phd economic crime

Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Global Working Group

Economics of crime.

Emily Nix is an Assistant Professor of Finance and Business Economics at the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business. Professor Nix received her PhD at Yale, and before joining USC worked at University College London. She has also previously served as a consultant to the World Bank and is an external researcher for the VATT Institute for Economic Research in Helsinki, Finland.

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Amanda Agan

Amanda Agan is Assistant Professor of Economics and Affiliated Professor in the Program in Criminal Justice at Rutgers University. Her research uses both quasi-experimental and field experimental methods to answer policy-relevant questions in criminal justice and labor economics. She has published several papers related to inequality, discrimination, and crime in leading peer-reviewed economics journals, including the Quarterly Journal of Economics and the Review of Economics and Statistics.

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Jennifer Doleac

Jennifer Doleac is Associate Professor of Economics at Texas A&M University and Director of the Justice Tech Lab. She also is Executive Vice President of Criminal Justice at Arnold Ventures, a philanthropy dedicated to improving the lives of Americans through evidence-based policy solutions that maximize opportunity and minimize injustice.

She is a senior fellow at the Niskanen Center, a research fellow at IZA — Institute of Labor Economics, and the host of the “Probable Causation” podcast.

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Mariyana Zapryanova

Mariyana Zapryanova is an assistant professor in the Department of Economics at Smith College. Her research interests are in law and economics and economics of crime. She earned her Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2015.

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Terry-Ann Craigie

Terry-Ann Craigie is an Associate Professor of Economics at Smith College. She is also the Economics Fellow at the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law. She received her M.A. and Ph.D. in economics from Michigan State University. Since then, she has done postdoctoral work at Princeton University and held visiting scholar positions at the Urban Institute and Brown University.

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Rasmus Landersø

Rasmus Landersø is Director of Research at the Rockwool Foundation Research Unit. His research includes work on social mobility, the role of cognitive and noncognitive skills, and the origins of criminal behavior over the life-course.

Landersø received his B.A. and M.Sc. in Economics from the University of Copenhagen in 2008 and 2010, respectively. He earned his Ph.D. in Economics from Aarhus University in 2015.

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The Economics of Crime and Punishment field examines a range of connected research agendas focusing on the motives to engage in illicit activity, strategies to prevent illegal/dangerous behavior, the impacts of crime on victims and society, the causal effects of policy responses and criminal sanctions (e.g. “hot spot” policing, criminal convictions, incarceration, etc.), and the operations of law enforcement organizations. Research in this field adopts a range of empirical strategies including randomized controlled trials, natural experiments, lab experiments, and structural modeling. 

Faculty in the Field

Primary appointment within the economics department.

Primary appointment outside the economics department.

School of Information

Ford School of Public Policy & Department of Economics (courtesy)

Law School & Department of Economics (courtesy)

Recent Graduate Student Placement Locations

University of Chicago Crime Lab

Boston Univeristy School of Law

Mathematica

Seminars, Reading Groups, Lunches, etc.

Economics of Crime and Punishment sits at the intersection of several fields including Labor Economics, Law and Economics, and Public Economics, each of which has its own dedicated research seminar.  Students have opportunities to present their own research at a variety of venues including: the labor lunch, PFFLS, and H2D2.

In addition, the University of Michigan is home to the Criminal Justice Administrative Records System (CJARS), a new integrated data platform revolutionizing research on crime and criminal justice policy in the U.S. The scope and degree of data collection and integration in CJARS is unprecedented, yielding significant opportunities to pursue novel research in this field.

Selected Recent Publications

Heller, “Predicting and Preventing Gun Violence: Experimental Results from READI Chicago”   Quarterly Journal of Economics , 2024. (Joint with Monica Bhatt, Max Kapustin, Marianne Bertrand & Chris Blattman.) 

Heller, “When Scale and Replication Work: Learning from Summer Youth Employment Experiments”  Journal of Public Economics,  2022.

Jacob, “Pretrial Juvenile Detention.”  Journal of Public Economics, 2023. (Joint with  Jason   Baron and Joseph Ryan). 

Mueller-Smith. “The Impact of Criminal Financial Sanctions: A Multi-State Analysis of Survey and Administrative Data” Accepted at  American Economic Review: Insights.  (Joint with Keith Finlay, Matthew Gross, Carl Lieberman, and Elizabeth Luh).

Mueller-Smith. “Children’s Indirect Exposure to the U.S. Justice System: Evidence from Longitudinal Links between Survey and Administrative Data”  The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 2023. (Joint with Keith Finlay and Brittany Street). 

Mueller-Smith, "Does Welfare Prevent Crime? the Criminal Justice Outcomes of Youth Removed from Ssi,"  The Quarterly Journal of Economics,  2022. (Joint with Deshpande.)

Mueller-Smith, “Diversion in the Criminal Justice System,” The Review of Economic Studies , 2020. (Joint with Schnepel.)

Prescott, “Expungement of Criminal Convictions: An Empirical Study,” Harvard Law Review , 2020. (Joint with Starr.)

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Upcoming Events

2024 mfr program summer session for young scholars, ai in social science conference 2024, conference to honor the contributions of philip j. reny, past events, bfi student lunch series – the impact of incarceration on employment, earnings, and tax filing, macro financial modeling meeting spring 2012, modeling financial sector linkages to the macroeconomy, research briefs.

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Conference on the Economics of Crime and Justice

The 5th annual Conference on the Economics of Crime and Justice was held in London on May 31- June 1, 2024.

Past conference information:  2023  |  2022  |  2021  |  2019

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The Economics of Crime

To think of crime in terms of risk and rewards, punishment and incentives has a long lineage. Jeremy Bentham in his 1830 book The Rationale for Punishment already applied utilitarian logic to the sanctions applied to criminal offenders. In economics itself, research in earnest began with the seminal work by Becker in the 1960s. His and other early work was mostly theoretical. Since then, a rich empirical literature has evolved looking at the social, cultural and economic determinants and consequences of crime, as well as the factors driving punishments. In this virtual issue, we showcase some of the latest thinking on the economics of crime, published in recent years in The Economic Journal . The range of articles published spans the entire globe, from post-riots London to Vietnam, China and the US; it looks at determinants of crime ranging from school leaving ages, drinking laws, and sex ratios to military conscription; and it highlights policy-relevant insights, such as in the link between medical marijuana laws and US crime rates.

Wet Laws, Drinking Establishments and Violent Crime Volume 128, Issue 611 D. Mark Anderson, Benjamin Crost, and Daniel I. Rees 

A Jury of  Her  Peers: The Impact of the First Female Jurors on Criminal Convictions Volume 129, Issue 618 Shamena Anwar, Patrick Bayer, and Randi Hjalmarsson

Firm Growth and Corruption: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam Volume 129, Issue 618 Jie Bai, Seema Jayachandran, Edmund J Malesky, and Benjamin A Olken

Crime Deterrence: Evidence from the London 2011 Riots Volume 124, Issue 576 Brian Bell, Laura Jaitman, and Stephen Machin 

China's Sex Ratio and Crime: Behavioural Change or Financial Necessity? Volume 129, Issue 618 Lisa Cameron, Xin Meng, and Dandan Zhang

Homelessness and Crime: Do Your Friends Matter? Volume 127, Issue 602 Lucia Corno 

Is Legal Pot Crippling Mexican Drug Trafficking Organisations? The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on US Crime Volume 129, Issue 617 Evelina Gavrilova, Takuma Kamada, and Floris Zoutman

The Causal Effect of Military Conscription on Crime   Volume 129, Issue 622 Randi Hjalmarsson and Matthew J Lindquist

Victimisation, Well‐being and Compensation: Using Panel Data to Estimate the Costs of Violent Crime Volume 128, Issue 611 David W. Johnston, Michael A. Shields, and Agne Suziedelyte 

School Starting Age and The Crime‐Age Profile Volume 127, Issue 602 Rasmus Landersø, Helena Skyt Nielsen, and Marianne Simonsen 

Optimising Criminal Behaviour and the Disutility of Prison Volume 129, Issue 619 Giovanni Mastrobuoni and  David A Rivers

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Data Science perspectives on Economic Crime

Economic crimes including corruption, fraud, collusion, and tax evasion impose significant costs to societies all around the world. Beyond their direct economic costs, these behaviors reduce mutual trust and cohesion in society. The erosion of these fundamental elements of a healthy society is hypothesized to contribute to growing inequality and the strengthening of political populism. Altogether there are significant incentives to study economic crimes. However, until recently, its investigation remained largely the preserve of law enforcement, which has resources to investigate only a tiny minority of cases.

Researchers now have more data than ever to investigate these phenomena, but face several unique challenges. The lack of unbiased ground-truth data hinders the straightforward application of machine learning. Publicly available data often contains only suggestive traces of illegal activity. Though economic crimes are increasingly international, data availability and quality varies highly across borders. Despite these difficulties, recent years have witnessed a remarkable increase in scientific activity in this area. Studying economic crime from a data science perspective offers unique insights and can inform the design of novel solutions. The results of such research are of eminent interest to governments, law enforcement, organizations, companies and civil society watchdogs. In light of this recent activity, there is a need to survey the field, to reflect on progress, shortcomings, and open problems, and to highlight promising new methods.

In this special issue, we gather research that highlights novel applications of data science to the problems and challenges of economic crime. We also welcome data-critical studies and mixed-methods papers, recognizing that data-driven methods complement rather than substitute for other approaches.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: - Estimating levels and trends of economic crimes using open source data - Corruption in public procurement - Collusion and cartels - Network science perspectives on economic crime - Agent-based models of economic crime - Detecting fraud in transaction data - Critical perspectives on the application of data science to economic crime (i.e. pitfalls and biases of predictive policing and profiling) - Data-driven analyses of organized crime and mafia-type groups - Tax evasion and money laundering - Terrorist financing - The political organization of economic crimes - Lobbying networks and political favoritism - Social and communication networks of criminal conspiracies - Transactions on the darknet and the role of crypto-currency in economic crime - Data-driven journalism and OSINT perspectives on economic crime - Novel datasets for measuring and tracking economic crime - Mixed-methods approaches to studying economic crime

Lead Guest Editor

Johannes Wachs Vienna University of Economics and Business, & Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Austria

Guest Editors

Janos Kertesz Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Vienna, Austria

Mihaly Fazekas School of Public Policy, Central European University, Vienna, Austria

Elizabeth David-Barrett Department of Politics/Centre for the Study of Corruption, University of Sussex, UK

Uncovering the size of the illegal corporate service provider industry in the Netherlands: a network approach

Economic crimes such as money laundering, terrorism financing, tax evasion or corruption almost invariably involve the use of a corporate entity. Such entities are regularly incorporated and managed by corpora...

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Practices of public procurement and the risk of corrupt behavior before and after the government transition in México

Corruption has a significant impact on economic growth, democracy, and inequality. It has sever consequences at the human level. Public procurement, where public resources are used to purchase goods or service...

Corruption red flags in public procurement: new evidence from Italian calls for tenders

This paper contributes to the analysis of quantitative indicators (i.e., red flags or screens ) to detect corruption in public procurement. It presents an approach to evaluate corruption risk in public tenders thr...

The effect of anti-money laundering policies: an empirical network analysis

There is a growing literature analyzing money laundering and the policies to fight it, but the overall effectiveness of anti-money laundering policies is still unclear. This paper investigates whether anti-mon...

Fair automated assessment of noncompliance in cargo ship networks

Cargo ships navigating global waters are required to be sufficiently safe and compliant with international treaties. Governmental inspectorates currently assess in a rule-based manner whether a ship is potenti...

Effective strategies for targeted attacks to the network of Cosa Nostra affiliates

Network dismantling has recently gained interest in the fields of intelligence agencies, anti-corruption analysts and criminal investigators due to its efficiency in disrupting the activity of malicious agents...

Tainted ties: the structure and dynamics of corruption networks extracted from deferred prosecution agreements

Corruption, bribery, and white-collar crime are inherently relational phenomena as actors involved in them exchange information, resources, and favours. These exchanges give rise to a network in which the acto...

The geometry of suspicious money laundering activities in financial networks

Corruption and organized crime are social problems that affect different communities around the world, involving public and private organizations in diverse sectors and activities. However, these problems are ...

We have 19 crime PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships

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crime PhD Projects, Programmes & Scholarships

Ucl secret: the international training centre for security and crime research degrees, funded phd programme (uk students only).

Some or all of the PhD opportunities in this programme have funding attached. It is only available to UK citizens or those who have been resident in the UK for a period of 3 years or more. Some projects, which are funded by charities or by the universities themselves may have more stringent restrictions.

EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training

EPSRC Centres for Doctoral Training conduct research and training in priority areas funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Potential PhD topics are usually defined in advance. Students may receive additional training and development opportunities as part of their programme.

Near-real time and microscale crime prediction

Phd research project.

PhD Research Projects are advertised opportunities to examine a pre-defined topic or answer a stated research question. Some projects may also provide scope for you to propose your own ideas and approaches.

Self-Funded PhD Students Only

This project does not have funding attached. You will need to have your own means of paying fees and living costs and / or seek separate funding from student finance, charities or trusts.

AI-Driven Digital Cities for Crime Modeling and Economic Analysis

Funded phd project (uk students only).

This research project has funding attached. It is only available to UK citizens or those who have been resident in the UK for a period of 3 years or more. Some projects, which are funded by charities or by the universities themselves may have more stringent restrictions.

Trace evidence: Locard’s exchange principle using invertebrates

Exploiting raptor genome sequences to combat wildlife crime, novel elemental analysis methods for forensic investigations, forensic acarology: the importance of mites in forensic investigations, phd studentship in air forensics in san juan, competition funded phd project (students worldwide).

This project is in competition for funding with other projects. Usually the project which receives the best applicant will be successful. Unsuccessful projects may still go ahead as self-funded opportunities. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but potential funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.

Intra-inter-disciplinary approaches to address open challenges of indoor and outdoor scene for videos analysis and recognition.

Reconciling the needs of victims of stalking with effective interventions for perpetrators, funded phd project (students worldwide).

This project has funding attached, subject to eligibility criteria. Applications for the project are welcome from all suitably qualified candidates, but its funding may be restricted to a limited set of nationalities. You should check the project and department details for more information.

Self-Funded PhD Opportunities in Forensic Sciences

The PhD opportunities on this programme do not have funding attached. You will need to have your own means of paying fees and living costs and / or seek separate funding from student finance, charities or trusts.

PhD Research Programme

PhD Research Programmes present a range of research opportunities shaped by a university’s particular expertise, facilities and resources. You will usually identify a suitable topic for your PhD and propose your own project. Additional training and development opportunities may also be offered as part of your programme.

The University of Manchester - Department of Mathematics

Funded phd programme (students worldwide).

Some or all of the PhD opportunities in this programme have funding attached. Applications for this programme are welcome from suitably qualified candidates worldwide. Funding may only be available to a limited set of nationalities and you should read the full programme details for further information.

Maths Research Programme

PhD Research Programmes describe the opportunities for postgraduate research within a University department. You may often be asked to submit your own research project proposal as part of your application, although predefined research projects may also be available.

xAI for Biometrics – Legal Presentation of Data

"please take us seriously": examining the help and support needs of male victims of domestic abuse.

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• Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation
• Our Programs

About This Program

You’re a quick thinker. You’re focused, motivated, and ambitious. You want a career on the forefront of new technology, and you want to learn the skills that can help protect individuals and businesses from crime. Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation may be the major for you.

Why Utica University

The first program of its kind in the nation, Utica University's undergraduate major in Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation (formerly economic crime investigation) offers advanced education in the highly specialized skill sets required to prevent, detect, and investigate economic crime in today's global economy. Economic crime encompasses fraud, money laundering, and corruption, with counter-efforts that include institutional and corporate compliance and due diligence programs, regulatory and enforcement efforts on the part of government agencies, and the recovery of assets wrongfully taken or held.  Part of Utica's internationally respected suite of economic crime and justice studies programs, the Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation major is taught by a remarkably accomplished professional faculty using the industry's most current tools and techniques.

The BS Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation program is available both online and on campus.

Related Programs

• Forensic Accounting (online)

Contact Information

Office of admissions, general information.

• Utica Campus

Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation at Utica

Enrolling in the program was one of the best decisions I've made. It opened the door to my employment with Equitable. I couldn't be more satisfied with my experience and education at Utica University.

Thomas Tarkowski '89 CFE, CLU Equitable New York, NY

Career Opportunities

• Law Enforcement
• Fraud Investigation
• Forensic Accounting
• Government Intelligence Services
• Banking and Finance

State-of-the-Art

First of its Kind

What you'll learn.

Developed in consultation with the Economic Crime and Cybersecurity Institute of Utica University ( www.ecii.edu ), the Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation major features a uniquely interdisciplinary curriculum that includes courses in:

• economic crime law
• financial investigations
• fraud detection
• payment systems
• detection technologies

Student have the opportunity to choose from two concentrations:

• Fraud prevention and detection
• Financial investigation

Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation Faculty

• Distinguished Professor of Criminal Justice

• Professor of Practice - Economic Crime Mgmt

• Professor of Practice - Economic Crime

Adjunct Faculty

• Adjunct Lecturer of Criminal Justice
• Adjunct Professor of Criminal Justice
• Adjunct Lecturer of Economic Crime Management

• OE Campus Ops Specialist

A Degree That Works

Utica University Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation alumni have taken rewarding positions at:

• Bank of America
• Deloitte & Touche LLP
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.)
• Hartford Financial Services
• IRS Criminal Investigations
• JP Morgan Chase
• NBT Bankcorp, Inc
• SAS Institute
• U.S. Secret Service

Student Voices: Victoria Montgomery

A brief conversation with Victoria Montgomery '15, a recent graduate of the Economic Crime Investigation major.

Student Voices: Celeste Cook '19

A conversation with Celeste Cook '19, a dual major in Fraud and Financial Crime Investigation and Spanish, about industry-experienced professors, real-world learning opportunities, and her plans for the future.

Student Voices: Sydney Turczyn '17

A brief visit with FFCI (ECI) major Sydney Turczyn '17 about her experience as a transfer student, her academic program, her professors, and her plans for studying abroad in South Africa.

Student Voices: Jared Platt

Economic Crime Investigation major Jared Platt discusses his choice to come to Utica University and the growing outlook across the board in his field.

Justice Studies at Utica University

A Taste of the Real Thing: Utica University Mock Trial Goes to Regionals

New Crime Scene Lab to provide students with state-of-the-art, hands-on learning in incident response

Making History - New York State Supreme Court Justice Janet Malone '86

I would like to see logins and resources for:

For a general list of frequently used logins, you can also visit our logins page .

Dawes Centre for Future Crime at UCL

PhD Research

Can we predict new and evolving crimes? And if we can predict them, can we prevent them?

Below you can read about the PhD projects currently underway and being funded by the Dawes Centre for Future Crimes.

Crime is known to cluster in time and space. Methods for space-time clustering analysis of crime include Kernel Density Estimation, Dual Kernel Density Estimation, and Local and Global Moran’s I Index, to name a few. The applicability of these methods is possible because the four most common sub-concepts of the physical space – place, distance, size, and route – are well understood. For this reason, we are able to locate crime “hot-spots” and thus inform effective place-based crime prevention policies and strategies.

Nevertheless, the sub-concepts of space – place, distance, size, route – are not the same in the cyberspace as in the physical space. Therefore, space-time clustering analysis of cybercrime requires new means by which place, distance, size, and route can be conceptualised and measured in the cyberspace. The aim of my research is two-folded. First, I aim to develop a framework that can measure the cyberspace and map cybercrime with reference to both the physical and virtual space. Second, I aim to demonstrate how the framework can be implemented to conduct space-time clustering of cybercrime both in the physical and online space. The findings of this research study can inform and provide the security industry and policy-makers with effective deployable solutions to targeting cybercrime.

PhD start year: 2017  PhD researcher: Octavian Bordeneau   PhD supervisors: Dr Toby Davies, UCL Security and Crime Science and Dr Gianluca Stringhini, UCL Computer Science. Contact: [email protected]

• Llinares, M.L. and Johnson, S.D. (2017). Cybercrime and Place Applying Environmental Criminology to Crimes in Cyberspace . In G Bruinsma and S Johnson (Eds.) Handbook of Environmental Criminology . New York: Oxford University Press.
• Fernando Miró Llinares and Shane D. Johnson. (2018). Cybercrime and Place: Applying Environmental Criminology to Crimes in Cyberspace . The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Criminology. Edited by Gerben J.N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. 
• Bordeanu, O. C., Stringhini, G., Shen, Y., Davies, T. (2021), JABBIC Lookups: A Backend Telemetry-Based System for Malware Triage . In: Garcia-Alfaro J., Li S., Poovendran R., Debar H., Yung M. (eds) Security and Privacy in Communication Networks. 

Living in the most digitally exciting times with technologies that introduce a smarter life and bring a faster industrial revolution, the new generation of criminals are inevitably becoming more ‘tech savvy’ than ever before. Advances in biology makes even more exciting technologies such as DNA sequencing and engineering publicly available and accessible, regardless of technical background. This highlights the urgency of trying to understand and foresee potential illicit activities that are possible with these rapidly developing technologies.

We continue to face the ongoing challenge of cybersecurity as a result of the launch of the internet in the public domain without any pre-planned defence systems against cybercrime and we are yet to see another paradigm shift in crime. The future challenge from the commercialisation of various biological techniques and the potential “Bio-crimes” that will inevitably appear, must be understood in order to put security systems in place.

This research project will overview the technologies that are catalysing this paradigm shift of crime. The social changes shaped from these technologies will then be explored to identify the new opportunities of offending they produce, here referred to as “Bio-crime”. The aim is to determine how these emerging trends might best be identified at the earliest possible stage before they escalate. Data science techniques will be predominately used to predict how, when and what form these new opportunities will have. Can we predict and defend ourselves from the new offending opportunities?

