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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica

• JCR Impact Factor: 11.8 , Top 4% (SCI Q1) CiteScore: 23.5 , Top 2% (Q1) Google Scholar h5-index: 77， TOP 5

Othmane Friha, Mohamed Amine Ferrag, Lei Shu, Leandros Maglaras, and Xiaochan Wang, "Internet of Things for the Future of Smart Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey of Emerging Technologies," vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 718-752, Apr. 2021. doi:

Othmane Friha, Mohamed Amine Ferrag, Lei Shu, Leandros Maglaras, and Xiaochan Wang, "Internet of Things for the Future of Smart Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey of Emerging Technologies," vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 718-752, Apr. 2021. doi:

Internet of Things for the Future of Smart Agriculture: A Comprehensive Survey of Emerging Technologies

Doi:  10.1109/jas.2021.1003925.

• Othmane Friha 1 ,  , 
• Mohamed Amine Ferrag 2 ,  , 
• Lei Shu 3, 4 ,  ,  , 
• Leandros Maglaras 5 ,  , 
• Xiaochan Wang 6 , 

Networks and Systems Laboratory, University of Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Annaba 23000, Algeria

Department of Computer Science, Guelma University, Gulema 24000, Algeria

College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

School of Engineering, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN67TS, UK

School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK

Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China

Othmane Friha received the master degree in computer science from Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Algeria, in 2018. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the University of Badji Mokhtar-Annaba, Algeria. His current research interests include network and computer security, internet of things (IoT), and applied cryptography

Mohamed Amine Ferrag received the bachelor degree (June, 2008), master degree (June, 2010), Ph.D. degree (June, 2014), HDR degree (April, 2019) from Badji Mokhtar-Annaba University, Algeria, all in computer science. Since October 2014, he is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Computer Science, Guelma University, Algeria. Since July 2019, he is a Visiting Senior Researcher, NAULincoln Joint Research Center of Intelligent Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University. His research interests include wireless network security, network coding security, and applied cryptography. He is featured in Stanford University’s list of the world’s Top 2% Scientists for the year 2019. He has been conducting several research projects with international collaborations on these topics. He has published more than 60 papers in international journals and conferences in the above areas. Some of his research findings are published in top-cited journals, such as the IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials , IEEE Internet of Things Journal , IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management , IEEE Access , Journal of Information Security and Applications (Elsevier), Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies (Wiley), Telecommunication Systems (Springer), International Journal of Communication Systems (Wiley), Sustainable Cities and Society (Elsevier), Security and Communication Networks (Wiley), and Journal of Network and Computer Applications (Elsevier). He has participated in many international conferences worldwide, and has been granted short-term research visitor internships to many renowned universities including, De Montfort University, UK, and Istanbul Technical University, Turkey. He is currently serving on various editorial positions such as Editorial Board Member in Journals (Indexed SCI and Scopus) such as, IET Networks and International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (Inderscience Publishers)

Lei Shu (M’07–SM’15) received the B.S. degree in computer science from South Central University for Nationalities in 2002, and the M.S. degree in computer engineering from Kyung Hee University, South Korea, in 2005, and the Ph.D. degree from the Digital Enterprise Research Institute, National University of Ireland, Ireland, in 2010. Until 2012, he was a Specially Assigned Researcher with the Department of Multimedia Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Japan. He is currently a Distinguished Professor with Nanjing Agricultural University and a Lincoln Professor with the University of Lincoln, U.K. He is also the Director of the NAU-Lincoln Joint Research Center of Intelligent Engineering. He has published over 400 papers in related conferences, journals, and books in the areas of sensor networks and internet of things (IoT). His current H-index is 54 and i10-index is 197 in Google Scholar Citation. His current research interests include wireless sensor networks and IoT. He has also served as a TPC Member for more than 150 conferences, such as ICDCS, DCOSS, MASS, ICC, GLOBECOM, ICCCN, WCNC, and ISCC. He was a Recipient of the 2014 Top Level Talents in Sailing Plan of Guangdong Province, China, the 2015 Outstanding Young Professor of Guangdong Province, and the GLOBECOM 2010, ICC 2013, ComManTel 2014, WICON 2016, SigTelCom 2017 Best Paper Awards, the 2017 and 2018 IEEE Systems Journal Best Paper Awards, the 2017 Journal of Network and Computer Applications Best Research Paper Award, and the Outstanding Associate Editor Award of 2017, and the 2018 IEEE ACCESS. He has also served over 50 various Co-Chair for international conferences/workshops, such as IWCMC, ICC, ISCC, ICNC, Chinacom, especially the Symposium Co-Chair for IWCMC 2012, ICC 2012, the General Co-Chair for Chinacom 2014, Qshine 2015, Collaboratecom 2017, DependSys 2018, and SCI 2019, the TPC Chair for InisCom 2015, NCCA 2015, WICON 2016, NCCA 2016, Chinacom 2017, InisCom 2017, WMNC 2017, and NCCA 2018

Leandros Maglaras (SM’15) received the B.Sc. degree from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1998, M.Sc. in industrial production and management from University of Thessaly in 2004, and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical & computer engineering from University of Volos in 2008 and 2014, respectively. He is the Head of the National Cyber Security Authority of Greece and a Visiting Lecturer in the School of Computer Science and Informatics at the De Montfort University, U.K. He serves on the Editorial Board of several International peer-reviewed journals such as IEEE Access , Wiley Journal on Security & Communication Networks , EAI Transactions on e-Learning and EAI Transactions on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems . He is an author of more than 80 papers in scientific magazines and conferences and is a Senior Member of IEEE. His research interests include wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks

Xiaochan Wang is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Nanjing Agricultural University. His main research fields include intelligent equipment for horticulture and intelligent measurement and control. He is an ASABE Member, and the Vice Director of CSAM (Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery), and also the Senior Member of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. He was awarded the Second Prize of Science and Technology Invention by the Ministry of Education (2016) and the Advanced Worker for Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (2012), and he also gotten the “Blue Project” in Jiangsu province young and middle-aged academic leaders (2010)

• Corresponding author: Lei Shu, e-mail: [email protected]
• Revised Date: 2020-11-25
• Accepted Date: 2020-12-30
• Agricultural internet of things (IoT) , 
• internet of things (IoT) , 
• smart agriculture , 
• smart farming , 
• sustainable agriculture

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• We review the emerging technologies used by the Internet of Things for the future of smart agriculture.
• We provide a classification of IoT applications for smart agriculture into seven categories, including, smart monitoring, smart water management, agrochemicals applications, disease management, smart harvesting, supply chain management, and smart agricultural practices.
• We provide a taxonomy and a side-by-side comparison of the state-of-the-art methods toward supply chain management based on the blockchain technology for agricultural IoTs.
• We highlight open research challenges and discuss possible future research directions for agricultural IoTs.
• Copyright © 2022 IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica
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• Figure 1. The four agricultural revolutions
• Figure 2. Survey structure
• Figure 3. IoT-connected smart agriculture sensors enable the IoT
• Figure 4. The architecture of a typical IoT sensor node
• Figure 5. Fog computing-based agricultural IoT
• Figure 6. SDN/NFV architecture for smart agriculture
• Figure 7. Classification of IoT applications for smart agriculture
• Figure 8. Greenhouse system [ 101 ]
• Figure 9. Aerial-ground robotics system [ 67 ]
• Figure 10. Photovoltaic agri-IoT schematic diagram [ 251 ]
• Figure 11. Smart dairy farming system [ 254 ]
• Figure 12. IoT-based solar insecticidal lamp [ 256 ], [ 257 ]

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IEEE 9th World Forum on Internet of Things

The detailed schedules for the vertical and topical tracks are now available, vertical tracks, topical tracks, the detailed schedules for the several tracks are now available.

Plenary Program

Technical Paper Program

Tutorials Track

Masters/PhD Forum Track

Young Professionals Track

Special Sessions Track

Workshops Track

Women in Engineering Track

Industry Forum Track

Demonstration and Plugfest Program Track

Entrepreneurial Forum Track

Registration is now open!

Please carefully review the registration information and pricing before registering. 

The 9th IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (IEEE WFIoT2023) is the premier event of  the IEEE IoT Technical Community, a multiple Society initiative aggregating the wide expertise inherent to the IoT domain. This year, the theme for WFIoT 2023 is " The Blue Planet: A Marriage of Sea and Space ”. We aim to recognize the increased importance that the Sea has in our daily activities and to signal the importance that Space has for our future as a sustainable society. IEEE WFIoT2023 brings together experts in IoT from around the world and the diverse community of stakeholders that make up the IoT ecosystem. Today, that touches almost all sectors of the world economy. The World Forum will cover the breadth of activities, technologies, and applications in IoT, reflecting the vast range of interests and investment in IoT and its building blocks, with the following set of programs:

As usual, the forum consists of a comprehensive and interesting program that brings the latest developments from industry and business world, the most influential individuals from across the breath of the IoT ecosystem, news of significant innovations and advances from the research and academic community, as well as practitioners and end-users sharing their experiences on the successes and challenges of IoT deployments. The World Forum's ninth edition will feature presentations and panels addressing how the sea and space are great domains for IoT. It will also explore how IoT technologies, applications, and solutions rely on a wide ecosystem spanning space, aerial, ground, and maritime networks and harnessing the latest emerging technological trends which can be leveraged for the benefit of society and humanity.

We will take the opportunity of new hybrid formats to continue reaching different types of audiences and providing different sets of interactions. Thus the IEEE WFIoT2023 will be held as a hybrid conference consisting of both virtual live online and face-to-face sessions that include local and remote presence. The face-to-face component will be held at the City of Canals & Maritime, Aveiro, Portugal. The conference venue is the Centro de Congressos de Aveiro, located in the heart of Aveiro City, lying at the riverfront of the Ria de Aveiro, at walking distance to the historical center, and with excellent accessibility to several nearby hotels.

With the changes in guidance about the soon-to-be-forgotten COVID pandemic, we have elected to hold the scientific conference and all its components as a hybrid event during the main week of the event Oct 16th - Oct 20th, 2023. Our emphasis is to encourage face-to-face to participation with most attendees in Aveiro, Portugal. In doing so, we will provide all participants with a safe and convenient way to be involved. At the same time, we will program the World Forum to be highly interactive, with sessions timed to encourage broad participation from around the globe, specially for the Vertical and Topical Tracks. The virtual live online only portion of the conference will be held Oct 23rd - Oct 27th, 2023.

Overall the World Forum will consist of:

• Plenary Program addresses all registrants for the IEEE WFIoT2023. It consists of speeches and presentations from the foremost technologists and industry leaders in IoT, in key subject areas critical to the success and acceptance of IoT.
• The Technical Paper Program is the main technical track aimed at the Research and Academic community and consists of Technical peer reviewed papers with an emphasis on novel and original results and advanced ideas important and relevant to IoT and its future.
• Special Sessions consist of peer-reviewed papers and interactive presentations focused on a selected “hot” research topics of importance to IoT.
• Workshops consist of peer-reviewed papers, presentations, panel discussions, and summary results about advanced and important topics relevant to IoT.
• Industry Forums consists of presentations and panel discussions aimed at research topics important to industrial and business related IoT issues.
• Tutorials will provide detailed technical information about key technologies essential for developing IoT-related hardware, software, systems, and operations.
• Vertical and Topical Tracks cover designated topics important to IoT in general and to the host region. Leading experts will lead interactive presentations, focused on topics of importance to IoT practitioners, addressing aspects of actual IoT implementation, adoption, deployment, and operation.
• Women in Engineering (WIE) Forum facilitates discussion about topics related to women in the IoT community, in areas that affect industry, the public sector, and the research community.
• Young and Professionals (YP) Forum provides a world-wide opportunity for networking, information sharing, and exchange of opinions among young professionals in research and academia, business, industry, and in engineering practice.
• Entrepreneurial Forum will bring together startups, small and medium business owners, incubator organizations, and venture capitalists, to share experience that will help manage and grow and successful IoT companies.
• Demonstration and PlugFest Program  brings together the technical community to test the interoperability of their products or designs with those of other manufacturers. The main goal of this program is to experiment with the deployment of Network Applications across ICT-41 Projects.

We hope you will join us in Aveiro (or across the world), and take this opportunity to engage with your fellow colleagues in these challenging times. Welcome to the 9th IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things!

Rui Aguiar, Adam Drobot WFIoT 2023 General Conference Co-Chairs

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Call for papers

Upcoming special issues.

* Theories and Applications of NB-IoT   (Submission Deadline: August 15, 2017;  CFP )  Guest Editors: Jiming Chen, Kaoru Ota, Lu Wang, Preetha Thulasiraman, Zhiguo Shi

*  Towards Positioning, Navigation, and Location Based Services for IoT   (Submission Deadline: September 1, 2017;  CFP )  Guest Editors: Yuan Zhuang, Yue Cao, Naser El-Sheimy, and Jun Yang

​ The list of previous Special Issues can be found  here .

The IEEE IoT-J is available in IEEE Xplore . The IEEE IoT-J solicits original work that must not be currently under consideration for publication in other venues. Topics include IoT system architecture, IoT enabling technologies, IoT services and applications, and the social implications of IoT. The fields of interest include, but are not limited to:

• IoT architectures such as things-centric, data-centric, service-centric architecture, CPS and SCADA platforms, future Internet design for IoT, cloud-based IoT, and system security and manageability.
• IoT enabling technologies such as sensors, radio frequency identification, low power and energy harvesting, sensor networks, machine-type communication, resource-constrained networks, real-time systems, IoT data analytics, in situ processing, and embedded software.
• IoT services, applications, standards, and test-beds such as streaming data management and mining platforms, service middleware, open service platform, semantic service management, security and privacy-preserving protocols, design examples of smart services and applications, and IoT application support.

Special Issues

Expanded conference papers.

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Charting an integrated future: IoT and 5G research papers

The fifth-generation cellular network (5G) represents a major step forward for technology. In particular, it offers benefits for the network of interrelated devices reliant on wireless technology for communication and data transfer, otherwise known as the Internet of Things (IoT). 

The 5G wireless network uses Internet Protocol (IP) for all communications, including voice and short message service (SMS) data. Compared to earlier networks, such as 3G and 4G, it will have higher response speeds (lower latency), greater bandwidth, and support for many more devices. 

Every sector is using some form of wireless-enabled technology. Low latency plays a critical role in many IoT applications where a lag in data transfer to an IoT device can mean a disruption in the manufacturing process, a crashed car, or a disrupted power grid. Increased capacity to support IoT devices means more of the world’s population will be able to access the global digital economy. 

Yet with more capability comes more complexity, and there are challenges to making 5G connection a full reality. There is global interest in realizing the potential of 5G and IoT integration. Research papers on a wide array of topics are helping to advance the field and bring the vision of 5G technology and IoT connectivity into focus. 

Realizing the potential of 5G and IoT through research

The 5G network represents the best chance for an ever-growing array of wirelessly connected devices to realize their full potential . 

Making the case for 5G technology

Using millimeter wave technology, 5G connectivity offers increased speed, bandwidth, and reliability of data transfers. These improvements mean that more computing power can be pushed to the cloud, clearing the way for smaller, cheaper, and simpler devices that can do more. Smartphones are a great example of how increased wireless network capacity has allowed devices to get smaller while increasing the range of a user’s cloud-based activities. 

The 5G mobile network also has social justice implications. As Brookings Institute senior fellow Nicol Turner Lee discusses in her research paper “ Enabling Opportunities: 5G, the Internet of Things, and Communities of Color ,” the development of wireless networks will factor heavily in whether mobile-only users can fully participate in the global digital economy. 

Universal benefits, inspired innovations

The 5G network could spur additional IoT innovations such as the following:

• Advancements in edge computing
• Creation of smart cities, smart power grids, and expanded functionality of smart homes
• Improvements in health-care monitoring and delivery of services
• Retail improvements
• Real-time remote control of robots that could improve farming efficiency
• Automated manufacturing
• Supply chain improvements
• Improved transportation and self-driving cars 
• Expanded use of artificial intelligence reliant on machine learning
• More cloud computing
• Expansion of virtual reality and augmented reality

While work to build out 5G has begun, many of the challenges and logistics of completing this vast network still need to be resolved. Some of the challenges include the following:

• Managing disruption to the radio transmission
• Network and wireless security
• Connectivity issues from the network to the internet (known as “backhaul”)
• Assuaging concerns over health impacts of increased high-speed electromagnetic energy
• Cost and logistics of building a vast network of towers across different governmental jurisdictions

Those with a stake in making 5G a reality are investing in researching solutions that explore the possibilities and challenges of 5G deployment and IoT integration. Research is also emerging on how 5G and IoT technology can be utilized to respond and fight the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Two halves of a whole—the relationship between IoT and 5G

5G is revolutionary in that it replaces hardware components of wireless networks with software components that offer increased system flexibility. In doing so, it delivers more power to wireless devices that rely upon fast, uninterrupted data transmission. 

Making IoT smarter

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology, which plays heavily in many IoT applications, relies on smooth and frequent transmission of data. Every disruption in the data transfer process interrupts the feedback loop that facilitates machine learning. 5G’s lower latency eliminates these data hiccups, which translates to better performance over time. 

The 2019 paper “ AI Management System to Prevent Accidents in Construction Zones Using 4K Cameras Based on 5G Network ,” published in the IEEE Xplore digital library, examines how workplace safety can be improved through AI technologies running on the 5G wireless platform. 

Critical and massive IoT

There are two types of IoT devices: Critical IoT devices offer low latency, high uptime benefits. They facilitate bandwidth-hungry applications that include telemedicine, first responder applications, and factory automation. Massive IoT refers to a network of lots of devices using little bandwidth or speed. These devices find use in applications such as wearables, smart agriculture, smart homes, and smart cities. 

5G technology also allows a service provider to dedicate portions of their networks for specific IoT applications. Known as network slicing, the ability to segment a set of optimized resources further improves the ability of 5G to respond to the varying data and bandwidth needs of critical and massive IoT applications. 

The recent paper “ Secure Healthcare: 5G-enabled Network Slicing for Elderly Care,” published in the IEEE Xplore digital library, provides insight into the existing limitations in elder care and discusses a solution that encompasses 5G network slicing techniques and innovations. 

Cybersecurity on the 5G

One fundamental difference between 5G and its predecessors is the shift from a hardware-based system to a software-based system. This shift presents new security challenges as software is more vulnerable to hacking—the same wireless pathways over the 5G that enable IoT can be used to breach it, whereas to hack hardware you need direct physical access. 

Technical solutions to expanding capacity while increasing IoT security, such as those that the IEEE paper “ Wideband Antennas and Phased Arrays for Enhancing Cybersecurity in 5G Mobile Wireless ” discusses, are being researched and discussed worldwide. In addition, the Brookings Institute’s 2019 research paper “ Why 5G Requires a New Approach to Cybersecurity ,” discusses why developing coordinated cybersecurity public policies is of paramount importance.

Investing in the future—top research projects on IoT and 5G integration

Governments and the private sector, including trade associations, service providers, and major tech players are funding research at academic institutions. For example, the University of Texas at Austin’s Wireless Network and Communications Group has an Industrial Affiliates Program that allows companies like Huawei to become stakeholders in the center and to participate in the growth and direction of its research on millimeter waves. Similarly, New York University’s Brooklyn engineering program partners with Nokia, Intel, and AT&T to support its research. 

In the US, the National Science Foundation is supporting advanced wireless research. Research England’s UK Research Partnership Investment Fund (UKRPIF) supports 5G research, including that being done at the University of Surrey’s 5G Innovation Centre . Nonprofit organizations, such as the Brookings Institute , are also conducting research on the logistics and impacts of 5G and IoT. 

Universities, companies, and organizations such as IEEE regularly team up to host conferences around the world that showcase all aspects of 5G. IEEE’s Future Networks is dedicated to enabling 5G and regularly calls for papers related to 5G. 

Opportunities for 5G and IoT—building a sustainable future

The ultimate goal of 5G and IoT integration is for everything to be connected more simply on smaller, less expensive devices. The 5G network has the potential to drive advancements in IoT and to fundamentally change the way humankind operates around the globe with long-term positive impacts possible with respect to sustainability. 

In practical terms, the 5G network provides better efficiency through increased control. At the local level, a smart city would be better able to monitor, through IoT applications, public safety and utilities. This would mean greater conservation and a reduction in their overall carbon impact while improving the lives of its residents. 

As Darrel M. West examines in his paper “ Achieving Sustainability in a 5G World ,” IoT innovation in the energy, manufacturing, agriculture and land use, buildings, and transportation sectors coupled with full 5G deployment could allow the global community to meet our long-term sustainability goals. 

Want to learn more about the latest IoT and 5G research? Participate in the 2020 IEEE 3rd 5G World Forum (5GWF'20). The virtual conference, which will be available from September 10–12, aims to bring together experts from industry, academia, and research to exchange their vision as well as their achieved advances towards 5G. In addition, it aims to encourage innovative cross-domain studies, research, early deployment, and large-scale pilot showcases that address the challenges of 5G.

Interested in becoming an IEEE member ? Joining this community of over 420,000 technology and engineering professionals will give you access to the resources and opportunities you need to keep on top of changes in technology, as well as help you get involved in standards development, network with other professionals in your local area or within a specific technical interest, mentor the next generation of engineers and technologists, and so much more.