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Graduate earnings: what you study and where matters – but so does parents’ income

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First ‘big data’ research approach to graduate earnings reveals significant variations depending on student background, degree subject and university attended.  

The research illustrates strongly that, for most graduates, higher education leads to much better earnings than those earned by non-graduates, although students need to realise that their subject choice is important in determining how much of an earnings advantage they will have Anna Vignoles

Latest research has shown that graduates from richer family backgrounds earn significantly more after graduation than their poorer counterparts, even after completing the same degrees from the same universities.

The finding is one of many from a new study, published today , which looks at the link between earnings and students’ background, degree subject and university.

The research also found that those studying medicine and economics earn far more than those studying other degree subjects, and that there is considerable variation in graduates’ earnings depending on the university attended.

The study was carried out by the Institute of Fiscal Studies and the universities of Cambridge and Harvard, including Professor Anna Vignoles from Cambridge’s Faculty of Education. It is the first time a ‘big data’ approach has been used to look at how graduate earnings vary by institution of study, degree subject and parental income.

The researchers say that many other factors beyond graduate earnings, such as intrinsic interest, will and should drive student choice. However, they write that the research shows the potential value of providing some useful information that might inform students’ choice of degree – particularly to assist those from more disadvantaged backgrounds who might find it harder to navigate the higher education system.

“It would seem important to ensure there is adequate advice and guidance given that graduates’ future earnings are likely to vary depending on the institution and subject they choose, with implications for social mobility,” write the researchers in the study’s executive summary.

The research used anonymised tax data and student loan records for 260,000 students up to ten years after graduation. The dataset includes cohorts of graduates who started university in the period 1998-2011 and whose earnings (or lack of earnings) are then observed over a number of tax years. The paper focuses on the tax year 2012/13.

The study found that those from richer backgrounds (defined as being approximately from the top 20% of households of those applying to higher education in terms of family income) did better in the labour market than the other 80% of students.

The average gap in earnings between students from higher and lower income backgrounds is £8,000 a year for men and £5,300 a year for women, ten years after graduation.

Even after taking account of subject studied and the characteristics of the institution of study, the average student from a higher income background earned about 10% more than other students.

The gap is bigger at the top of the distribution – the 10% highest earning male graduates from richer backgrounds earned about 20% more than the 10% highest earners from relatively poorer backgrounds. The equivalent premium for the 10% highest earning female graduates from richer backgrounds was 14%.

The study also showed that graduates are much more likely to be in work, and earn much more than non-graduates. Non-graduates are twice as likely to have no earnings as are graduates ten years on (30% against 15% for the cohort who enrolled in higher education in 1999).

Partly as a result of this, half of non-graduate women had earnings below £8,000 a year at around age 30, say the researchers. Only a quarter of female graduates were earning less than this. Half were earning more than £21,000 a year.

Among those with significant earnings (which the researchers define as above £8,000 a year), median earnings for male graduates ten years after graduation were £30,000. For non-graduates of the same age median earnings were £21,000. The equivalent figures for women with significant earnings were £27,000 and £18,000.

“The research illustrates strongly that, for most graduates, higher education leads to much better earnings than those earned by non-graduates, although students need to realise that their subject choice is important in determining how much of an earnings advantage they will have,” said Professor Vignoles.

The researchers also found substantial differences in earnings according to which university was attended, as well as which subject was studied. They say however that this is in large part driven by differences in entry requirements.  

For instance, more than 10% of male graduates from LSE, Oxford and Cambridge were earning in excess of £100,000 a year ten years after graduation, with LSE graduates earning the most. LSE was the only institution with more than 10% of its female graduates earning in excess of £100,000 a year ten years on.

Even without focusing on the very top, the researchers say they found a large number of institutions (36 for men and 10 for women) had 10% of their graduates earning more than £60,000 a year ten years on. At the other end of the spectrum, there were some institutions (23 for men and 9 for women) where the median graduate earnings were less than those of the median non-graduate ten years on.

However, the researchers say that it is important to put this in context. “Given regional differences in average wages, some very locally focused institutions may struggle to produce graduates whose wages outpace English wide earnings, which includes those living in London where full time earnings for males are around 50% higher than in some other regions, such as Northern Ireland,” they write.

In terms of earnings according to subject, medical students were easily the highest earners at the median ten years out, followed by those who studied economics. For men, median earnings for medical graduates were about £50,000 after ten years, and for economics graduates £40,000.

Those studying the creative arts had the lowest earnings, and earned no more on average than non-graduates. However, the researchers say that some of these earnings differences are, of course, attributable to differences in student intake – since students with different levels of prior achievement at A-level take different subject options.

“When we account for different student intakes across subjects, only economics and medicine remain outliers with much higher earnings at the median as compared to their peers in other subjects,” write the researchers.

After allowing for differences in the characteristics of those who take different subjects, male medical graduates earn around £13,000 more at the median than similar engineering and technology graduates, the gap for women is approximately £16,000. Both male and female medical graduates earn around £14,000 more at the median than similar law graduates.

“Earnings vary substantially with university, subject, gender and cohort,” said study co-author Neil Shepherd of Harvard University. “This impacts on which parts of the HE sector the UK Government funds through the subsidy inherent within income contingent student loans. The next step in the research is to quantifying that variation in funding, building on today's paper.”

Reference: Institute for Fiscal Studies working paper: ' How English domiciled graduate earnings vary with gender, institution attended, subject and socio-economic background ', Jack Britton , Lorraine Dearden , Neil Shephard and Anna Vignoles.

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The degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the University's principal research degree for graduate students and is available in all faculties and departments.

A Cambridge PhD is intellectually demanding and you will need to have a high level of attainment and motivation to pursue this programme of advanced study and research.

In most faculties, a candidate is expected to have completed one year of postgraduate study, normally on a research preparation master's course, prior to starting a PhD.

Completion normally requires three or four years of full-time study, or at least five years of part-time study, including a probationary period.

Terms of research are normally consecutive and, for full-time students, require residency in Cambridge. Not all departments offer part-time research degrees.

Various routes to the PhD are possible and, if you are made an offer of admission, it will be made clear whether you are required to study for a master's degree or certificate in the first instance, or will be admitted directly to the probationary year for the PhD. You are registered for the PhD only after a satisfactory progress assessment at the end of the probationary year (five terms for part-time degrees). The assessment is designed also to focus your mind on the stages necessary for the completion of your research within the normal time limit and to address any structural problems that have arisen during the first year. Students must pass the first year assessment in order to continue their PhD study.

During your PhD, your effort will be focused on writing a dissertation. The word count of the dissertation is dependent on the department and the Student Registry or Educational Student Policy will be able to tell you the maximum word limit. This must represent a significant contribution to learning, for example through the discovery of new knowledge, the connection of previously unrelated facts, the development of a new theory, or the revision of older views, and must take account of previously published work on the subject. Some Cambridge dissertations go on to form the basis of significant publications.

Although you will spend long hours working independently, your department and College will both support you throughout your PhD. You are also able to attend regular seminars in your subject area and could be involved in teaching, perhaps giving seminars or supervising, or in the social life of your department and College.

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• PhD Salary in UK – Explained
• Funding a PhD

What Are PhD Salaries?

The average cost of undertaking a PhD in the UK is approximately £20,000 per academic year for UK students and £40,000 for international students. To help offset the cost of this, many students question whether undertaking a doctorate comes with a PhD salary.

The salary of a PhD student is governed by three factors: whether they’re assisting in undergraduate teaching, assisting in research, or have secured a PhD with a stipend. Depending on which of the three categories a student falls within, they will receive an income during their studies, however, the amount will differ by a substantial amount.

To help show you how you can fund your postgraduate degree and how much you can expect to earn whilst doing so, carry on reading below.

Types of PhD Salaries

There are three types of PhD degree salaries:

• Graduate Teaching Assistantships (GTAs) . In exchange for a salary, you’ll be required to assist in the delivery of one or more courses over a number of years. This includes, but is not limited to, marking student tutorials, supervising lab experiments and providing support to undergraduates during office hours. Besides this, you may have to teach a small section of the course itself. You can discover more about GTAs on King’s College London’s website.
• Research Assistantships (RAs) . In exchange for a salary, you assist a departmental professor with their research. In the ideal scenario, the professor you work with should also be your PhD supervisor and the research you’re asked to support with relates to your own doctoral project.
• Stipend via Studentship: A stipend is a non-repayable grant provided to doctoral students to help support their studies. A studentship covers a student’s tuition fees whilst a stipend covers a PhD student’s living costs. This includes outgoings such as rent, food, bills and basic travel. Unlike Graduate Teaching or Research Assistantships, stipends rarely have duties attached to them. The only expectation of receiving a stipend will be that you maintain continuous progress within your degree.

It’s worth noting these earning opportunities can be also be combined. For example, it’s possible to be a research assistant whilst also committing time to teach undergraduate students.

Average PhD Salary in UK

The average PhD student salary for teaching assistantships will vary depending on the level of responsibility you’re taking. However, to provide figures, past doctoral students have reported receiving approx. £10/hr for marking tutorials, £15/hr for leading laboratory sessions and up to £20/hr for leading undergraduate classes and tutorials.

The actual amount you can earn from teaching assistance will depend on the rate your department offers and the hours you can realistically take on. If you’re on a Graduate Teaching Assistantship programme, they will require you to dedicate a set number of hours per week. If you’re not on a GTA but would still like to earn an income through this scheme, you will likely need to commit several hours per week consistently. Although this can be a great way to earn whilst you study, you need to make sure you manage your time effectively as to not become overwhelmed by taking on an additional commitment.

The average salary for research assistantships will vary depending on the field of the doctoral degree you are enrolled in. Usually, these positions pay between £25,000 to £30,000 per year, however, it’s possible to come across positions which sit slightly outside of this. As a general rule of thumb, STEM assistors are paid more than non-STEM assistors.

In the UK, PhD students can receive a stipend which varies between £15,000 and £18,000 per annum. As part of the studentship your stipend is provided under, your tuition fees will also be paid for. UK tuition fees will vary between universities but are approximately £4,500 per year for doctoral courses starting in 2021/22 as per the UKRI recommendations .

Although £15,000 to £18,000 per year is the typical range for a stipend, some can be far greater than this. For example, Wellcome Trust , a research-charity based in London, offers an annual stipend of up to £23,300 and £26,000 for doctoral students located outside and within London, respectively.

Are PhD Salaries Taxed?

PhD stipends are tax free. Therefore, you don’t need to pay any income tax nor do you need to make any national insurance contributions. This means you’ll keep all the money you receive from an annual stipend. However, this is not the case for Research Assistants.

In the UK, Research Assistants are employed as university staff members and are paid a direct salary as opposed to a stipend. As a result, it will require you to pay tax on your earnings and make national insurance contributions.

To put this into perspective, for the 2019/20 UK tax year, you’re required to pay a 20% tax on any income above £12,500 but less than £50,000. You’re also required to make national insurance contributions of 12% of your weekly earnings over £166 but less than £962. This means that an annual Research Assistantship salary of £30,000 will equate to a take-home salary of £23,938 per year.

How to Get a PhD Stipend

To find research positions which offer stipends, we recommend you search our PhD database and filter by ‘funded’ positions.

Besides this, you can also secure a studentship from UK Research Councils or directly from your university as a scholarship. Independent organisations, such as charities and research trusts, and innovative firms within your industry also offer funding. You can read our PhD studentship guide to see how these work or our Where to find a PhD guide for further ideas.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

How to Get a Research Assistantship PhD

Unfortunately, research assistantships opportunities aren’t as common to come across compared to PhD stipends. Besides this, when they are available, they’re predominantly in STEM subjects such as computer science and engineering. The reason for this is these subjects usually have access to greater research grants and have a greater volume of practical work available.

