ( 1 )
- Title notes ( 6 )
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| Item type | Current library | Collection | Call number | Status | Date due | Barcode | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Print Materials | Filipiniana Reference | Non-fiction | 001.4 .Al447 2016 ( ) | 0124284 |
"Outcome-Based Instructional Textbook" --Cover
Features: OBE Learning Program" --Cover
Includes bibliographical references (pages 206-2011)
"This book is guided by the OBE (Outcome-Based Education) Curriculum Framework that is expected to lead the readers towards quality learning in research. Starting with the section on Understanding the Nature and Ethics of Research, the book pursues a more profound discussion on the Scientific Research Process, Writing and Communicating the Research Paper and Evaluation of the Research Output. The Research Process covers a large portion of the book which justifies the purpose of this material. For better understanding of the readers, all topics are discussed lengthily and are provided with examples. Learning activities are likewise provided at the end of every chapter to check on the level of comprehension achieved by the learners." --The Authors
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Health Research Fundamentals
| Course Status : | Completed |
| Course Type : | Elective |
| Duration : | 8 weeks |
| Category : | |
| Credit Points : | 2 | Undergraduate |
| Start Date : | 22 Jan 2024 |
| End Date : | 15 Mar 2024 |
| Enrollment Ends : | 05 Feb 2024 |
| Exam Registration Ends : | 16 Feb 2024 |
| Exam Date : | 23 Mar 2024 IST |
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PDF | Organized around research design, methodologies, besides other integral elements of research, this book is a step by step platform aimed at... | Find, read and cite all the research you need ...
This book aims to introduce these methodologies, methods and tools of academic research to PhD students in doctoral programmes in management during their first year.
This textbook provides students with an understanding of the concepts and techniques of qualitative and quantitative research, grants for research, report writing, data collection etc. It uses ...
In this book, PhD students will find the principles that support quality academic research, as well as a description and explanation of the essential steps to carry it out.The reader will find three parts in this book. The first one introduces the concepts and principles of academic research design.
With development of new emerging information and communication technology and data science as well as artificial intelligence, recent research has attempted to make use of these in research. Technology- and data-driven research can help save time in data processing. The chapter also presents an overview on the key concepts discussed in this book.
The book approaches research from a perspective different from that taken in other educational research textbooks. The goal is to show educators that the application of research principles can make them more effective in their job of promoting learning. The basic point is that we do not have to stop teaching to do research; research is something we can do while teaching and if we do good ...
An introduction to research methodology, this textbook contains conceptual and nontechnical descriptions of the methods used by researchers in medical experimentation. Each step of the research process is explained and illustrated with examples from practice. This revised second edition also has expanded sections on clinical research methods, action research, Web resources, and current scenarios.
Fundamentals of Educational Research succeeds in cutting through the complexities of research to give the novice reader a sound basis to define, develop, and conduct study, while providing insights for even the accomplished reader. This best-selling book is of value to all social researchers, but in particular to upper-level undergraduate and ...
National Book Store, 1992 - 245 pages Bibliographic information
Research is the gathering of data, information and facts for the advancement or completion of knowledge. By adding to the store of human knowledge, scientific research has great intrinsic value. Research also has substantial practical value, in the guise of beneficial technologies flowing from such knowledge. From an ethical perspective ...
View PDF. FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH 1 fWHAT IS RESEARCH? Re+search = Repeated search Research is a systematic, careful inquiry or examination to discover new information or relationships and or to expand or verify existing knowledge for some specific purposes Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Fundamentals of Research Methodology For Healthcare Professionals - 4th edition by Hilla Brink, Christa van der Walt, Gisela van Rensburg, 2018, Juta edition,
Fundamentals of Research BOOK. ANUBHA WALIA. 2020, Notion Press; 1 edition (9 June 2020) Organized around research design, methodologies, besides other integral elements of research, this book is a step by step platform aimed at providing to its readers a reliable and in-depth understanding of the procedures & core concepts involved in the ...
Summary: "This book is guided by the OBE (Outcome-Based Education) Curriculum Framework that is expected to lead the readers towards quality learning in research. Starting with the section on Understanding the Nature and Ethics of Research, the book pursues a more profound discussion on the Scientific Research Process, Writing and Communicating the Research Paper and Evaluation of the Research ...
The first in this series, NIeCer 101:Health Research Fundamentals, is a basic level course in health research methods. It will explain the fundamental concepts in epidemiology and bio-statistics related to research methods. This course will provide an overview of steps and principles for designing bio-medical and health research studies among ...
This textbook provides an introduction to the scientific study of sociology and other social sciences. It offers the basic tools necessary for readers to become both critical consumers and beginning producers of scientific research on society. The authors present an integrated approach to research design and empirical analyses in which researchers can develop and test causal theories. They use ...
The book Fundamentals of Research methodology and Data collection aims at providing necessary steps and guidelines to researchers and postgraduates who are more often faced with the challenges of ...
This book contains four parts tht explain the practitioner-scholar model and the research process, quantitative and qualitative research methodology and design, and research measurement and program evaluation. Key features include a discussion of the fundamentals of statistics, practical research design illustrations in each chapter, guidelines ...
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The third edition of the best-selling The Fundamentals of Political Science Research provides an introduction to the scientific study of politics. It offers the basic tools necessary for readers to become both critical consumers and beginning producers of scientific research on politics.
Abstract. This book describes the skills, knowledge, and performance outcomes required to develop a research orientation among students and acquaint them with fundamentals of research methods like ...
Fundamentals of Electrochemistry provides the basic outline of most topics of theoretical and applied electrochemistry for students not yet familiar with this field, as well as an outline of recent and advanced developments in electrochemistry for people who are already dealing with electrochemical problems. The content of this edition is arranged so that all basic information is contained in ...
These days radio _engineering has become a very importantbranch of science solving a large number of problems associatedwith economic, technological and...
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This work is a text-book for senior students, dedicated to one of the most modern technique in the field of surface science: the Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM).