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Society: essay on the meaning and definition of society (661 words).

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The term society has been derived from the Latin word ‘Socius’ which means a companion, association or fellowship. It is because man always lives in the company of his fellow beings. This led George Simmel to remark that sociability is the essence of society. The term society is understood in different sense. In our day today discussion society is used to refer to the members of specific in group for example-Advice Society, Harijan Society etc. some other time it refers to some institutions like Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj. At some other time society refers to an association like consumer’s society, co-operative society or cultural society. Society is also used in the sense of a group such as rural society or urban society.

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But in Sociology, Society refers not to a group of people but to the complex pattern of the norms or interaction or relationships that arise among them. People exist only as an agent of social relationships. Mere congregation of individuals does not constitute society. Rather society refers to the complicated network of social relationships by which every individual is interrelated with his fellowmen. Hence Society is abstract, not concrete, in nature. We can’t touch it but fill it. Because society resides in the minds of individual.

Society is a process of living not a thing, a motion rather than structure. A system of social relationships is the most important aspect of society. Not all relationships are social. A social relationship implies reciprocal awareness among individuals. This reciprocal awareness direct and indirect are the characteristic of every social relationship. This idea of reciprocal awareness is implied in F.H. Giddings definition of society i.e. “a number of like-minded individuals, who know and enjoy their like-mindedness and are, therefore, able to work together for common ends.” Thus elements of society exists in the ‘Consciousness of Kind’ of Giddings, ‘we feeling’ of Cooley or ‘a common propensity of W.I. Thomas.

When more than one individual live together and mutual relationship develop among them and different social processes like mutual co-operation, competition and conflict constantly take place in society. The relationships established around these create society. Here exists blood relationship between parents and children, brothers and sisters.

Voters and leaders are bound in a political relationship. There exists an economic relationship between the customer and shopkeeper. There exists a social relationship among neighbors. There exists a religious relationship between the priest and the family members. The network of these relationships is what we call society.

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Student Essays

11 Essays on Society – Importance, Impacts, Problems [ 2024 ]

Society is the place where human live together with peace, established rules, culture and cooperation. Society has definite laws and well set boundaries. The Following essay I have wrote that talks about the society, its basic concept, importance and what role can students play in society.

Essay on Society: Its Importance for our Life

The society is a place where we live into. We share our life experiences with other individuals. The society helps us to interact with different types of people and learn from them. It is a platform that enhances our personality and teaches us how to live in a community.

Concept of Society

A society is not just about a group of individuals living together but it is much more than that. A society shapes the character of its members and instills values in them. It defines what is right and what is wrong for its members. It also provides them with a sense of security and belonging.

Importance of Society

The importance of society can be understood from the fact that it plays a pivotal role in our life. Our survival and development depend on the society. The society provides us with shelter, food, clothing, and education. It also protects us from danger and keeps us safe from harm.

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The society is important for our life because:

1) it provides us with basic necessities of life: The society provides us with shelter, food, clothing, and education. All these things are necessary for our survival and development. 2) it protects us from danger and harm: The society protects us from danger and harm. It keeps us safe from criminals, natural disasters, and other threats. 3) it shapes our personality and character: The society shapes our personality and character. It defines what is right and what is wrong for us. It also instills values in us. 4) it gives us a sense of security and belonging: The society gives us a sense of security and belonging. It makes us feel safe and accepted. We feel connected to others and have a sense of purpose in life.

Role of Students in a Society:

There are many ways in which students can be productive members of society. Some of them are: 1) by participating in social service activities: Students can participate in social service activities and help the needy. They can volunteer for organizations that work for the betterment of society. 2) by spreading awareness about social issues: Students can spread awareness about social issues and raise awareness about the problems faced by society. They can use social media to spread awareness about important issues. 3) by becoming involved in politics: Students can become involved in politics and work for the betterment of society. They can run for office or volunteer for political campaigns.

The society is an important part of our life. It plays a crucial role in our survival, development, and personality. We should appreciate the importance of society and work towards its betterment.

Short Essay on Society in English:

Society plays a crucial role in shaping our lives. It is the framework within which we interact and build relationships with each other. From our families to our communities, society has a major influence on every aspect of our daily lives.

In today’s world, the concept of society has evolved drastically. With advancements in technology and globalization, we are no longer confined to physical boundaries. We are now part of a global society, connected to people from different backgrounds and cultures.

One of the fundamental aspects of any society is its values and beliefs. These shape our attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions towards others. They provide us with a moral compass to guide us in our interactions with fellow human beings. However, these values and beliefs can vary greatly across societies, leading to conflicts and misunderstandings.

Furthermore, society also provides us with a sense of identity. We are inherently social beings and rely on our interactions with others to form our self-concept. Our role in society, whether it be as a student, professional, or family member, contributes to our sense of self.

In conclusion, society is the glue that holds us together as a community. It provides us with structure, values, and identity. As individuals, it is our responsibility to contribute positively to society and help create a better world for future generations. After all, we are not just members of society; we are society itself.

Importance of society Essay:

The society we live in plays a crucial role in shaping our lives. It is the foundation on which our values, beliefs and behaviors are built upon. Society not only affects us as individuals but also has a significant impact on the world around us. In this essay, we will explore the importance of society and how it impacts our lives.

Firstly, society provides us with a sense of belonging and identity. As social beings, we have an innate desire to be a part of a community and feel connected to others. Through our interactions with family, friends, and other members of society, we develop a sense of who we are and where we fit in.

Moreover, society also provides us with the necessary support and resources to thrive. In times of need, we can turn to our community for help and support. Whether it is financial assistance, emotional support or advice, society offers a safety net that helps us navigate through life’s challenges.

In addition, society plays a crucial role in shaping our values and beliefs. Our cultural norms, traditions, and customs are all influenced by the society we live in. Through socialization, we learn what is considered acceptable and unacceptable behavior, and this helps us function harmoniously as a community.

Furthermore, society also promotes personal growth and development. By providing opportunities for education, employment, and personal advancement, it enables individuals to reach their full potential. A healthy and supportive society encourages its members to pursue their passions and aspirations.

In conclusion, the importance of society cannot be overstated. It is the fabric that holds us together and shapes our lives in more ways than we can imagine. As members of society, it is our responsibility to contribute positively towards its growth and well-being, for the betterment of ourselves and future generations.

Essay on Impact of Social Media on Society:

Social media has become an integral part of our lives in this modern day and age. It allows us to connect with people from different parts of the world, share our thoughts and experiences, and keep up with current events. However, its impact on society is a topic that has been widely debated.

On one hand, social media has played a major role in revolutionizing communication and breaking down geographical barriers. It has allowed us to stay connected with loved ones, even if they are miles away. Social media also serves as a platform for spreading awareness and promoting social causes. It has given a voice to marginalized communities and helped bring about much-needed change.

But on the other hand, social media comes with its own set of challenges. The constant need for validation and the pressure to present a perfect life online has led to a rise in mental health issues, especially among the youth. It has also made it easier for fake news and misinformation to spread like wildfire, creating chaos and division in society.

Moreover, social media has changed the way we perceive ourselves and others. We are constantly bombarded with images of idealized lives that have been carefully curated for the online world. This has led to an unhealthy comparison culture and a rise in feelings of inadequacy.

In conclusion, the impact of social media on society is complex and multi-faceted. While it has brought about positive changes in terms of communication and social activism, it also comes with its own set of challenges. It is up to us as individuals to use social media in a responsible and balanced manner, keeping in mind its potential impact on our mental health and society as a whole. So, we must strike a balance between being connected and staying grounded in the real world. Let’s make sure that social media remains a tool for positive change rather than a source of negativity.

Essay on Impact of Modern Technology on Society:

Modern technology has become an inseparable part of our daily lives. With every passing day, we are becoming more dependent on the latest gadgets and devices to make our lives easier. From smartphones to smart homes, modern technology has revolutionized the way we live, work and communicate.

The impact of modern technology on society has been both positive and negative. On one hand, it has accelerated the pace of progress and brought about significant advancements in various fields such as healthcare, education, and transportation. On the other hand, it has also contributed to societal issues like addiction, privacy invasion, and job loss.

The rise of social media platforms has connected us with people from all around the world but at the same time, it has led to a decrease in face-to-face communication and affected our social skills. The convenience of online shopping has made us more prone to impulsive purchases, causing financial strain on individuals and families.

The healthcare industry has benefited greatly from modern technology with the invention of life-saving medical equipment and advancements in treatment methods. However, it has also raised concerns about artificial intelligence replacing human jobs in the sector.

In conclusion, the impact of modern technology on society is a double-edged sword. It has brought about tremendous progress and convenience, but it has also posed challenges that need to be addressed

Essay on society and culture:

Society and culture are two intertwined concepts that shape our daily lives. Society refers to a group of individuals who share a common set of values, beliefs, and practices while culture encompasses the customs, traditions, and behaviors of a particular society.

The relationship between society and culture is dynamic and constantly evolving. As humans, we are social beings who are influenced by our surroundings. Our social environment which includes our family, friends, institutions, and media plays a critical role in shaping our perspectives and beliefs. These influences are reflected in our culture, from the food we eat to the way we dress and celebrate important occasions.

Culture is not limited to material objects or practices but also encompasses intangible aspects such as language, art, religion, and social norms. These aspects are what makes each society unique and different from others. Culture also helps us connect with our past, understand our present and shape our future.

While society and culture play a significant role in shaping an individual’s identity, they can also create divisions among people. Our cultural differences can lead to misunderstanding, discrimination, and conflicts within societies.

It is crucial for individuals to have an open mind and respect for other cultures to foster a harmonious society. By understanding and embracing different cultures, we can create a more inclusive and cohesive community where everyone feels valued and respected.

In conclusion, society and culture go hand in hand in shaping our beliefs, values, and behaviors. It is essential to recognize the impact of these concepts on our daily lives while also promoting an inclusive and diverse society. By valuing our differences, we can move towards a better future for all individuals.

Essay on Importance of Education in Society:

Education is one of the most crucial aspects of our society. It plays a vital role in shaping individuals and their perspectives towards life. Education not only provides knowledge, but it also helps us to develop critical thinking skills, moral values, and ethical beliefs.

In today’s world, education has become a necessity for survival. It is no longer seen as a luxury or privilege, but it is a basic human right. The importance of education in society can be seen through its impact on individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole.

For individuals, education opens doors to better career opportunities and higher income levels. It helps them to become self-sufficient and lead a better quality of life. Education also promotes personal growth and enables individuals to make informed decisions.

At the community level, education promotes social cohesion and harmony. It brings people from diverse backgrounds together and helps them to understand and appreciate each other’s cultures, beliefs, and values. Education also plays a crucial role in eradicating social evils such as poverty, discrimination, and inequality.

On a national level, education is instrumental in building a strong economy and creating a skilled workforce. It equips citizens with the necessary skills and knowledge to contribute to the development of their country. Education also plays a vital role in promoting democracy, social justice, and progress.

In conclusion, education is the cornerstone of our society. It empowers individuals, brings communities together, and strengthens nations. Therefore, it is essential to invest in quality education for all to ensure a better and brighter future for generations to come

Short Essay on humanity:

Humanity is a term that encompasses the collective characteristics, behaviors, and beliefs of human beings as a species. It is often used to describe the positive aspects of human nature such as compassion, empathy, and kindness towards others. However, it also includes the negative aspects such as greed, violence, and selfishness.

Throughout history, humanity has evolved tremendously in terms of technological advancements and societal structures. But at the core, humanity remains the same – with all its complexities and contradictions.

One of the defining characteristics of humanity is our ability to think critically and empathize with others. This has allowed us to understand and relate to people from different backgrounds, cultures, and beliefs. It has also led to the development of social systems such as laws, education, and healthcare that aim to improve the well-being of individuals and society as a whole.

On the other hand, humanity has also been responsible for some of the greatest horrors in history – whether it be wars, genocide, or environmental destruction. This highlights our inherent flaws and the need for constant self-reflection and improvement.

Despite our differences, there is an undeniable sense of interconnectedness amongst all human beings. We all share the same basic needs, desires, and emotions. This is what makes us human, and what ultimately unites us.

In a world that often seems divided and chaotic, it is important to remind ourselves of our shared humanity. It is through understanding and compassion for one another that we can create a better future for ourselves and future generations.

So let us strive to embrace our humanity, both the good and the bad, and use it to uplift ourselves and those around us. So let’s continue to spread kindness, empathy, and understanding – for that is what truly makes us human.

Essay on Society Today:

Society today is constantly changing, evolving, and adapting to new advancements and challenges. And as we grow and progress, it’s important to reflect on the state of our society in order to understand where we’ve come from and where we’re headed.

One of the biggest trends that has emerged in recent years is the increasing importance placed on diversity and inclusivity. With globalization and the rise of social media, people from different cultures, backgrounds, and walks of life are coming together like never before. This has led to a greater appreciation for diversity and a call for more representation in all aspects of society.

At the same time, technology has also played a major role in shaping our society today. From smartphones to social media platforms, we are more connected than ever before. This has led to a rapid exchange of information and ideas, making it easier for people to stay informed and engaged.

But with all this progress also comes the rise of challenges such as cyberbullying, online privacy concerns, and fake news. These issues are not only affecting individuals but also society as a whole. It’s important for us to be mindful of the impact of technology on our society and to use it responsibly.

Moreover, as we continue to make strides towards a more inclusive and technologically advanced society, we must also address ongoing issues such as social inequality, poverty, and climate change. These are complex problems that require collective action and a commitment to creating a better world for future generations.

In conclusion, society today is a complex and ever-changing landscape. It’s important for us to stay informed, engaged, and open-minded in order to continue progressing towards a more diverse, inclusive, and sustainable future. Let us not forget our past while we strive towards building a better tomorrow.

Essay about Society Problems:

Society has always been an ever-changing entity, and with that comes a plethora of problems that we face as a community. These issues are not limited to one particular part of the world or group of people; they affect us all in some shape or form. From economic struggles to environmental concerns, society is faced with numerous challenges that need to be addressed.

One of the biggest problems that society faces today is economic inequality. Despite advancements in technology and medicine, there is still a stark difference between the wealthy and the poor. This leads to a wide range of issues such as limited access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities for those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.

Another pressing problem in society is climate change. The effects of global warming are becoming increasingly evident, with extreme weather events and rising sea levels threatening our planet. This is not just an environmental issue but also a social one as it disproportionately affects marginalized communities.

Furthermore, societal norms and expectations often lead to discrimination and injustice against certain groups of people. Racism, sexism, homophobia, and other forms of discrimination are prevalent issues that need to be addressed in order for society to progress.

In addition, the rapid pace of technological advancements has brought about its own set of problems. From cyberbullying to invasion of privacy, technology has opened up new avenues for societal issues that we must navigate and find solutions for.

It is crucial for us as a society to acknowledge and address these problems in order to create a more equitable and sustainable future. Each and every one of us has a role to play in making our world a better place for ourselves and future generations. Let’s work together towards finding solutions and creating a society where everyone can thrive.

Indian Society Essay:

Indian society is an intricate web of traditions, values and beliefs that have been passed down through generations. Despite vast regional differences and cultural diversity, there are a few common threads that bind the people together. The Indian society is deeply rooted in its rich history and heritage, which has shaped its present form.

One of the most significant aspects of Indian society is its emphasis on family and community. Indians place great value on familial relationships, and the joint family system is still prevalent in many parts of the country. In this system, several generations live together under one roof, sharing their lives and responsibilities.

Religion also plays a crucial role in Indian society. With over 80% of the population identifying as Hindus, India is often referred to as the land of spirituality. The country is home to multiple religions, and each one has its unique customs and practices that are deeply ingrained in the culture.

Another defining aspect of Indian society is its diversity. India is a melting pot of different languages, cuisines, traditions, and belief systems. This diversity not only adds to the cultural fabric but also plays a vital role in shaping the country’s economic and social landscape.

Despite its challenges, Indian society has come a long way in terms of progress and development. With a growing economy, advancements in technology, and changing mindsets, the society is constantly evolving. However, it still holds on to its roots and traditions, making it a unique blend of modernity and tradition.

Indian society may have its flaws, but it is a beautiful tapestry of cultures, religions and communities that make it truly one of a kind. So, let us celebrate this diversity and continue to cherish the values that bind us together as Indians.

We live in a society Speech:

Hello everyone!

Today, I want to talk about a topic that is very close to my heart – “We live in a Society”. As we all know, society plays an integral role in our lives. It shapes our thoughts, beliefs, and actions. We may have different cultural backgrounds, but ultimately, we are all part of the same society.

In today’s world, we are heavily influenced by society. It is often the driving force behind our decisions and actions. However, it is crucial to remember that society is not always right. It has its flaws and imperfections, just like anything else.

What makes a society strong and thriving is the unity of its people. We must work together towards a common goal – creating a better world for ourselves and future generations. We must also learn to embrace diversity and respect each other’s differences.

Living in a society means being part of a community where we have rights, but also responsibilities. We must use our voices for the greater good, stand up against injustice, and help those in need. After all, it is only when individuals come together as a collective that real change can happen.

We also must acknowledge the impact of technology and social media on our society. While it has connected us in ways we never thought possible, it has also brought about new challenges. We must use these platforms responsibly and not let them control our lives.

As students, you are the future of our society. It is your responsibility to ensure that society continues to progress and evolve in a positive direction. You have the power to make a difference, no matter how small.

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Q: What is society in essay?

A: In an essay, society is a complex network of individuals living together, sharing common values, norms, and institutions.

Q: What is society in 100 words?

A: Society is a structured community of people who interact, coexist, and share common values, beliefs, and customs. It encompasses social, cultural, economic, and political systems that shape human behavior and relationships. Society provides the framework for individuals to collaborate, exchange ideas, and establish social order. It plays a crucial role in human development, as it influences identity, roles, and opportunities.

The dynamics of society are constantly evolving, influenced by historical events, technological advancements, and cultural changes. A functional and harmonious society is essential for the well-being and progress of its members.

Q: What is the importance of a society?

A: The importance of society lies in providing a structured environment for individuals to live, collaborate, and thrive together, facilitating cooperation, shared resources, cultural development, and social order.

Q: What is society introduction?

A: An introduction to society typically provides a brief overview of what society is, its significance in human life, and its various components, setting the stage for a deeper exploration of the topic in an essay or discussion.

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Essay on Society

Students are often asked to write an essay on Society in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Society

Introduction.

Society is a group of individuals who share a common area, culture, and behavior. It includes various communities, families, and organizations.

Role in Development

Society plays a vital role in our development. It shapes our values, beliefs, and norms, influencing our behavior and decisions.

Importance of Society

Society is important as it provides structure and order. It offers a platform for social interaction, helping us learn and grow.

In conclusion, society is an essential part of our lives. It shapes us as individuals and plays a key role in our overall development.

250 Words Essay on Society

Understanding society: a complex web.

Society, the intricate network of human relationships and interactions, is a cornerstone of human existence. Formed through shared values, norms, and beliefs, it serves as the bedrock of civilization, fostering cooperation, and mutual understanding among individuals.

The Evolution of Society

Society has evolved significantly over time, transitioning from small bands of hunter-gatherers to complex, technologically advanced communities. This transformation has been driven by various factors, including environmental changes, technological advancements, and shifts in human cognition and behavior.

Society and Individual

The relationship between society and the individual is a subject of continuous debate. While society shapes individuals through socialization, individuals also influence society by challenging norms and driving change. This dynamic interplay between society and individuals highlights the fluidity and complexity of social structures.

The Role of Society in Modern Times

In today’s globalized world, societies are becoming increasingly interconnected. This interconnection has amplified the exchange of ideas, cultures, and values, leading to a more diverse and inclusive global society. However, it also presents challenges such as cultural homogenization and the erosion of traditional societal structures.

In conclusion, society is not a static entity but a dynamic construct that evolves with time. Understanding its complexities and nuances is crucial for fostering social harmony and progress. As we move forward, it is essential to ensure that societal evolution is inclusive and sustainable, promoting the welfare of all its members.

500 Words Essay on Society

The concept of society.

A society is more than a mere collection of individuals. It is a living, breathing entity that shapes and is shaped by its members. It is a system of interdependent parts that function together to ensure the survival and prosperity of the whole. In essence, a society is a mirror of its people, reflecting their values, beliefs, and aspirations.

The Structure of Society

Societies are structured in ways that reflect the underlying power dynamics and social hierarchies. These structures can be formal, such as government institutions and legal systems, or informal, like social norms and cultural practices. They serve to maintain order, facilitate cooperation, and mediate conflicts. However, they can also perpetuate inequalities and injustices, making societal structure a critical area of study and reform.

Society and Culture

Society and change.

Societies are not static; they are continually evolving. This evolution is driven by a variety of factors, including technological advancements, economic developments, and social movements. Change can be a source of progress, leading to improvements in living standards, social equality, and human rights. However, it can also be a source of conflict, as people resist changes that threaten their interests or values.

The Role of Individuals in Society

Individuals play a crucial role in shaping society. Through their actions, ideas, and innovations, individuals can instigate change, challenge existing norms, and contribute to the development of society. However, individuals are also shaped by society, their thoughts and behaviors influenced by the social, cultural, and institutional contexts in which they live.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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The Individual and Society

Published: August 2, 2016

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At a Glance

• Civics & Citizenship
• Social Studies
• The Holocaust

About this Chapter

Who am I? Who are you? Who are we? How we answer these questions shapes how we think about, and how we behave toward, ourselves and others. And our answers to those questions are influenced by the society we live in.  This chapter explores the relationship between the individual and society, and how that relationship affects the choices we make.  

Essential Questions

• What is the relationship between the individual and society?
• What factors shape our identities? What parts of our identities do we choose for ourselves? What parts are determined for us by others, by society, or by chance?
• What dilemmas arise when others view us differently than we view ourselves?
• How do our identities influence our choices and the choices available to us?

What's Included

This chapter is from the  Individual & Society  section of  Holocaust and Human Behavior  and includes:

• 17 readings 
• Connection Questions

Additional Context & Background

We begin to learn our culture—the ways of our society—just after birth. That process is called socialization, and it involves far more than schooling. Our culture shapes the way we work and play, and it makes a difference in how we view ourselves and others. It affects our values—what we consider right and wrong. This is how the society we live in influences our choices. But our choices can also influence others and ultimately help shape our society.

Imagine that you encounter a stranger walking down the street. How might you describe the person? What labels would you use? We know that every person is different from any other in countless ways, yet when we encounter others we often rely on generalizations to describe them. “It's a natural tendency,” says psychologist Deborah Tannen. “We must see the world in patterns in order to make sense of it; we wouldn’t be able to deal with the daily onslaught of people and objects if we couldn’t predict a lot about them and feel that we know who and what they are." 1

Our society—through its particular culture, customs, institutions, and more—provides us with the labels we use to categorize the people we encounter. These labels are based on beliefs about race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, economic class, and more. Sometimes our beliefs about these categories are so strong that they prevent us from seeing the unique identities of others. Sometimes these beliefs also make us feel suspicion, fear, or hatred toward some members of our society. Other times, especially when we are able to get to know a person, we are able to see past labels and, perhaps, find common ground.

The stories in this chapter explore some of the dilemmas people face as they establish themselves both as individuals and as members of a group, and as they define themselves and are defined by others. As the first step in the Facing History & Ourselves journey, this chapter introduces ideas about human behavior and decision making that will serve as a foundation for examining the historical case study in the chapters that follow. Teachers are encouraged to select the readings that match their objectives and the interests and needs of their students.

• 1 Deborah Tannen, You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 16.

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Inside this chapter, explore the readings, the bear that wasn't, the danger of a single story, names and identity, finding one's voice, the eye of the beholder, gender and identity, defining race, the social reality of race, the consequences of stereotyping, the blink of an eye, little things are big, words matter, religion and identity, the "in" group, finding confidence, one identity, multiple belongings.

Analysis & Reflection

Enhance your students’ understanding of our readings on individual, society, and identity with these follow-up questions and prompts.

A person has three names: one that he is called by his father and mother; one that people know him by, and one that he acquires for himself.

What is this poem suggesting about the ways we come to understand our identities? What stories from this chapter could illustrate this poem?

• The Bear That Wasn’t is a children’s book that reflects universal questions about the relationship between the individual and society. How do you see ideas from Reading 1, "The Bear That Wasn’t ,"  echoed in some of the other readings throughout this chapter?
• In the reading  The Danger of a Single Story , Chimamanda Adichie warns of “the danger of a single story.” What does she mean? What other readings in this chapter illustrate this danger? Which ones suggest ways to overcome the danger of a single story?
• Legal scholar Martha Minow writes, “When we simplify and sort, we focus on some traits rather than others, and we assign consequences to the presence and absence of the traits we make significant.” What are some of the “traits we make significant” in our society? Do you think some traits and differences matter more than others, and if so, why? Who decides which traits matter most? What readings from this chapter have had the strongest influence on your thinking about these questions?

Related Materials

• Reading The Bear That Wasn't
• Reading The Danger of a Single Story

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How to Write a Sociological Essay: Explained with Examples

This article will discuss “How to Write a Sociological Essay” with insider pro tips and give you a map that is tried and tested. An essay writing is done in three phases: a) preparing for the essay, b) writing the essay, and c) editing the essay. We will take it step-by-step so that nothing is left behind because the devil, as well as good grades and presentation, lies in the details.

Writing is a skill that we learn throughout the courses of our lives. Learning how to write is a process that we begin as soon as we turn 4, and the learning process never stops. But the question is, “is all writing the same?”. The answer is NO. Do you remember your initial lessons of English when you were in school, and how the teacher taught various formats of writing such as formal, informal, essay, letter, and much more? Therefore, writing is never that simple. Different occasions demand different styles and commands over the writing style. Thus, the art of writing improves with time and experience. 

Those who belong to the world of academia know that writing is something that they cannot escape. No writing is the same when it comes to different disciplines of academia. Similarly, the discipline of sociology demands a particular style of formal academic writing. If you’re a new student of sociology, it can be an overwhelming subject, and writing assignments don’t make the course easier. Having some tips handy can surely help you write and articulate your thoughts better. 

[Let us take a running example throughout the article so that every point becomes crystal clear. Let us assume that the topic we have with us is to “Explore Culinary Discourse among the Indian Diasporic Communities” .]

Phase I: Preparing for the Essay  

Step 1: make an outline.

So you have to write a sociological essay, which means that you already either received or have a topic in mind. The first thing for you to do is PLAN how you will attempt to write this essay. To plan, the best way is to make an outline. The topic you have, certainly string some thread in your mind. They can be instances you heard or read, some assumptions you hold, something you studied in the past, or based on your own experience, etc. Make a rough outline where you note down all the themes you would like to talk about in your essay. The easiest way to make an outline is to make bullet points. List all the thoughts and examples that you have in find and create a flow for your essay. Remember that this is only a rough outline so you can always make changes and reshuffle your points. 

[Explanation through example, assumed topic: “Explore Culinary Discourse among the Indian Diasporic Communities” . Your outline will look something like this:

Step 2: Start Reading 

Once you have prepared an outline for your essay, the next step is to start your RESEARCH . You cannot write a sociological essay out of thin air. The essay needs to be thoroughly researched and based on facts. Sociology is the subject of social science that is based on facts and evidence. Therefore, start reading as soon as you have your outline determined. The more you read, the more factual data you will collect. But the question which now emerges is “what to read” . You cannot do a basic Google search to write an academic essay. Your research has to be narrow and concept-based. For writing a sociological essay, make sure that the sources from where you read are academically acclaimed and accepted.  

For best search, search for your articles by typing “Food+Diaspora”, “Food+Nostalgia”, adding a plus sign (+) improves the search result.]

Step 3: Make Notes 

This is a step that a lot of people miss when they are preparing to write their essays. It is important to read, but how you read is also a very vital part. When you are reading from multiple sources then all that you read becomes a big jumble of information in your mind. It is not possible to remember who said what at all times. Therefore, what you need to do while reading is to maintain an ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY . Whenever you’re reading for writing an academic essay then have a notebook handy, or if you prefer electronic notes then prepare a Word Document, Google Docs, Notes, or any tool of your choice to make notes. 

[Explanation through example, assumed topic: “Explore Culinary Discourse among the Indian Diasporic Communities” . 

Annotate and divide your notes based on the outline you made. Having organized notes will help you directly apply the concepts where they are needed rather than you going and searching for them again.] 

Phase II: Write a Sociological Essay

Now let us get into the details which go into the writing of a sociological essay.  

Step 4: Writing a Title, Subtitle, Abstract, and Keywords 

This is an optional component of any essay. If you think that your title cannot justify the rest of the contents of your essay, then you opt for a subtitle. The subtitle is the secondary part of the title which is used to further elucidate the title. A subtitle should be smaller in font than the Title but bigger than the rest of the essay body.  

Pro Tip by Sociology Group: If you are not sure about your abstract at first, it is always great to write the abstract in the end after you are done with your essay. 

Keywords are an extension of your abstract. Whereas in your abstract you will use a paragraph to tell the reader what to expect ahead, by stating keywords, you point out the essence of your essay by using only individual words. These words are mostly concepts of social sciences. At first, glance, looking at your keywords, the reader should get informed about all the concepts and themes you will explain in detail later. 

Your keywords could be: Food, Diaspora, Migration, and so on. Build on these as you continue to write your essay.]   

Step 5: Writing the Introduction, Main Body, and Conclusion 

Your introduction should talk about the subject on which you are writing at the broadest level. In an introduction, you make your readers aware of what you are going to argue later in the essay. An introduction can discuss a little about the history of the topic, how it was understood till now, and a framework of what you are going to talk about ahead. You can think of your introduction as an extended form of the abstract. Since it is the first portion of your essay, it should paint a picture where the readers know exactly what’s ahead of them. 

Since your focus is on “food” and “diaspora”, your introductory paragraph can dwell into a little history of the relationship between the two and the importance of food in community building.] 

The main body is mostly around 4 to 6 paragraphs long. A sociological essay is filled with debates, theories, theorists, and examples. When writing the main body it is best to target making one or two paragraphs about the same revolving theme. When you shift to the other theme, it is best to connect it with the theme you discussed in the paragraph right above it to form a connection between the two. If you are dividing your essay into various sub-themes then the best way to correlate them is starting each new subtheme by reflecting on the last main arguments presented in the theme before it. To make a sociological essay even more enriching, include examples that exemplify the theoretical concepts better. 

The main body can here be divided into the categories which you formed during the first step of making the rough outline. Therefore, your essay could have 3 to 4 sub-sections discussing different themes such as: Food and Media, Caste and Class influence food practices, Politics of Food, Gendered Lens, etc.] 

Pro Tip by Sociology Group: As the introduction, the conclusion is smaller compared to the main body. Keep your conclusion within the range of 1 to 2 paragraphs. 

Step 6: Citation and Referencing 

This is the most academic part of your sociological essay. Any academic essay should be free of plagiarism. But how can one avoid plagiarism when their essay is based on research which was originally done by others. The solution for this is to give credit to the original author for their work. In the world of academia, this is done through the processes of Citation and Referencing (sometimes also called Bibliography). Citation is done within/in-between the text, where you directly or indirectly quote the original text. Whereas, Referencing or Bibliography is done at the end of an essay where you give resources of the books or articles which you have quoted in your essay at various points. Both these processes are done so that the reader can search beyond your essay to get a better grasp of the topic. 

There are many different styles of citations and you can determine which you want to follow. Some of the most common styles of citation and referencing are MLA, APA, and Chicago style. If you are working on Google Docs or Word then the application makes your work easier because they help you curate your citations. There are also various online tools that can make citing references far easier, faster, and adhering to citation guidelines, such as an APA generator. This can save you a lot of time when it comes to referencing, and makes the task far more manageable. 

How to add citations in Word Document: References → Insert Citations 

Example: Syrkin, A. 1984. “Notes on the Buddha’s Threats in the Dīgha Nikāya ”, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies , vol. 7(1), pp.147-58.

Pro Tip by Sociology Group: Always make sure that your Bibliography/References are alphabetically ordered based on the first alphabet of the surname of the author and NOT numbered or bulleted. 

Phase III: Editing 

Step 7: edit/review your essay.

Pro Tip by Sociology Group: The more you edit the better results you get. But we think that your 3rd draft is the magic draft. Draft 1: rough essay, Draft 2: edited essay, Draft 3: final essay.

Biotechnology

It’s our responsibility to engineer corals that can weather the world we’ve created

Global history

The route to progress

Anticolonial modernity was founded upon the fight for liberation from communists, capitalists and imperialists alike

Frank Gerits

War and peace

A century later, can poetry help us make sense of the First World War’s horrors?

Philosophy of mind

The problem of erring animals

Three medieval thinkers struggled to explain how animals could make mistakes – and uncovered the nature of nonhuman minds

Language and linguistics

The little Peruvian guide to public speaking that conjures up a grandiose world

The disruption nexus

Moments of crisis, such as our own, are great opportunities for historic change, but only under highly specific conditions

Roman Krznaric

What is intelligent life?

Our human minds hold us back from truly understanding the many brilliant ways that other creatures solve their problems

Abigail Desmond & Michael Haslam

The ancient world

Archeological discoveries animate the life of the warrior queen who took on Rome

Biography and memoir

Preserving memories of a Japanese internment camp, and the land where it stood

Trek to a remote Himalayan village where artisans craft teapots fit for kings

Economic history

Economics 101

Why introductory economics courses continued to teach zombie ideas from before economics became an empirical discipline

Walter Frick

Political philosophy

Beyond the veil – what rules would govern John Rawls’s ‘realistic Utopia’?

Childhood and adolescence

The unique fellowship between teens and young puffins on a remote Icelandic island

Technology and the self

Tomorrow people

For the entire 20th century, it had felt like telepathy was just around the corner. Why is that especially true now?

Roger Luckhurst

Animals and humans

Why be dragons? How massive, reptilian beasts entered our collective imagination

Nations and empires

Chastising little brother

Why did Japanese Confucians enthusiastically support Imperial Japan’s murderous conquest of China, the homeland of Confucius?

Shaun O’Dwyer

Rituals and celebrations

Flirtation, negotiation and vodka – or how to couple up in 1950s rural Poland

Stories and literature

Her blazing world

Margaret Cavendish’s boldness and bravery set 17th-century society alight, but is she a feminist poster-girl for our times?

Francesca Peacock

In the town once named Asbestos, locals ponder the voids industry left in its wake

Ecology and environmental sciences

To take care of the Earth, humans must recognise that we are both a part of the animal kingdom and its dominant power

Hugh Desmond

Mental health

The last great stigma

Workers with mental illness experience discrimination that would be unthinkable for other health issues. Can this change?

Pernille Yilmam

How the world’s richest reds are derived from an innocuous Mexican insect

A lush, whirlwind tribute to the diversity of life in a northern English county

Folk music was never green

Don’t be swayed by the sound of environmental protest: these songs were first sung in the voice of the cutter, not the tree

Richard Smyth

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Home Essay Samples Sociology

Essay Samples on Society

The integral role of community service in society.

Community service, often perceived as a simple act of volunteerism, holds a profound impact on individuals and communities as a whole. It not only fosters social cohesion but also strengthens communal ties and promotes personal growth. This essay delves into the pivotal nature of community...

• Community Service

The Positive and Negative Impact of Technology on Society

This essay weighs the advantages and disadvantages of technology in contemporary society, acknowledging the profound ways technology has reshaped our world, while advocating for a balanced and responsible approach to its use. Introduction As technology continues to evolve at an unprecedented rate, its effects on...

• Impact of Technology

Politicians and Comedians: It's Time to Change the Voice

Sociopolitical jokes circulated on social media are frequently irreverent and sometimes reflect ignorance. But those that center on issues that are emotive, unpleasant or confusing are often wildly popular. That is because the humor provides comic relief that temporarily defuses the tense feeling evoked by...

• Politicians

Utopia as Possible Political Theory for a Perfect Society

In the contemporary era, everyday life is surrounded by utopian images and texts. The term ‘Utopia’ is coined by Thomas More in 1516 in which it is initially the name of his ideal imagined society. The term is combined by the Greek words: outopia and...

• Political theories

Depiction of Gender Roles in the Movies Now Voyager, Real Women Have Curves and Imitation of Life

From the post-depression era to now, a lot of moving and influential movies such as “Now Voyager”, “Real Women Have Curves” and “Imitation of Life” have been produced in the industries of American Cinema. These movies focus on changing social attitude regarding Women and Race....

• Gender Roles

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Religion and Society in Juan Rulfo Novel Pedro Paramo

The novel Pedro Páramo revolves around different events that occurred in Comala. These events led to the destruction of the entire town. Juan Rulfo’s novel was influenced by Cristero War that affected many religious societies in rural Mexico and Fr. Renteria, a character in his...

• Book Review

Ralph Waldo Emerson's Work and Its Impact on American Society

A world-renowned American poet and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson delineates himself in his writings so flawlessly that the readers of his works have no choice but to acknowledge his various characteristics. Many of Emerson’s works ignite a sense of interest about his early influences in...

• The American Scholar

Dr. Ambedkar’s Theorization on the Caste System

Introduction: When we hear or think of the term ‘Caste system’, the first personality we reflect on is Dr. Ambedkar as he has played a vital role in shaping the lives of people who’ve been vulnerable due to social stratification through the lens of caste....