PhD start year: 2017 PhD researcher: Mariam Elgabry  PhD supervisors: Prof Shane Johnson, UCL Security and Crime Science and Dr Darren Nesbeth, UCL Biochemical Engineering. Contact: [email protected]         https://medium.com/@mariamelgab         http://uclsecretsociety.org/mariamelgabry/             https://www.linkedin.com/in/mariam-elgabry/        

• UCL 7 Questions with Mariam Elgabry
• A Systematic Review of the Criminogenic Potential of Synthetic Biology and Routes to Future Crime Prevention
• Article in Policing Insight on bio-crime and covid-19
• Bio-crime and Covid-19 report
• MedTech Integrates conference (UK)
• A systematic review protocol for crime trends facilitated by synthetic biology
• UK Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy for Biosecurity and national security, in light of Covid-19
• Elgabry, M. and Camilleri, J. (2021) Conducting hidden populations research: A reflective case  study on researching the biohacking community , Futures, 132. Hutt, O. K., Bowers, K., & Johnson, S. D. (2021). The effect of GPS refresh rate on measuring police patrol in micro-places. Crime Science, 10(1), 1-14.
• Joint and Individual NGO Statements to Biological Weapons Convention, United Nations, Meetings of State Parties, Geneva, 22 – 25 November 2021. UN Web TV
• Joint NGO Statement to Biological Weapons Convention , United Nations, Meetings of Experts, Geneva, 30 August – 8 September 2021. UN Web TV
• Elgabry, M. (2021) Policy brief: Synthetic biology and future crime , Dawes Centre for Future Crime, UCL
• Elgabry, M. (2021) National Machinery: Red-Teaming Approach Written Evidence . UK Parliament Joint Committee on National Security and Machinery, UK Parliament
• Elgabry, M., Nesbeth, D., Johnson, S., (2022), The Future of Biotechnology Crime: A Parallel Delphi Study with Non-Traditional Experts , Futures, 102970, ISSN 0016-3287.

In December 2013, the Greater London Authority published a plan outlining how the creative power of data and technology will be used to improve the infrastructure of London and establish “Smart London”. Smart cities incorporate technological advances such as autonomous vehicles, smart street lightings, smart solar charger points, networked lamp-post sensors for environment data collection, smart CCTV applications and smart trash cans to name a few. The intelligent devices within the street infrastructure are inherently insecure and have the potential to launch cybercrimes, posing a real threat to the society. The UK Government’s vision for 2021 is to ensure security and resilience to cyber threats as the country progresses to become more digitised. There is also a focus on future proofing London until 2050 so that London retains its place as one of the world’s leading cities.

The aim of the proposed research is to gather the holistic view of the overall smart street infrastructure operating model and its resilience to possible types of cybercrimes in the future smart city of London. The expected outcome of this research is to evaluate possible gaps and risks to cyber security in the operational management of London’s future smart street infrastructure. The long term goal is to study the ongoing effectiveness of cyber security measures on smart London streets through regulations and policies. This research can be extended to other leading cities of the world expecting to implement the smart infrastructure. 

PhD start year: 2017 PhD researcher: Meha Shukla PhD supervisors: Prof Shane Johnson, UCL Security and Crime Science and Prof Peter Jones, UCL Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering. Contact: [email protected]

• Shukla, M., Johnson, S. D., & Jones, P. (2019, June). Does the NIS implementation strategy effectively address cyber security risks in the UK? In 2019 International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security) (pp. 1-11). IEEE

The threat landscape relating to cyberweapons and cyber warfare is increasingly dominated by vulnerabilities in internet-connected devices, vehicles, implants, and infrastructure; industrial control systems; and widely-used protocols and applications. The incidence of such vulnerabilities being exploited by criminals, terrorists, and hostile states continues to increase, and the sophistication and ambition of threat actors is escalating rapidly.

Despite these developments, however, the current discourse on cyberweapons and cyber warfare tends to focus heavily on the implications for technical infrastructure, the economy, and wider issues such as policy and legislation, without considering the physical and psychological impacts on humans. 

My research focuses on these effects. There are two major motivations for this; first, to contribute to tactical, policy, and legislative frameworks relating to cyberweapons; and second, to develop robust countermeasures for such effects - thereby providing responders and investigators with effective mitigation strategies, and reducing the threat posed by cyberweapons.

PhD start year: 2018 PhD researcher: Matt Wixey PhD supervisors: Prof Shane Johnson, UCL Security and Crime Science and Dr Emiliano De Cristofaro, UCL Computer Science Contact: [email protected]

• M. Wixey, E. De Cristofaro and S. D. Johnson, On the Feasibility of Acoustic Attacks Using Commodity Smart Devices , 2020 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW), 2020, pp. 88-97.

The internet provides vast amounts of information. More and more people engage in online activities through social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter etc.) or online markets (e-bay, Amazon etc.). Such environments enable individuals with malicious intents to affect massive amounts of people. Authorities have the problem of finding such individuals. The amount of data available is simply too much to be analyzed by humans alone. However, the current information technology enables proficient analyses and inferences from big data, which can support authorities in their work.

Automated methods, such as machine learning (ML) or natural language processing (NLP) techniques are a viable solution to that problem. These techniques are able to meaningful analyze enormous amounts of data. NLP methods can extract grammatical or semantic information from text. For example, finding linguistic commonalities of fraudulent advertisements can be utilized to train ML classifiers, which can then categorize advertisements in being fraudulent or non-fraudulent. With the help of such techniques possible emerging crimes can be uncovered, which would be otherwise not possible.

It is aimed to utilize such automated methods to support authorities in their work with huge amounts of data. Gathering insights from companies and authorities from past crimes will help to establish criteria, which the automated methods will operate on. The goal of this research is to combine human knowledge and data science techniques to find potential emerging crimes, support future human decision making and find ways of preventing new crimes.

PhD start year: 2018 PhD researcher: Felix Soldner PhD supervisors: Prof Shane Johnson, UCL Security and Crime Science, Dr Bennett Kleinberg, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]     http://fsoldner.net/    

• F Soldner, JCT Ho, M Makhortykh, I Van der Vegt, M Mozes, B Kleinberg, Workshop on Natural Language Processing and Computational Social Science,  Uphill from here: Sentiment patterns in videos from left-and right-wingYouTube news channels
• Soldner F, Kleinberg B, Johnson SD (2022) Confounds and overestimations in fake review detection: Experimentally controlling for product-ownership and data-origin . PLoS ONE 17(12): e0277869.
• van der Vegt, I., Mozes, M., Gill, P. et al. (2021) Online influence, offline violence: language use on YouTube surrounding the ‘Unite the Right’ rally . J Comput Soc Sc 4, 333–354.
• Soldner, F., Tanczer, L. M., Hammocks, D., Lopez-Neira, I., & Johnson, S. D. (2021). Using Machine Learning Methods to Study Technology-Facilitated Abuse: Evidence from the Analysis of UK Crimestoppers’ Text Data. In The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Violence and Technology (pp. 481-503). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
• Soldner, F., Kleinberg, B., & Johnson, S. (2022). Trends in online consumer fraud: A data science perspective . In A Fresh Look at Fraud (pp. 167-191). Routledge 

The use of the Internet and online Social Networks (OSN) has increased drastically in recent years, and increased exposure of children to Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) has followed. However, few empirical studies have been conducted to address the factors that contribute to exposing children to child sexual abusers online and to identify the characteristics of the individuals who contact them. Recent studies have demonstrated that child sexual abusers come from various demographic backgrounds and that it is a challenge to describe a ‘typical’ offender. Studies have also shown that girls are more exposed to CSA attacks than boys but identified no differences in victim ethnicities.

Based on Routine Activity Approach (RAA), my PhD research extends the published work by introducing a methodology to explore the online social communities where probable offenders and children interact and investigating the characteristics of both, as well as any associations between them. The knowledge obtained from this experiment could be used by many private and public sectors such as: law enforcement, child protection entities, school teachers, social media platform developers, parents and children.

PhD start year: 2018 PhD researcher: Somaya Ali PhD supervisors: Prof Richard Wortley, UCL Security and Crime Science, Dr Jyoti Belur, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

The use of smart city technology is growing rapidly around the world and it is becoming a reality of our daily lives. While most of the technologies employed in such systems already exist in various other contexts (e.g. cameras or audio sensors), it is the depth of interconnectivity and the use of vast amounts of data that are key to the idea of a smart city. In addition to the advantages these technologies offer for many urban challenges such as transportation, waste management, and environmental protection, they also create new opportunities for crime prevention now and in the future.

However, new security technologies may cause controversy because of the threat they can pose to personal data and privacy, which can lead to a lack public support, making them fail in the long-term. This can have serious consequences for the companies designing them, the end-users who employ them, the governments who authorise them, and the citizens whose security or personal data may be compromised.

Ultimately, the goal of the proposed research is to identify how new smart city technologies may be used for crime prevention and identify possible obstacles to their implementation. Special emphasis will be placed on how different technologies are perceived and with what level of public support they are met. In addition, the study aims to test to what extent public perception of smart city interventions correlates with risks previously identified by practitioners. Overall, the study aims for practical applicability by identifying specific interventions and criteria for their '(social) acceptability', laying the groundwork for their future implementation in the United Kingdom. PhD start year: 2018

PhD start year: 2018 PhD researcher: Julian Laufs PhD supervisors: Dr Herve Borrion, UCL Security and Crime Science, Prof Ben Bradford, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]   https://urbanviolence.org/user/julian.laufs/  

https://shoc.rusi.org/members/julian-laufs    

• Laufs, J. & Waseem, Z. (2020). Policing in Pandemics: A Systematic Review and Best Practices for Police Response to COVID-19 . International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 101812. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101812
• Laufs, J., Bowers, K., Birks, D., & Johnson, S. (2020). Understanding the Concept of ‘Demand’ in Policing: A Scoping Review and Resulting Implications for Demand Management . Policing & Society. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2020.1791862
• Laufs, J., Borrion, H., & Bradford, B. (2020). Security and the Smart City: A Systematic Review . Sustainable Cities & Society, 55, 102023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102023
• Laufs, J. (2019). A New Perspective on the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: Marxist IR, Dependency Theory and the Myth of a “Humanitarian Intervention . In M. Grabowski & T. Pugacewicz (Eds.), Application of International Relations Theories in Asia and Africa (Vol. 1, pp. 267-285). Berlin: Peter Lang Verlag
• Laufs, J., & Borrion, H. (2021). Technological innovation in policing and crime prevention: Practitioner perspectives from London . International Journal of Police Science & Management, 14613557211064053. doi:10.1177/14613557211064053.

International anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CTF) efforts have grown exponentially since the 1990s. AML/CTF is now a key element of financial services, combining obligations set by both domestic and supranational organizations. However, these detection efforts are consistently increasing in implementation costs, while failing to keep up with the latest money laundering and terrorist financing risks. New payment methods are providing new opportunities for illicit transactions, while cryptocurrencies continue to pose new risks by increasing the anonymity of their users. Contemporary prevention initiatives are struggling to keep up with rapidly improving criminal sophistication.

This project aims to apply a crime scripting approach to detecting the likelihood, nature and scale of suspected money laundering or terrorist financing offences. This involves understanding the motives, constraints and indicators involved in each stage of the offence to potentially predict the previous or subsequent stages. In doing so, the prevention, resource allocation and successful investigation rates of law enforcement agencies can be improved. The project includes a scoping review, a Delphi Study to identify future typologies based on projected risks, and a subsequent scripting exercise of past cases to explore whether crime scripting can be an effective means of contributing to contemporary AML/CTF efforts.

PhD start year: 2019 PhD researcher: Eray Arkatuna PhD supervisors: Prof Shane Johnson, UCL Security and Crime Science; Dr Amy Thornton, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

• Arkatuna, E.A., Johnson, S.D. & Thornton, A.E. The money laundering and terrorist financing risks of new and disruptive technologies: a futures-oriented scoping review . Secur J (2022). 
• Arkatuna, E. A., Johnson, S. D., & Thornton, A. (2022). Preventing the money laundering and terrorist financing risks of emerging technologies: An international policy Delphi study . Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 179, 121632.