To find a research assistantship, we recommend that you contact the university departments who host the courses you’re interested in directly. This is because research assistantships help professors with their research, and while they may require help, they may not be openly advertising for it. They may, therefore, be able to create a role for you within their department or put you into contact with one of their colleagues who already has an open position.

International Students

It’s worth noting that international students will have a harder time securing a funded PhD position than UK ‘home’ students will. This is largely because there are usually fewer funding opportunities available to international students, which as a result also attract significant competition.

Besides this, if you’re an international student studying in the UK you will most likely than not be on a Tier 4 visa. Although a Tier 4 visa will allow you to work to earn an additional income alongside any studentship you may have, there will be certain restrictions on what you can and can’t do. For example, during term-time, you won’t be allowed to work more than 20 hours per week. For a full list of restrictions, please refer to the government website.

Browse PhDs Now

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Average graduate salaries by university and subject: Where to go and what to study to earn top dollar

By: William Turvill

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Going to university at Oxford or Cambridge pays. But it doesn’t pay as much as the London School of Economics or City University London. But it pays a lot more than going to Cardiff Metropolitan University.

And if you want to earn top dollar as a graduate it’s also worth aiming for an economics degree rather than fine arts and design.

Salary benchmarking site Emolument.com has compiled a ranking of 84 UK universities by analysing 2,400 salaries from graduates (defined as those with less than two years of experience in the workplace) with bachelor degree.

It marks the latest in a long line of graduate pay studies undertaken by Emolument, including research into which universities produce the most business leaders and which MBA courses are best for pay .

London School of Economics grads can expect to earn an average of £38,000, slightly above £36,000 at City University. Cambridge (£35,000) pips Oxford to third place (£34,000). Bath, Edinburgh and Durham, with £33,000, £32,000 and £31,000, come next in the ranking.

Cardiff Metropolitan props up the table, with an average graduate salary of £18,000, slightly behind Liverpool John Moores, Goldsmiths, Anglia Ruskin, University of Central Lancashire, Queen’s University Belfast and Aberystwyth on £19,000.

As for degree subjects, economics pays £33,000, ahead of engineering in second with £28,000. Fine arts and design is at the bottom of the table, with £19,000, just behind English literature and media, marketing and communication, both of £21,000.

Read more : Three-quarters of millennials will never pay off their student loan

And here is what you need to study…

Economics: £33,000

Engineering: £28,000

Management & Strategy: £27,000

Mathematics & Statistics: £27,000

Computer Sciences: £27,000

Accounting, Business & Finance: £27,000

Physics, Life Sciences & Healthcare: £27,000

Law: £26,000

Modern Languages: £26,000

Humanities (History, Geography, Politics…): £25,000

Chemistry & Natural Sciences: £23,000

Psychology: £23,000

Media, Marketing & Communication: £21,000

English Literature: £21,000

Fine Arts & Design: £19,000

Read more : This PE firm's slashed grad salaries – it's buying them houses instead

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If you would like to view jobs available at the Colleges, please find them on their own page .

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Our aim is to provide our students with all the mathematical, analytical and computing skills that underpin modern engineering practice, while encouraging the creative skills and problem-solving strategies that are so important to a good engineer. You will learn the skills needed for team leadership and how to apply new technologies in novel situations: the skills you will need to master technical and managerial demands throughout your professional career. 

The market for engineers remains strong. Engineering opportunities include the aerospace, construction, consultancy, defence, electronics, automotive, oil, nuclear and telecommunications industries.

First destinations of 2014 Cambridge Engineering graduates

Some of our graduates, particularly those studying Manufacturing Engineering, make use of the analytical and managerial skills developed during their university education to follow a career in business, often in finance, general management or as entrepreneurs.

The average starting salary of Cambridge Engineering students who graduated in 2014 was £31,000 per annum.