Deep Learning algorithms can detect and classify people, activities and objects in images with performance at human-level. These methods are finding their way into consumer products. They also offer great potential in security applications for example in person verification at checkpoints, suspect-finding in video, discovering harmful content on the internet, and detecting threats in bags and parcels. However, they have a curious vulnerability ('adversarial perturbation'), which while harmless for consumer applications offers a potential exploit for determined adversaries in the security realm.

An adversarial perturbation is a very small, but very precise, change to the image input into a classifier that causes the classifier output to dramatically change. For example, with just the right perturbation an image of a cat can be mis-classified as a dog, while still looking like a cat to a human viewer. In the context of security this method could allow an adversary to, for example: alter harmful video content to escape detection by automated methods; conceal threats in bags; or maliciously 'place' targeted individuals into pornographic content, so far as face-based search algorithms are concerned. At present there is no known fix for adversarial perturbations. Can this problem be fixed, or is it an issue that we need to learn to live with and safeguard against in other ways? This PhD will address this problem before adversaries develop the sophistication to exploit it.

PhD start year: 2019 (April) PhD researcher: Maximilian Mozes PhD supervisors: Prof Lewis Griffin, UCL Computer Science, Dr Bennett Kleinberg, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]     http://mmozes.net/

• Maximilian Mozes, Pontus Stenetorp, Bennett Kleinberg and Lewis D. Griffin (2021). Frequency-Guided Word Substitutions for Detecting Textual Adversarial Examples. To appear in Proceedings of the 16th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL).
• Mozes, M., Bartolo, M., Stenetorp, P., Kleinberg, B. and Griffin, L., 2021, November. Contrasting Human-and Machine-Generated Word-Level Adversarial Examples for Text Classification. In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (pp. 8258-8270).

It is no secret that police forces are seeking to advance their repertoire of analytical and predictive tools to deal with emerging crimes as they adapt to the repercussions of penurious fiscal policies. However, the volume, variety and velocity of data both recorded by police forces and available through open sources means that analysing such data can be an ambitious and challenging undertaking. Despite the aforementioned obstacles horizon scanning is set to become a prominent aspect of future policing allowing police forces to identify emerging threats, anticipate imminent crimes and to extinguish future methods of perpetration. In essence, allowing the police to stay one step ahead of criminals.

In my PhD I will aim to develop working relationships with law enforcement organisations to resolve current blockades in horizon scanning. The first stages of my PhD will be to gather information on the structural and relational limitations of the multifarious systems used by police forces. Using this information, and a selection of data science techniques, I will develop automated tools that can identify and prioritise emerging trends in vast amounts of data using natural language processing and machine learning; whilst being able to communicate these results appropriately to the relevant users and stakeholders by employing suitable interactive data visualisations. As my research develops I aspire to incorporate different data sources and types (for example, employing computer vision and deep learning on social media posts) into large scale threat scanning models.

PhD start year: 2018 PhD researcher: Daniel Hammocks PhD supervisors: Professor Kate Bowers  and Dr Bennett Kleinberg , UCL  Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

The massive flow of refugees from conflict zones since the Syrian Civil War has presented global society with growingly complex problems related to security and economic stability. The crisis is well reflected in the annual report of UNHCR according to which 42,500 people are displaced everyday from conflict zones. United Nations Refugee Agency reports 65 million people in the world are currently considered as refugees who are looking for asylum and this has triggered a global security issue.

The idea that a quantitative approach, borrowed from complex systems literature, is an essential tool to study the network of refugees and their movements, engaged me in this project. In the same spirit, mathematical models, computer simulations and statistical physics measures are the remarkably useful tools to assess the current policies such as border closures and detention centres which are currently affecting lives of thousands of refugees everyday all around the Mediterranean sea and other areas.

My project aims to investigate why some people flee from conflict zones, where they go and how these movements impact the stability of host countries and the entire global security. The project studies this phenomenon at both microscopic and macroscopic scales. We study and model how an individual’s decision in conflict zones is affected by the small network of people around him as well as other factors such as social media, language, religion, and the capacity of host countries.

Climate changes, conflicts, and many other factors reveal how irregular migration is not going to remain limited to this scale. Thereby, predictive models are growing as a subject of notice to contribute to some predictive tools in the future. We aim to investigate the patterns of movements on global scale and produce predictive models, according to the data we have from refugees in Lebanon and other data sets made by the UNHCR, by exploiting network theories and statistical learning approach. This approach enables us to forecast the movements and it consequently leads to a set of prudent policies to tackle the refugee crisis and support this group of migrants. 

PhD start year: 2018 PhD supervisors: Prof Shane Johnson and Dr Toby Davies, UCL Security and Crime Science

• Frith, M.J., Simon, M., Davies, T., Braithwaite, A., & Johnson, S.D. (2019). Spatial interaction and security: a review and case study of the Syrian refugee crisis .  Interdisciplinary Science Reviews ,  44 (3-4), 328-341.

The rise in popularity of cryptocurrencies since the release of Bitcoin in 2009 has changed the face of financial fraud, facilitating lower-risk anonymous money laundering and fraudulent transfers on a massive scale. Methods of detecting, mitigating and preventing financial fraud remain underdeveloped relative to the value of the cryptocurrency market, and the efforts of academics, law enforcement and policymakers remain in their infancy. This project will adapt data science-based fraudulent transaction detection methods used in traditional financial services to the cryptocurrency market to ascertain their effectiveness in the cryptocurrency space. The results of this project will provide an empirical basis for policymakers to develop evidence-based legislation surrounding digital currencies worldwide, as well as provide a necessary contribution to this currently sparse body of academic literature. It will also enable innovation, facilitating the entry of conventional financial services companies into the cryptocurrency arena by providing a method for conducting due diligence on these transactions in the absence of accepted anti-money laundering processes.

PhD start year: 2019 PhD student: Arianna Trozze PhD supervisors: Dr Toby Davies and Dr Bennett Kleinberg, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

• Trozze, A., Kamps, J., Akartuna, E.A. et al. Cryptocurrencies and future financial crime . Crime Sci 11, 1 (2022). 
• Trozze, A., Davies, T. and Kleinberg, B. (2022), Explaining prosecution outcomes for cryptocurrency-based financial crimes , Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. 

Anomaly detection is the task of identifying items or events which deviate significantly from normal appearance or behaviour. This is a well-established approach in financial fraud detection, but is applicable in many other areas within the security domain. In X-ray screening of baggage and cargo it can be used to detect concealment, even if a threat is not directly recognizable. In biometric verification it can be used to detect tampering, such as facial morph images which match two identities. In home security it can enable advanced alarm systems that warn when unusual physical or digital activity is occurring. 

Anomaly Detection is a sub-problem of machine learning. It is common for machine learning applications to be hindered by a lack of sufficient available training data. This problem is raised to its most extreme form in anomaly detection, where there may be no available example anomalies. The answer, to be explored in this PhD project, is to use methods of self-supervised rather than supervised learning. Self-supervised learning uses proxy tasks which can be defined on normal data, allowing effective data representations to be learnt from that data alone, rather than on the contrast between normal and threat data. Effective representations allow effective modelling of the distribution of normal data so that anomalous deviations can be spotted. 

The goal of the PhD will be to develop self-supervised learning methods that are effective for anomaly detection. The first problem to be worked on will be anomaly detection in X-ray security imaging. Other problems that we plan to explore are anomaly detection in audio (for deep fake detection), in video streams (as an AI-driven flexible home emergency/crime alarm), and in text (for detecting phishing, and similar, emails).   PhD start year: 2019 PhD Student: Kimberly Ton-Mai PhD Supervisors: Prof Lewis Griffin, UCL Computer Science and Dr Toby Davies, UCL Security and Crime Science  Contact: [email protected]

• Mai, K.T.; Davies, T.; Griffin, L.D. Brittle Features May Help Anomaly Detection . 9th Women in Computer Vision workshop at CVPR.

This Phd will investigate the levels of threat that “deepfakes” pose with regard to various contexts within human society, by means of conducting a human user study and testing to find contexts where humans are deceived by these deepfakes and whether any particular types of humans are particularly easily deceived. The main context to be studied will be news propagation. After establishing the various levels of threat posed by deepfakes, the project will aim to propose protection systems for the UK’s mainstream news propagation networks, such that the UK might lead the way in protecting its news systems and journalists against the possibility of “deepfake news injection”. The context of mainstream news propagation networks in the UK is one that is heavily adverse to outside regulation. The freedom of the press is important. However, with research evidencing that deepfakes are a threat to an array of important stakeholders via the context of news propagation, measures can be taken to implement such fixes as are necessary whilst leaving journalistic liberties intact. 

PhD start year: 2019  PhD student: Sergi Bray PhD supervisors: Prof Shane Johnson and Dr Bennett Kleinberg, UCL Security and Crime Science  Contact: [email protected]

In criminal investigations (street samples, biological fluids, gunshot residues, etc.) efficient and accurate methods are needed for detection and analysis of evidence. The crime scene offers many analytical challenges due to its complexity and therefore requires the use of a variety of techniques to assess evidence. Current technologies have issues of low specificity, detrimental effects on evidence recovery and an inability to be performed simultaneously. Biosensors can be applied in the detection of biomolecules and biological components (fingerprints, blood samples, odours etc.) found at crime scenes, which can aid in identification and tracking of suspects. The application of biosensors represents a significant advancement for forensic sciences with the opportunity for untrained individuals in the field to carry out economic, rapid and decentralised testing of complex samples. 

The recent rapid development in the research and development of biosensors is due mainly to advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors with advantages of rapid response time, high stability, superior biocompatibility and low cost. Despite the demonstrated versatility of design and usefulness in their potential for analysis of biological fluids and multiplexed determinations, biosensors in forensic analysis are less advanced than in other fields. 

This project aims to explore this lack of positive identification and on-site testing by improving the application of biosensors, and their current vast development in other sectors, to forensics. Therefore, a systematic review of current technologies and their potential for combating crime is to be undertaken. These findings and further discussions with police forces and other stakeholders will determine appropriate biosensing technologies for further development. The overall aim of the project is the fabrication of a field-deployable biosensing device to combat crime.

PhD start year: 2020  PhD student: Alice Cozens PhD supervisors: Prof Kwang-Leong Choy, UCL Institute of Materials and Prof Shane Johnson, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

The nature of the international security environment is changing in the light of hybrid challenges. Although the concept of hybrid threats is not new, it has recently gained wider traction among Western countries due to the foreign interventions in Ukraine in 2014 and during the 2016 United States presidential election. The evolution of hybrid threats has been driven by the rise of the cyber domain and online information spaces. The potential deployment of cyberattacks against the target and the use of social networking services to conduct influencing activities are important attack methods for hybrid threats.

Since 2016, NATO and the European Union have decided that countering hybrid threats is a priority for cooperation. An important goal for the world's governments and international agencies is to respond to hybrid threats. Deciding on the appropriate and proportional response is difficult due to the complexity of the concept and underdeveloped methods for assessing the impact of hybrid threats. The aim of the research is to propose a method that helps to quantify the impact of hybrid threats. The results of the research will provide empirical basis for justifying response decisions and important contributions to the sparse body of existing literature.

PhD start year: 2020 PhD student: Kärt Padur PhD supervisors: Prof Stephen Hailes, UCL Computer Science and Dr Herve Borrion, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

Smartphones and laptops play increasingly essential roles in many people's daily lives. Studies find that the average adult in developed areas spends at least 4 hours every day looking at a screen. This makes online deceptions such as phishing and disinformation on social media increasingly attractive means for cybercriminals. Such attacks prove to be effective since they are easy to scale and cybercriminals can more easily hide their true identities from local law enforcers. A big phishing attack from 2015 for instance defrauded Facebook and Google for millions of dollars. Hence, it is important to understand why individuals fall for online deceptions and what individual differences and contextual factors may make certain people more vulnerable than others.

In my research I aim to test if we can let computers automatically detect when individuals are particularly susceptible to online deceptions. If so, the goal is to develop interactive user interfaces that help to shield people from falling for such frauds, by dynamically changing the appearance of online environments. To this end, I use an eclectic mix of psychophysiological methods, web application development and machine learning.

PhD start year: 2020 PhD student: Sarah Zheng PhD supervisors: Prof Tali Sharot, UCL Experimental Psychology and Dr Ingolf Becker, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

The advent of a global pandemic has had numerous consequences on people and, more in general, on society. During this year of isolation and/or reduced social interactions, society turned toward technology to find a substitute and a tool to stay engaged and entertained. During this period level of stress, isolation and depression, also due to a looming economic crisis, have reached new highs, affecting, in particular, the most endangered and exposed parts of society. Law enforcement agencies and charity group around the UK have advocated and highlighted that this pandemic will affect in particular young and vulnerable individuals.    Hence, this PhD research aims to look at the consequences and effects of human trafficking during this pandemic and the adaptability of this illicit crime enterprise to the new era of digitalisation and the high volume of vulnerable individuals. Feelings of isolation and an economic crisis are very dangerous when combined and easy to be exploited by traffickers. Thus, this project aims to find answers to whether and how criminal enterprise have adapted in order to reach these individuals world-wide; to understand if human trafficking has reached a new level of sophistication by incorporating technology in their business model. By focusing on modus operandi, psychological manipulation techniques and decision-making in relation to technological engagement, this research aims to look at the way digital interaction occurs from an offender point of view. 

PhD start year: 2020 PhD student: Francesca Costi PhD supervisors: Professor Kate Bowers and Dr Sanaz Zolghadriha, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

Brexit marks the first time in history that a state has withdrawn its membership from the European Union.  This has presented one of the most important political rearrangements on the European scene since the fall of the Berlin Wall. While debates regarding the impact of Brexit on economic issues took the centre stage during the lead up to the Brexit referendum as well as during the withdrawal process, much less attention was paid to its impact on crime and security. At a time when major serious crimes are increasingly transnational in scope, the UK will face limited access to the EU’s security and criminal justice infrastructure.  At the same time, growing asymmetries between EU and UK laws and policies may create new criminal opportunities for serious and organised crime.  

The objective of this PhD project is to create a coherent analytical product outlining alternative future crimes to guide strategic planners and decision-makers in designing robust policies capable of addressing various future scenarios and thus disrupting opportunities for criminals before they can manifest in full form. It will do so by, firstly, conducting a systematic review to examine the state-of-the-art in knowledge concerning the impact of Brexit on policing and serious crime in the UK, and secondly, by utilising foresight methodologies to identify types of opportunities for serious and organised crime which are likely to emanate from the social, political and legal changes caused by Brexit.  

PhD start year: 2020 PhD student: Jakub Pinter PhD supervisors: Prof Shane Johnson and Dr Manja Nikolovska, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

Smart cities take the principles of smart devices and apply them at the scale of making cities more efficient and sustainable. This promise of efficiency means some environments may become increasingly automated and rely less on the physical presence of security guards and place managers. Research shows guardianship, including formal and natural surveillance, plays a clear role in the disruption of offending and is key to preventing crimes like hostile reconnaissance. Smart cities will generate potential opportunities for crime, but also generate disruption opportunities. This project will seek to understand the affordances and potential detriments a move toward smart cities has on criminal and terrorist attack planning (including hostile reconnaissance) and targeting. For example, place managers, such as bus drivers, parking lot attendants, train conductors and others, perform a surveillance function by virtue of their position of employment. Place managers may prevent crime because potential offenders are deterred by their increased subjective probability of being detected. These forms of surveillance may also increase the true probability of detection. If the amount of place managers declines, how can this role be incorporated into smart systems? 

PhD start year: 2020 PhD student: Phillip Doherty PhD supervisors: Dr Paul Gill and Dr Sanaz Zolghadriha, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

This project seeks to outline the imperative for further research, on the evidential opportunities innate to social media usage by young persons engaged in organised criminal conduct. The phenomena of county line gangs (CLG) has received significant media attention. However, the criminal investigation techniques deployed by practitioners have undergone less public scrutiny. Social media intelligence, also known as internet intelligence investigations (III), is the operational tactic used by law enforcement organisations (LEO) to collect evidence from suspects and victims in a wide range of criminal investigations. This is a crucial intelligence development tool for organised crime investigations involving child criminal exploitation (CCE). Due to the pertinence of online dependence on communication and social networking for all young persons, which also encompasses county line gangs. Internet Intelligence & Investigations will be examined as a distinct form of digital forensic evidence that will be a key technique in the effective enforcement and disruption of internet enabled crime perpetuated through existent and emerging social networking sites. 

PhD start year: 2020 PhD student: Kane Brooks PhD supervisors: Professor Kate Bowers and Dr Sanaz Zolghadriha, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

High-profile scandals, data breaches, and daily cookie consent notices, have gradually raised the public's awareness to the potential use and misuse of their personal data.  Data is the new oil and Big Data has created Big Tech and new business models. Privacy and data protection are important because the continued growth of the internet is predicated on a business model that harvests consumers' data to generate targeted advertising revenue that in turn funds the growth of the information industry. I am researching the intersection of technology, business, and public policy into how Big Tech can better accommodate consumer's privacy concerns in a win-win model.

PhD start year: 2020 PhD student: Gerard Buckley PhD supervisors: Dr Ingolf Becker, UCL Security and Crime Science and Dr Tristan Caulfield, UCL Computer Science Contact: [email protected]

Decision-making processes once delegated to humans are progressively mediated, if not even determined, by machine learning algorithms. Machine learning algorithms are powerful socio-tech constructs which may however raise not ethically neutral outcomes. Examples nowadays abound, with the consequence that the ethical debate has gone mainstream. With over 80 AI ethics guides available in the public domain, the debate has primarily focused on principles - the ‘what’ of AI ethics. Hence, this PhD research aims to advance the question of ‘how’ to reach the ‘what’ when machine learning is employed in high impact and socially sensitive contexts, like the child protection system.

PhD start year: 2021 PhD student: Aliai Eusebi PhD supervisors: Dr Enrico Mariconti, Dr Ella Cockbain, UCL Security and Crime Science, and Dr Marie Vasek, UCL Computer Science. Contact:  [email protected]

The online purchase of illicit substances has been happening on the dark web, but in recent years commercial activity has moved to popular social media apps. Teenagers can now buy and sell illicit substances through Instagram or Snapchat, without having to physically leave their homes.

In a couple of clicks, posts advertising the sale of cannabis, cocaine, or ecstasy can be easily found. This has led to an increasing number of teenagers dying of overdose, given the accessibility and perceived trust when buying drugs through social media.

My PhD project has 3 key objectives: to measure the extent of this issue cross-nationally, to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive solutions and to successfully implement these within policy strategies. This research will be using various disciplinary frameworks, including social sciences, public policy, crime and computer science methods.

User-generated data and young people’s views will be combined to effectively detect and counter the harm caused by the advertisement and sale of drugs. Collecting cross-national data on terminology used to bypass detection such as emojis is crucial for social media companies to better target these posts and improve reporting systems. The findings of this research will enable to propose implementable policy solutions in the aim of cross-national and institutional collaboration among concerned actors.

PhD start year: 2021 PhD student: Ashly Fuller PhD supervisors: Prof. Shane Johnson, Dr. Enrico Mariconti, UCL Security and Crime Science, and Dr. Marie Vasek, UCL Computer Science. Contact:  [email protected]

In 2018 technology-facilitated abuse was marked by Comic Relief and the charity SafeLives as an emerging concern. Following the work of teams that include the G-IoT project at UCL, there is work taking place that explores this prevalent form of abuse. However within the Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) sector this form of abuse has only recently begun to be acknowledged as a risk indicator. Efforts thus far within the industry in response have included dedicated tech abuse caseworkers and device how-to guides.  Sector-wide understanding, sharing of learning, and assessments to develop evidence-based responses in the United Kingdom remain few and far between. This PhD seeks to understand the prevalence of technology-facilitated abuse in the context of intimate partner relationships. Key areas of focus will include; the understanding of tech abuse within the Domestic Abuse sector, how the sector assesses this form of abuse, what implementations are currently being utilized to support survivors of tech abuse, and could this form of abuse be considered a high-risk of harm indicator. It is hoped that through effective research and collaboration with the Domestic Abuse sector researchers, policymakers, and service providers that a better understanding of technology facility abuse can be achieved. 

PhD start year: 2021 PhD student: Ademelza Penaluna PhD supervisors: Dr Leonie Maria Tanczer, Lecturer in International Security and Emerging technologies, and Professor Shane Johnson, Director, Dawes Centre for Future Crime at UCL. Contact:  [email protected]

Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now ubiquitous with most parts of day-to-day life. We use them to monitor our health and wellbeing through devices such as Smart Watches. We use them for entertainment purposes such as using Smart TV’s and Games Consoles. We use them to monitor household energy consumption through Smart Meters. We also use them to power our cars through Smart Vehicles. In addition, we also now use them to monitor individuals that approach our properties using Smart Cameras/CCTV and Smart Doorbells. The applications for IoT devices are limitless and they provide amazing benefits to our way of life. However, ordinary consumers do not consider the potential dangers to these devices that can occur through present and future cyber qttacks and the types of heinous and sometimes dangerous crimes that can be committed using these IoT devices as attack vectors through attacks such as Man-in-the-middle, Replay Attacks, etc. As such this topic aims to conduct a review of the potential attacks that can be committed on these devices and then to conduct a systematic testing methodology to identify what attacks are possible and list potential crimes that can be committed such as cyber stalking, household burglaries, etc.

PhD start year: 2021 PhD student:  Ashley Brown PhD supervisors:  Dr Enrico Mariconti, UCL Security and Crime Science, and Prof Shane Johnson UCL Security and Crime Science.

Contact:  [email protected]  

Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are known to be prolifically targeted by cyber criminals. This is due in part to their apparent inability to counteract the ever-changing cyber threat landscape, along with a potential/ perceived disregard from the decision makers within these organisations to do so. Despite the fact that SMEs account for an estimated 99% of businesses and contribute to 60% of employment, there continues to be a focus on the risks associated with cyber attacks on larger businesses and not how the vulnerabilities within their smaller counterparts can negatively impact on the supply chain. This thesis will therefore aim to outline these vulnerabilities in the context of real business victim experiences of cyber attacks, with this knowledge used to better inform a framework that can be applied by SMEs to protect themselves in the future.