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Awards are made for three years and students must intend to commence their PhD studies during the academic year of the competition. It is not possible to defer CHSS awards to the next academic year.

• You must have applied for admission through the Graduate Application Form (GRADSAF) or have applied to continue to the PhD.
• Students who started their PhD in the Lent or Easter term preceding and were not considered in the previous year's competition will not automatically be entered but may request to be considered by their department. Please contact the Graduate Secretary by the end of January.
• Applicants must be from the UK and registered as liable to pay the University Composition Fee at the 'Home' rate. Students eligible for UK Research Council funding must have applied for such funding or be able to explain why an application to the Research Councils has not been made (e.g. no quota studentships available to the student's department). It is a condition that a successful CHSS student must accept Research Council funding if it is subsequently offered.
• Students are eligible for a full studentship (University Composition and College Fees plus a maintenance stipend of £13,363* * per annum in 2014-15).
• Full-time and part-time students are eligible.
• Awards are for 3 years - no funding is available for the writing up year.

*Other funding will be taken into account and CHSS awards may be reduced accordingly.

The scheme does not provide additional funding for research expenses, transferable skills training or fieldwork costs.

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Similar funding schemes for EU and OS students are offered by the Cambridge Trust.

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What to expect as salary in Cambridge

I have been offered a position to join a startup company in Cambridge. Their offer is around £45K pa. I feel this is somewhat low for Cambridge, given the high rental costs. Does anyone know what is a fair salary for someone with a PhD and 3 years of work experience? My PhD is in science/engineering from a top 5 European university (not Cambridge ;)) and I work in an experimental/applied physics field

£38k Graduate Job vs Superb Cambridge PhD

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PhD student awarded Qualcomm Innovation Fellowship

Submitted by Rachel Gardner on Tue, 09/07/2024 - 15:24

Many congratulations to PhD student Chaitanya Joshi , one of just five students across Europe to receive a Qualcomm Innovation Fellowship Europe 2024 .

These fellowships are awarded annually through a programme that recognises, rewards and mentors innovative phd students across europe, india, and the united states., in europe, the fellowships are awarded to excellent young researchers in the fields of artificial intelligence and cybersecurity who each receive individual prizes of $40,000 for a project they have proposed and mentorship by the qualcomm technologies research team., chaitanya – a phd student supervised by pietro liò , professor of computational biology here – was selected as a winner for his project, 'geometric generative models for 3d rna design'., rna (ribonucleic acid) plays a key role in turning the instructions held in the dna of our genome into functional proteins in our cells. it is of interest to chaitanya for its potential in the development of new drugs..

"Geometric deep learning and generative modelling techniques have revolutionized protein design," he explains. "My research aims to develop equivalent tools for designing RNA molecules and therapeutics.

"Conventional drug discovery focuses on small molecule- and protein-based medicines that counter the end stages of diseases. But recently, there has been increasing interest in designing new RNA-based therapeutics that intervene earlier in disease processes to cut off disease-causing information flow in the body. Notable examples include mRNA vaccines and CRISPR-based genomic medicine."

For his project, Chaitanya aims to develop the first deep learning framework for 3D RNA design, "outlining an execution plan for an RNA-centric 3D generative model that builds upon best practices that have revolutionized protein design," he says. 

"I will discuss why AlphaFold is not enough, how to address RNA-specific modelling challenges – and why incorporating inductive biases that drive RNA structure are critical to develop bespoke generative models for RNA design.

"What sets my work apart from research in related areas (including the latest version of Google DeepMind's AlphaFold)," he adds, "is my focus on addressing RNA-specific modelling challenges and developing interdisciplinary collaborations with wet labs to experimentally validate my AI-designed RNAs.

Innovation Fellowships The Qualcomm Fellowships programme has been running for 15 years and is seeing an increasing number of applicants. In 2024, there were nearly 50% more projects were submitted than last year. "This really speaks to the growing field of machine learning, as well as the need to keep our rapidly developing software and hardware more secure,” says Michael Hofmann, Senior Director of Engineering at Qualcomm Technologies Netherlands B.V.