PhD start year: 2022 (Jan) PhD student:  Siobhan McCrea PhD supervisors:  Dr Ingolf Becker, UCL Security and Crime Science, and Prof Shane Johnson UCL Security and Crime Science.

Contact:  [email protected]  

A surge in cyber-threats has resulted in an increasing rate of data breaches within companies, leading to financial and economic impacts across the globe. For decades, cybersecurity efforts have concentrated on large corporations, leaving Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) ill-equipped to handle cyberattacks. Yet, SMEs represent a vast majority of the global economy - according to the UK parliament, over 99% of the 5.6 million businesses in Britain are considered SMEs and are responsible for 61% of employment and 52% of the country's turnover. Consequently, SMEs have become attractive targets as they struggle to implement solutions designed for larger organisations with in-house cybersecurity resources. While it is evident that SMEs must address security issues, they lack financial resources, expertise and sometimes awareness to address cybersecurity threats. This research presents a systematic and empirical approach to chart threats faced by SMEs, mapping uptake controls along with challenges and constraints in adhering to cybersecurity practices. The ultimate aim is to provide a tailored set of recommendations to equip SMEs with cyber-resilience.

PhD start year: 2021 PhD student: Carlos Rombaldo Jr. PhD supervisors: Prof Dr Ingolf Becker, UCL Security and Crime Science; and Prof Shane Johnson, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact:  [email protected]

According to the Home Office, the proportion of adults aged 75 and over that use the internet has almost doubled from 29% in 2013 to 54% in 2020. This represents a steep increase in the number of potentially susceptible targets accessible by malicious actors online. In fact, older people (60+) are victims of fraud more than any other crime, and there is general consensus that elderly victims can suffer disproportionate psychological distress, not forgetting significant economic losses. The COVID-19 pandemic is thought to have exacerbated this situation, with more vulnerable people, heightened vulnerability, and an additional context with which attackers can frame their approaches.

With particular attention paid to social engineering scams (which are tailor-made to exploit vulnerability and hence highly relevant for the older demographic), my research first seeks to analyse the current cyber vs elderly landscape using primarily the Crime Survey of England and Wales. Subsequently, after identifying the most appropriate problem area, I plan to collaborate with stakeholders from across the banking, cybersecurity, policing and social care sectors in order to design a targeted and practicable response that protects older people from cyber-attacks.

PhD start year: 2022  PhD researcher: Ben Havers PhD supervisors: Prof Claudia Cooper, UCL Psychiatry, and Dr Kartikeya Tripathi, UCL Security and Crime Science Contact: [email protected]

News & Highlights

• New report: Covid-19 and Future Threats: A Law Enforcement Delphi Study
• Dawes Centre Annual Report 2021-22
• First DAWES funded PhD researcher graduates: Julian Laufs
• Policy brief: Older adults as victims of online financial crime
• Policy brief: Synthetic biology and future crime
• Policy report: Network and information systems: Improving Implementation  

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University of portsmouth: economic crime (distance learning).

Overview Start your career in countering economic crime, or if you're already working in the field and want to aim for higher level roles, get the knowledge and skills you need on this MSc Economic Crime degree course. Study part-time by distance learning.

You'll explore and evaluate the intricacies of economic crime and its social and financial impacts. You'll get to grips with existing crime reduction policies and weigh up their effectiveness.

Choose specialist topics that interest you – such as countering corruption and fraud examination, terrorism and security, and managing intelligence – as you tailor your studies toward a career in law enforcement, investigations, compliance, research, analysis, management or policy development.

When you graduate, you'll be equipped with skills that will open further opportunities to combat economic crime across the criminal justice system, in the public or private sector.

Evaluate the scale and impact of international economic crime, with a focus on money laundering and related activity, such as global sanctions and terrorist financing

Learn from an experienced team of economic crime specialists in our School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, and hear from industry expert guest speakers from around the world

Be part of our community of researchers by getting involved with our criminology research centres, such as the Centre for Cybercrime and Economic Crime, the Economic Crime group, and the Cybercrime and Cybersecurity group

Interact and explore economic crime with fellow professionals from the field of criminal justice

Study part-time by distance learning alongside your role - such as in law enforcement, the private or public sector - and build a professional network of criminal justice specialists from across the world

Careers and opportunities According to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), fraud and economic crime is now the most commonly experienced crime in England and Wales. When you graduate from this Master's in Economic Crime, you'll be equipped with the tools you need to not only understand economic crime and how it is countered, but also to challenge existing processes and make improvements.

You'll have a comprehensive understanding of economic crime and will be able to work in areas such as counter fraud and counter corruption, law enforcement, customs and excise, crime prevention and community safety.

You'll gain a tailored postgraduate qualification to add to your undergraduate degree, or to back up your existing career knowledge from the field. You'll delve deep into the subjects you choose to study through research, gaining an evidence-based perspective and a greater ability to be analytical and evaluative.

If you already work in the field of criminal justice, you'll be ready to pursue higher-level roles, or to break into a different area of the discipline. If you're yet to embark on your career, you'll gain the knowledge and advanced research problem-solving skills you need to stand out to employers and contribute positively to justice system reform.

You could also go on to further study, or progress on to a graduate scheme such as PoliceNow or the Civil Service Fast Track Apprenticeship Scheme.

Graduates of this course can go on to roles such as: - economic crime or counter fraud investigator

police or law enforcement officer

probation or prison officer

data analyst

intelligence analyst

cybersecurity

Graduates of this course can go on to work for organisations such as: - the Civil Service

national and international Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)

Government agencies and departments internationally

probation and prison service

local administration / authorities

private security companies

Distance Learning (Part-Time), 2 years starts Sep 2025

Distance Learning (Part-Time), 2 years starts Sep 2024

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Tax and crime

Tax crime, money laundering, and other financial crimes threaten the strategic, political, and economic interests of countries and undermine public trust in government and the financial system. If not tackled effectively, these crimes can have profound and long-lasting impacts. Combatting them requires strong international co-operation to trace and locate financial flows, assets and the location and identity of criminals.

• OECD Ten Global Principles for Fighting Tax Crime
• OECD Academy for Tax and Financial Crime Investigation

Select a language

Key messages, tackling tax crime and related crimes requires close co-operation domestically and internationally.

Tax crime and related crimes can be complex, fast moving, and take place both within and across countries. These crimes are often intricately connected with other serious organised crimes, such as corruption, money laundering, terrorist financing, and human trafficking. Combatting these closely related crimes requires financial and tax transparency, robust legal and institutional frameworks, and effective co-operation between tax administrations and other law enforcement authorities both domestically and internationally.

Building global capacity to tackle tax and related crimes

While illicit financial activities are a global concern, they are particularly damaging to developing countries. Revenue lost to tax and other financial crimes deprives countries and their citizens of valuable resources that could have otherwise been invested in sustainable development, for example, by improving healthcare, education, infrastructure, and other public services. Helping governments in developing countries to tackle this issue more effectively will not only bolster domestic resource mobilisation but also help to build trust and confidence in the fairness of the tax and judicial system and in government as a whole.

A set of global principles for fighting the global problem of tax crime

While often viewed as distinct crimes, tax crime and other financial crimes are closely linked. Consequently, tax authorities must work in tandem with other law enforcement authorities, such as the police, prosecutors, anti-corruption authorities, financial intelligence authorities, and anti-money laundering authorities, and other specialised economic crimes authorities to effectively prevent, detect, enforce, and recover the proceeds of these crimes. 

The 2022 Recommendation of the OECD Council on the Ten Global Principles for Fighting Tax Crime, originally published as a guidance document, is the first international standard focused specifically on fighting tax crime. It sets out ten essential principles covering the legal, institutional, and operational frameworks necessary for the efficient and effective prevention and enforcement of tax crimes, while respecting the rights of accused taxpayers.

A global approach to capacity building

The OECD supports capacity building for tackling tax crime and related crimes through two major donor- funded initiatives: the OECD International Academy for Tax and Financial Crime Investigation and the joint OECD-UNDP Tax Inspectors Without Borders programme for Criminal Investigation (TIWB-CI).

The Academy is a multilateral training programme with an international centre in Italy, and regional centres for Latin America (Argentina), Asia-Pacific (Japan) and Africa (Kenya). There are also two pilot Academy programmes underway for South Asia (India) and Francophone countries (virtual). To date, the Academy has delivered training to nearly 3,000 law enforcement authorities from close to 170 jurisdictions.

The TIWB-CI programme focuses on enhancing developing jurisdictions’ resolution of tax crime cases through targeted technical assistance as well as real-time support on complex investigations. TIWB-CI focuses on a ‘learning by doing’ approach, with criminal investigators receiving bespoke support from international experts.

Latest insights

Related publications

Related events

• OECD Academy for Tax and Financial Crime Investigation The Academy’s mission is to support developing jurisdictions in their enforcement of tax crimes and other financial crimes, thus stemming illicit financial flows, increasing domestic resource mobilisation, and building greater trust and confidence in the fairness of the tax system and the government as a whole. The Academy seeks to achieve this by providing law enforcement authorities with the core skills required to combat tax and other financial crimes and empowering them to implement and share this knowledge in their day-to-day roles. Learn more

Related policy issues

• Capacity building and co-operation in tax and crime
• OECD Tax Administration and Tax Crime Maturity Models
• Standard setting for tax and crime

Home > GRADSCHOOL > GRADSCHOOL_DISSERTATIONS > 1010

LSU Doctoral Dissertations

Essays on the economics of crime.

etd-05152011-212114

Duha T. Altindag , Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Document Type

Dissertation

This dissertation includes three essays on the application of economics to various aspects of crime and criminal activity. The research presented in this dissertation points out a cause and a consequence of crime as well as the possible influence of a law on criminal activity. The first chapter provides an introduction to the ways that economic reasoning can be used to analyze criminal activity. The second chapter examines individuals' gun carrying activity in the presence of concealed weapon laws. The results suggest that allowing law-abiding individuals to carry concealed handguns is more likely to reduce crime than to increase it. Chapter 3 investigates the effect of joblessness on criminal activity using an international panel data set. The results indicate that increase in unemployment causes more property crimes. The fourth chapter presents evidence for the existence of a negative externality of crime. Countries that have higher crime rates suffer from the loss of international tourists and tourism revenue. Chapter 5 summarizes the findings of the dissertation, provides concluding remarks, and discusses opportunities for future research in the economics of crime.

Document Availability at the Time of Submission

Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide.

Recommended Citation

Altindag, Duha T., "Essays on the economics of crime" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations . 1010. https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/1010

Committee Chair

Mocan, Naci

10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1010

Since January 08, 2017

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Economic Crime MSc

Start your career in countering economic crime, or gain the skills and knowledge to aim for higher level roles, with our MSc Economic Crime degree course. Choose to study full-time or part-time on campus, or part-time by distance learning. 

Key information

Accreditation:.

This course is Accredited

• 1 year full-time
• 2 years part-time
• 2 years part-time by distance learning
• September 2024

Course information

Please select the page of your interest

Showing content for section Overview

Start your career in countering economic crime, or if you're already working in the field and want to aim for higher level roles, get the knowledge and skills you need on this MSc Economic Crime degree course. Choose to study full-time or part-time on campus, or part-time by distance learning. 

You'll explore and evaluate the intricacies of economic crime and its social and financial impacts. You'll get to grips with existing crime reduction policies and weigh up their effectiveness.

Choose specialist topics that interest you – such as countering corruption and fraud examination, terrorism and security, and managing intelligence – as you tailor your studies toward a career in law enforcement, investigations, compliance, research, analysis, management or policy development.

When you graduate, you'll be equipped with skills that will open further opportunities to combat economic crime across the criminal justice system, in the public or private sector.

Eligibility

This course accepts UK, EU, and International students.

Course highlights

• Evaluate the scale and impact of international economic crime, with a focus on money laundering and related activity, such as global sanctions and terrorist financing
• Learn from an experienced team of economic crime specialists in our  School of Criminology and Criminal Justice , and hear from industry expert guest speakers from around the world
• Be part of our community of researchers by getting involved with our criminology research centres, such as the Centre for Cybercrime and Economic Crime , the  Economic Crime group , and the Cybercrime and Cybersecurity group
• Have the opportunity to use our lab equipment to carry out your own research, such as our operational simulation spaces
• Interact and explore economic crime with fellow professionals from the field of criminal justice
• Get free student membership to the Institute of Money Laundering Prevention Officers (The Institute), which includes access to industry events, discussions and forums
• Choose to study part-time by distance learning alongside your role - such as in law enforcement, the private or public sector - and build a professional network of criminal justice specialists from across the world

Recognised by:

This Masters in Economic Crime degree is recognised by ACFE (a global professional body for counter fraud professionals) and undertaking it provides opportunities for full-time students to complete the Certified Fraud Examiner qualification at a subsidised rate.

Students enrolled on the MSc Economic Crime course currently receive a 66% discount on Student Membership of the ACFE compared to standard membership.

Contact information

+44 (0) 23 9284 5566

Entry requirements

September 2024 start, uk qualifications, qualifications or experience.

• A minimum of a second-class honours degree in a relevant subject (Social Science, Humanities, Law, Psychology, or Management subject). Information Technology or science related subjects will be considered on a case-by-case basis. 
• Applicants with equivalent professional experience in a relevant organisation will also be considered on a case-by-case basis.

Please get in touch if you're not sure if your undergraduate subject is relevant to this degree.

Equivalent professional experience and/or qualifications will also be considered, such as previous study, employment, voluntary work and training courses, including courses and qualifications you didn't complete. Learn more about our Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) .

Non-UK qualifications

If you're applying as an international student with a non-UK degree, you’ll need to show you meet the UK entry requirements listed above.

To find out if your non-UK degree or other qualification is accepted, please visit our page for your country and view the UK equivalent of your qualification. 

English language requirements

• English language proficiency at a minimum of IELTS band 6.5 (or equivalent) with no component score below 6.0.

You do not need an IELTS or equivalent certification if:

• you have a UK degree
• you have a degree from a majority English speaking country (not taught by Distance Learning)
• you are a national of a majority English speaking country

Degrees taught solely in English from non-majority English speaking countries will be considered on a case by case basis. Find out more about our English language requirements .

If you do not meet the English language requirements yet, you can achieve the level you need by successfully completing a pre-sessional English programme before you start your course.

Course costs and funding

Tuition fees (september 2024 start), uk, channel islands and isle of man students.

• Full-time:  £10,400
• Part-time:  £5,200 per year
• Part-time (distance learning): £4,450 per year

EU students

Including the  Transition Scholarship for EU students

• Full-time: £10,400

International students

• Full-time: £17,200
• Part-time: £8,600 per year

University of Portsmouth graduates may receive a  20% alumni tuition fee discount . 

Fees are subject to annual increase.  Read our tuition fees terms and conditions .

You'll be able to pay your fees in instalments. Find out  how to pay your tuition fees .

Funding your studies

Explore how to fund your studies, including available  scholarships and bursaries .

If you're a UK student, you may be eligible for a  Government Postgraduate Master's Loan , which you can use to help with course fees and living costs.

Loans, scholarships and bursaries

Browse funding such as the Government Postgraduate Loan, our scholarships for new and returning students, and subject specific loans.

Funding for international students

Learn more about sponsorships, scholarships and loans for students applying from outside of the UK.

Fees and funding for Master's courses

Explore Master's funding options, including loans, scholarships, bursaries and more.

Additional costs

These course-related costs aren't included in the tuition fees so you'll need to budget for them when you plan your spending. Additional costs could include:

• Accommodation:  If you choose to study on-campus, accommodation options and costs can be found on our  accommodation pages
• Recommended reading:  You can borrow key texts from the library and if you choose to purchase these texts they may cost up to £60 each.
• General costs:  such photocopying, memory sticks, printing charges, binding and specialist printing. We suggest budgeting £75 per year.
• Final project transport or accommodation:  where necessary, which related to your research activities. The amount will depend on the project you choose.

Read more about tuition fees and living costs , including what your tuition fees cover.

Each module on this course is worth a certain number of credits.

You need to study modules worth a total of 180 credits. For example, 4 modules worth 30 credits and 1 module worth 60 credits.

Core modules

Economic crime - 30 credits critically evaluate the complexities and processes of economic crime on this module..

You'll dissect high-profile cases of economic crime, unravelling tangled webs of fraud, cybercrime and corruption.

You’ll analyse processes used to cook the books and how hackers exploit system vulnerabilities, and consider the social and economic impacts of these crimes.

By assessing the effectiveness of economic crime reduction policies, you'll gain skills you’ll need to expose financial misconduct and contribute to new preventative approaches.

Money Laundering - 30 credits On this module, you'll delve into the secretive world of money laundering and its related problems, such as terrorist financing and global sanctions.

You'll explore how “dirty” money gets cleaned through complex financial manoeuvres and offshore accounts, and debate the dilemmas faced by banks and regulators struggling to balance compliance versus privacy.

You'll compare global approaches to anti money laundering, gaining skills you’ll need to detect suspicious transactions and advance financial integrity and transparency.

Research Methods and Research Ethics - 30 credits This module will help you to assess and build your skills ahead of research for your Master's dissertation.

You'll design and write up a research proposal for a project of your choice. You'll start by thinking about any research skills you might need to improve on and develop ways to strengthen your skillset, through core training, chosen focus areas and applied learning.

Then, you'll work on your own postgraduate research proposal planning out the specific research methods you'll use and taking ethical issues into account.

You'll include clear objectives and document your literature and data sources.

Dissertation/Major Project - 60 credits You'll complete a small-scale research project and write it up within a substantial academic dissertation thesis or an applied work-based project report, showcasing your grasp of design, methods, ethics, organisation and planning.

With academic guidance, you'll choose your own literature or empirical topic within a field of criminology that fits the parameters of your intended Master’s exit award.

You'll bring together everything you’ve learned to design and evaluate ethical methodologies, conduct systematic research, and communicate your ideas professionally in your dissertation or report.

Optional modules

Countering corruption and fraud examination - 30 credits on this module, you’ll explore the strategies, structures and actions taken to tackle counter fraud and corruption, in both public and private sectors..

You'll consider the extent of the problem of fraud and corruption, the characteristics of these issues, and the theoretical perspectives on why individuals engage in them, examining case studies from particular sectors, such as insurance, healthcare and mass marketing.

You'll then take a look at the strategies created to combat fraud and corruption, such as prevention, investigation and sanctions.

This module also introduces ACFE, providing interested students a route to apply for Certified Fraud Examiner.

Managing Intelligence - 30 credits On this module, you'll develop the knowledge to manage the collection, analysis and sharing of criminal intelligence, as well as to oversee intelligence professionals.

We'll examine established intelligence models like the intelligence cycle, while critically assessing the fundamental principles of police intelligence work.

You'll gain critical awareness of the intelligence that can be gained from both open and closed sources. Importantly, ethical practice and human rights compliance will be threaded throughout everything you learn.

Terrorism and Security - 30 credits Gain practical skills and knowledge that can help you tackle escalating global terrorism and cybersecurity threats on this module.

You’ll critically evaluate risk theories and models underpinning counterterror operations - from pre-emption to conflict resolution.

Analysing case studies spanning ideologies, you’ll assess surveillance, community partnership and online counter-radicalisation initiatives through an ethical lens.

You’ll also appraise state responses balancing rights, costs and outcomes across diverse political contexts.

Part-time (on campus)

Part-time (distance learning).

You'll analyse processes used to cook the books and how hackers exploit system vulnerabilities, and consider the social and economic impacts of these crimes.

Research Methods and Research Ethics - 30 credits This module will first help you to assess and build your skills ahead of research for your Master’s degree.

You’ll then design and write up a research proposal for a project of your choice.

You’ll start by thinking about any research skills you might need to improve on and develop ways to strengthen your skillset, through core training, chosen focus areas and applied learning.

Then, you’ll work on your own postgraduate research proposal planning out the specific research methods you’ll use and taking ethical issues into account. You’ll include clear objectives and document your literature and data sources.

International and Transnational Offending - 30 credits Examine complex forms of borderless crime on this globally-focused module.

You'll explore definitions and methodological approaches for studying international and transnational offences.

Assessing trends and governance challenges, you'll gain critical perspectives on trafficking, cybercrime, terrorism and more.

By evaluating international responses and prevention strategies, you'll analyse how cooperation can curb threats.

You'll finish the module with a nuanced understanding of global interconnection and the emerging challenges facing justice systems worldwide.

Changes to course content

We use the best and most current research and professional practice alongside feedback from our students to make sure course content is relevant to your future career or further studies.

Therefore, course content is revised and regularly reviewed.  This may result in changes being made in order to reflect developments in research, learning from practice and changes in policy at both national and local levels.

Criminal Justice Master's courses

Discover the Master's courses offered by the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice.

Dr Helen Earwaker: Here within the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Portsmouth, we run a diverse range of Master's level provision with content aligned to a host of different areas that link to the pursuit of justice. Students can choose to study on campus or through distance learning. Our distance learning courses enable students to learn as part of a diverse online community, balancing their other commitments with their learning. Dr Helen Earwaker: On campus, we bring learning to life through interactive workshops, immersive learning and through using simulated environments. Gary [Podcast]: "Hello, everyone, and welcome back. Today we are looking at the case of Simon Flint, who is reported missing by his wife. A missing persons case has been opened and there is an active investigation into his disappearance. There is some intelligence to suggest that Mr. Flint has been involved in fraudulent activity. Four days later, a body believed to be that of Mr. Flint is discovered in an abandoned warehouse.

So now that we've discussed the case, we're going to look at the different theoretical and practical aspects that spanned the disciplines connected with this case. For example, we're going to consider the economic crime and fraud investigation, forensic science and crime science, the application of victimology and psychology, the potential connectivity with cybercrime, and then we're going to see how all of these fit together within the criminal justice system. This is important because these are all the areas that are considered within our MSc provision." Dr Helen Earwaker: Our MSc provision connects to the research centres that we have within our school and our students benefit from the world-leading research that goes on within these. Research is at the very heart of our MSc teaching with evidence-based practice a core theme throughout our courses. Our students learn in a multidisciplinary and cross-border environment, benefiting from a wide range of perspectives across criminal justice and beyond. Dr Helen Earwaker: We work closely with partner organisations across the justice sector, enabling our students to combine theory and practice throughout their studies. An MSc within the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice will equip you to be evidence informed, forward thinking and to go on to challenge the status quo in the pursuit of justice.