Projects proposed for Fellowships his year ranged from fundamental algorithms and large language models to applications such as extended reality, generalisable computer vision, RNA design, and more. Seventeen PhD students were selected to present their project proposals at a two-day final in May and five were chosen as winners – albeit with difficulty.

"The strength of the proposals and high quality of presentations made it very difficult for the judges to decide who the winners for 2024 should be. We are honored to mentor all the winners further in their research," Michael Hofmann adds.

• See Qualcomm's announcement of the 2024 Qualcomm Innovation Fellowships Europe .

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BISE Sahiwal Board 10th Result 2024 - Matric Results

Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education BISE Sahiwal will announce Matric Result 2024 on July 09, 2024 at 10:00 AM . The Punjab Matric board examinations 2024 were conducted in April this year. Sahiwal Board and all other boards of Punjab will announce the result on July 09.

Punjab Boards Committee of Chairmen shall finalize the date of announcement of Matric and Inter result 2024. Sahiwal Board's results will be available on its website. Keep visiting this page for the latest announcements and updates regarding the Sahiwal board 10th class result. 

The secondary School Certificate (SSC) board examination in Punjab was held in April and now results are ready to be announced.  The board will also issue matric results of all educational institutes in Punjab including government high schools and private schools affiliated with Punjab boards. The official gazette also includes institute-wise students' results.

Interestingly most of the students score high marks in class 10 maths, and class 10 biology subjects. Class 10 English is the hardest subject for students, and most of the students score the lowest marks in English subject.

How to check BISE Sahiwal Board Matric 10th Result 2024

• Multan Board Matric Result 2024 will be announced on July 09, 2024.
• The result is available at  https://bisemultan.edu.pk/
• You can also check your result by sending your roll number to 800292 through SMS

BISE Sahiwal Board Matric 10th Result 2024

The BISE Sahiwal Board 10th result 2024 announcement details are as below.

Check the  Matric  Result 2024 Multan Board by SMS

• Please type your roll number in the mobile SMS.
• Send the message to 800293. You will receive an SMS with your result within 1 minute

Top Inter Colleges in Sahiwal

Here is a list of the Best Inter Colleges in Sahiwal based on their result

• Best Inter Colleges in Sahiwal Large Category
• Top Inter Colleges Medium Category
• Top Inter Colleges in Sahiwal Small Category

What to do After Secondary School Certificate

Students have a number of options after high school board examinations. Most of the students opt for a higher secondary school certificate (HSSC) also known as intermediate. There are various subjects and group options for intermediate including Pre-medical, pre-engineering, ICS, ICOM, general science, and arts groups. Some of the students go for vocational education including certificate and diploma courses after matric. The most common diploma after matric is the Diploma of Associate Engineering (DAE). DAE students can now also pursue higher education options just like Inter students, as DAE is equivalent to FSc.

Intermediate or FA/FSc students have better career options as this path leads to higher education or Bachelor’s degree programs. Having an undergraduate degree not only increases job options but also offers lucrative career options. However, students who are in need of financial help can opt for diploma or certificate courses after matric. This is pertinent to mention here that hundreds of thousands of scholarships are offered to students to pursue higher education. Financial assistance programs by the universities, government, and private NGOs are offered to the students to help them pursue higher education. A monthly stipend is also offered to such students, ranging from PKR: 4,000 to PKR: 40,000/- The scholarship-offering institutions include the Government of Pakistan, HEC indigenous Scholarships, PEEF scholarships, and many other undergraduate degree scholarships. So if you are just considering the option of vocational education because you cannot afford the cost of education, then you must consider going for higher education and explore scholarship options.

Diploma courses after 10th

• 91 medical Diploma and certificate courses after 10th 
• 51 vocational and technical diploma courses after 10th
• 69 Computer & IT Diploma courses after 10th  
• 60 Management diploma courses after 10th 

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