Facilities and specialist equipment

Collaboration of forensic interviewing.

Crime scene simulation spaces

Hydra immersive learning suite

Engage in dynamic simulated scenarios that replicate operational challenges, developing your problem solving, decision making and critical thinking skills.

Virtual Reality (VR) lab

Use immersive VR technologies to explore new ways of learning about criminal activities – from tracking eye movement to identifying unconscious behaviour.

Wildlife crime related artefacts

Enrich your studies with access to our range of rare wildlife crime related artefacts, including ivory, traps, and snares.

How you'll spend your time

We recognise that you'll probably be juggling more demands when you do your Master's degree, as you may be working or you may have family responsibilities.

We'll give you as much indication here as we can of how much time you'll need to spend in on-campus or in online lectures and seminars and how many hours you can expect to spend in self-directed study, but please note that these indications are always subject to change.

Course structure

This Master's degree will take:

• 1 year (full-time study)
• 2 years (part-time study)
• 2 years (part-time study by distance learning)

You can expect:

• Up to 4 hours of teaching time every week (lectures, seminars or workshops) if you study on campus, or up to 6 hours in online sessions if you study by distance learning.
• 30–35 hours of independent study each week if you study full-time, or 15–18 hours each week if you study part-time.

Master's study is deeper and more specialised than an undergraduate degree. This means you'll focus on something that really matters to you and your career as you work closely with academics committed to the subject.

You'll spend more time in independent study and research than you did for your undergraduate degree. If you choose campus based study, the majority of your teaching time will be in-person and face-to-face.

If you choose to study on campus, teaching methods on this course include:

• group discussions
• practical workshops

If you choose to study by distance learning, teaching methods include:

• online lectures
• online seminars
• online tutorials
• online group discussions

You will receive high-quality course materials via Moodle, our online learning environment. You'll learn through interactive workbooks, discussion boards and live online seminars and lectures. All live sessions are recorded so you can access them whenever suits you. 

You'll get to chat with fellow students, discuss and present your work and keep in touch with tutors. You'll get plenty of support throughout your studies, including help on writing and structuring essays, and how to undertake research.

You'll need access to a computer and a web connection. You may be able to access some of the resources through a tablet or smartphone, with limited functionality. You don't need to be especially computer literate, although typing skills are useful.

You'll be assessed through:

• oral presentations
• projects and portfolios
• seminar participation and engagement
• dissertation / major report

You'll be able to test your skills and knowledge informally before you do assessments that count towards your final mark.

You can get feedback on practice and formal assessments so you can improve in the future.

September start

The Master's academic year runs from September to the following September. There are breaks at Christmas and Easter. Over the summer you'll be writing your project/dissertation.

See key dates

Joining us as an international student

You'll feel at home in our international community and our diverse city. You'll be joining over 5,000 international students from more than 150 countries who are studying with us.

Learn more about international student life and how we can help you with visas, applications, arrival and settling in. 

Information for international students

Career development

Careers this master's prepares you for.

According to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), fraud and economic crime is now the most commonly experienced crime in England and Wales. When you graduate from this Master's in Economic Crime, you'll be equipped with the tools you need to not only understand economic crime and how it is countered, but also to challenge existing processes and make improvements.

You'll have a comprehensive understanding of economic crime and will be able to work in areas such as counter fraud and counter corruption, law enforcement, customs and excise, crime prevention and community safety. 

You'll gain a tailored postgraduate qualification to add to your undergraduate degree, or to back up your existing career knowledge from the field. You'll delve deep into the subjects you choose to study through research, gaining an evidence-based perspective and a greater ability to be analytical and evaluative. 

If you already work in the field of criminal justice, you'll be ready to pursue higher-level roles, or to break into a different area of the discipline. If you're yet to embark on your career, you'll gain the knowledge and advanced research problem-solving skills you need to stand out to employers and contribute positively to justice system reform.

You could also go on to further study, or progress on to a graduate scheme such as PoliceNow or the Civil Service Fast Track Apprenticeship Scheme.

Graduates of this course can go on to roles such as:

economic crime or counter fraud investigator

police or law enforcement officer 

probation or prison officer

data analyst

intelligence analyst

cybersecurity

Graduates of this course can go on to work for organisations such as:

• the Civil Service
• national and international Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
• Government agencies and departments internationally
• probation and prison service
• local administration / authorities
• private security companies

9 reasons to do a Master's

Student membership to the Institute of Money Laundering Prevention Officers

While you're on this course, you'll get free student membership to the Institute of Money Laundering Prevention Officers (The Institute).

Benefits of membership include:

• connecting and networking with leading industry experts
• access to events, workshops and seminars offering practical insights into trends and challenges in financial crime prevention
• updates on the latest developments in financial crime prevention, including changes in regulations and technological innovations

Career planning

During your course you'll have expert career support from your tutors and from our Careers and Employability Centre, which you can access for 5 years after you graduate.

You'll benefit from:

• Networking events
• 1-to-1 appointments  
• CV and cover letter advice
• Interview preparation and practice
• Workshops to enhance your employability skills
• Recruitment events including the Student and Graduate Opportunities Fair
• Support starting your own business

Learn more about your career support

Supporting you

Master's study is more focused on independent learning than undergraduate study, but you'll get lots of  support via video and phone  from teaching and support staff to enhance your learning experience and help you succeed. If you choose to study on-campus, you'll also get  face-to-face support . You can build your personalised network of support from the following people and services:

Types of support

Personal tutor.

Your personal tutor helps you make the transition to postgraduate study and gives you academic and personal support throughout your Master's.

As well as regular scheduled meetings with your personal tutor, they're also available at set times during the week if you want to chat with them about anything that can't wait until your next meeting.

Learning development tutors

You'll have help from a team of faculty learning development tutors. They can help you improve and develop your academic skills and support you in any area of your study.

They can help with:

• Improving your academic writing (for example, essays, reports, dissertations)
• Delivering presentations (including observing and filming presentations)
• Understanding and using assignment feedback
• Managing your time and workload
• Revision and exam techniques

Academic skills support

As well as support from faculty staff and your personal tutor, you can use the University's Academic Skills Unit (ASK).

ASK provides one-to-one support in areas such as:

• Academic writing
• Note taking
• Time management
• Critical thinking
• Presentation skills
• Referencing
• Working in groups
• Revision, memory and exam techniques

If you have a disability or need extra support, the Additional Support and Disability Centre (ASDAC) will give you help, support and advice.

Wellbeing and mental health support

Our online  Learning Well mini-course will help you plan for managing the challenges of learning and student life, so you can fulfil your potential and have a great student experience.

You can get personal, emotional and mental health support from our Student Wellbeing Service , in person and online. This includes 1–2–1 support as well as courses and workshops that help you better manage stress, anxiety or depression.

Disability advice and additional support

If you require extra support because of a disability or additional learning need our  specialist team  can help you.

They'll help you to

• discuss and agree on reasonable adjustments
• liaise with other University services and facilities, such as the library
• access specialist study skills and strategies tutors, and assistive technology tutors, on a 1-to-1 basis or in groups
• liaise with external services

Library support

Library staff are available in person or by email, phone, or online chat to help you make the most of the University’s library resources. You can also request one-to-one appointments and get support from a librarian who specialises in your subject area.

The library is open 24 hours a day, every day, in term time.

Maths and stats support

The  Maths Café  offers advice and assistance with mathematical skills in a friendly, informal environment. You can come to our daily drop-in sessions, develop your maths skills at a workshop or use our online resources.

Support with English

If English isn't your first language, you can do one of our English language courses  to improve your written and spoken English language skills before starting your degree. Once you're here, you can take part in our free In-Sessional English (ISE) programme  to improve your English further.

How to apply

Unlike undergraduate applications, which go through UCAS, applications for this Master's course are made directly to us.

There's no deadline for applications to this course. We accept applications right up until the start date in September, as long as there are places available. If you wait until September to apply, you may find that the course is full. 

If you're applying to study on-campus as an international student, remember that you'll need to leave plenty of time to get your visa organised.

You can find more advice about applying in our  Master's application checklist . International students and current students and recent graduates of the University of Portsmouth also have some different application options, which are detailed below.

Extra information for international students

I'm an international student.

If you're an international student, you can apply directly to us using the same application form as UK students.

You could also get an agent to help with your application. Check  your country  page for details of agents in your region. To find out what to include in your application, head to the  how to apply page of our international students section .

If you don’t meet the  English language requirements  for this course yet, you can achieve the level you need by successfully completing a  pre-sessional English programme  before you start your course.

Ready to apply?

Start this course in september 2024.

Apply now (Full-time, 1 year)

Apply now (Part-time, 2 years)

Distance learning

I'm a current portsmouth student, or a recent portsmouth graduate.

If you're currently in your final year of study at Portsmouth, or you graduated since July 2023, you're eligible to make a fast track application. You'll have:

• a shorter application form to complete
• access to the 20% Alumni fee discount
• a guaranteed conditional offer, for most Master's courses 

Learn more about fast track

After you apply

Once we receive your application, we may ask you for further information. We will then either make you an offer or suggest alternatives if your application is unsuccessful.

You'll usually get a decision within 10 working days, so you shouldn't have to wait too long. Some courses have an interview stage – we'll let you know if you need to prepare for one.

Learn more about how we assess your application .

Admissions terms and conditions

When you accept an offer to study at the University of Portsmouth, you also agree to abide by our  Student Contract  (which includes the University's relevant policies, rules and regulations). You should read and consider these before you apply.

Other courses you might like

• MSc Criminal Psychology
• MSc Criminal Psychology and Victimology (Distance Learning)
• MSc Cybercrime, Terrorism and Security
• MSc Forensic Investigation
• MSc International Criminal Justice and Intelligence
• MSc International Criminal Justice (Distance Learning)
• MSc Terrorism and Security Management (Distance Learning)

Economic Crime and Cooperation Division

Newsroom cec serbia.

Back Serbia Launches development of the National Risk Assessment 2024

The National Risk Assessment (NRA) 2024 was officially launched in the presence of more than 50 key stakeholders from government who discussed the relevance, timeline, and resources needed for the comprehensive evaluation of the financial crime risks Serbia is facing. The workshop served as a platform to present the significance of the money laundering and terrorism financing NRA in the context of the upcoming MONEYVAL evaluation of Serbia and necessary updates based on the new FATF methodology. The event offered a valuable insight into the latest international standards and the manner in which it is expected that they influence national risk assessments.

The event provided a platform for discussion, allowing participants to share their perspectives and clarify any concerns regarding the NRA process. This was followed by the distribution of tasks for the working groups and the outlining of the timeline by the National Coordinator. The workshop allowed the participants to develop a  clear understanding of their roles and the next steps in the NRA process. The launch of the NRA 2024 marks a significant step towards strengthening Serbia’s financial integrity. This initiative reflects Serbia’s dedication to maintaining a robust and secure financial environment, aligning with international best practices and enhancing safeguards against potential financial threats.

The activity has taken place within the Project “Countering Economic Crime in Serbia”, funded by the Swedish International Development Agency, and implemented by the Council of Europe.  

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Economic Crime Investigation

Economic crime investigation: decode financial mysteries, get more info, 4 year promise, program highlights, stories leading the way, what will i learn.

Turn your passion for accounting into a lucrative and rewarding career. Our restorative justice approach will help you not only stop crime but prevent it from happening.

Career Outlook

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