• Caste System

Decline of Middle Class in Indonesian Society

The Middle class in Indonesia is declining because the increase in the wage rate could not catch up with the increase of Indonesia’s inflation rate as shown by the bar chart above. Other reasons why they would still decline is because of Tax. Every income...

• Middle Class

Illiteracy of Preference in Society in Amistad

The story turns around the events that happened to the explorers and gathering of La Amistad, two-masted American scissors that were asserted by a Spaniard. On July 1839, Sengbe Pieh drove the slaves being transported in La Amistad against their captors. These Africans were stole...

Contract Rulers: Measuring the Consequences of the Social Contract Theory

Social contract theory states that people live together in society, on the bases of an agreement that establishes the moral and political rules of conduct. Some philosopher, like Hobbs, and Rawls’ believe that we live morally according to these social contracts chosen by society, rather...

• Social Contract Theory

Portrayal of Materialistic and Conformist Society in Some Like It Hot

Some like it a hot is a representation of the conservative 50s with materialistic and conformist values. Women were looking for a rich husband to take care of them and men were looking for the next hot thing or good deal. It was a time...

• Some Like It Hot

The Perfect Society that Plato Sketches in the Republic

Plato (427-347 BC) was an Athenian philosopher in Ancient Greece. He was a follower of Socrates (470-399 BC) and as such wrote a number of dialogues in which Socrates was the main protagonist. One of his most famous of these dialogues is the Republic, written...

• Plato Republic

Exposure to LGBTQ in Social Studies in Schools

In the article Bringing LGBTQ Topics into the Social Studies Classroom, Brad M. Maguth and Nathan Taylor highlight the importance of including discussion of LGBTQ (Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, Transgender, and Queer) individuals and the struggles they face into the modern social studies classroom. Maguth and...

Importance of Trade Unions for Organizations and Society in the 21st Century

Executive summary The ponder aims at finding out the impacts of t trade unionism on laborers in the world. The fundamental destinations of this ponder were to begin with recognize how the practice s of Trade union impacts on workers. Another point was to decide how...

• Trade Union

How Food Reflects the Social Hierarchy

Food can define civilization in many ways. One of the most significant ways is how it reflects a social hierarchy through the classes that people build by themselves, which is an essential part of civilization. Representatively, food can reflect social hierarchy to a large extent,...

• Table Manners

Emile Durkheim's Concepts on How Assemblies are Useful for Bringing People Together

This essay will analyse how organisations such as Sunday Assembly can be useful for collectively bringing together individuals in society. Emile Durkheim would refer to a service like this as the ‘social glue’ in society as he states shared moral beliefs such as Sunday Assembly...

• Emile Durkheim

The Ideas of a Sociologist, Emile Durkheim

Durkheim was a France sociologist who devoted his life to establish how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modern era. He was able to published several books in sociology. In his first book; The Division of Labour in Society, he argues that in...

How "I Love Lucy" Reflects the Values of Society in the 1950s

I Love Lucy is a T.V. show of 180 episodes of 25 minutes each, in black and white, created by Jess Oppenheimer, Madelyn Pugh, and Bob Carroll Jr. and broadcast between October 15, 1951, and May 6, 1957, on the CBS network. This humorous series...

Alternate Reading of a 'Clockwork Orange' by Stanley Kubrick

A Clockwork Orange (2005) disturbs viewers because of its radically dark nature in depicting a futuristic reality, in which viewers refuse to want to believe. The dystopian world in which we are encapsulated in when we watch the film is highlighted through the presentation of...

• A Clockwork Orange

Syntactic Cross-Linguistic Influence In L3 Acquisition Of English Possessives

The study investigates English as third language acquisition by people who are using Mazandarani and Persian as their language acquisition. The data have been carried out by 31 student, age 13-14 years old. The test is done by placing of attributive possessive in grammatical judgment...

• Bilingualism

The Misrepresentation of Prophet Muhammad in the Western Society

Prophet Muhammad is misunderstood in the Western world, especially people in America have a lot of un-nuanced opinions and negative views about Him. From Western eyes, Muhammad was a corrupt leader who preached his followers to become intolerant and dangerous towards non believers around them....

The Effect of Anthropomorphism and Sentiment of Statement on Anticipatory Guilt

People are often reluctant to comply with social causes because doing so may involve personal sacrifices of time, money, and effort for benefits that benefit society(Ahn et al.,2013). Yet people often feel obligated to comply with social causes and in turn, will contribute those sacrifices...

• Cultural Anthropology

Darwinian Viewpoint of Reciprocal Altruism in the Society

The human species is a very social one, as social behaviour is more common in humans than other animals. One very common behaviour, however, is altruism. Altruism is when we act in a way that promotes someone's welfare, even at risk or cost to ourselves....

A Fantastic Woman: The Picturesque Cinematography of Chilean Film

“A Fantastic Woman” (Sebastián Lelio,2017) will go down in history as the first Chilean film to win an Oscar, and the first Oscar winner with a transgender woman starring as the leading role. This film addresses a pertinent issue, not only in Chile, but in...

• Film Analysis

Disco Genre in the Discography of Sister Sledge

Music has a huge impact on society and has influenced many individuals today and even back in the seventies. Disco music was an uptempo form of music, which was a combination of soul, funk, latin and motown music. Disco had a strong beat, the music...

• Music Industry

Vindication of Rights of Women: Fight for Equal Position of Women in the Society

In a world where patriarchy has always been prominent and dominant, class, caste and sex differences between male and female are explicitly noticed. Women have always been portrayed as inferior to men and as argued by Mary Wollstonecraft in her essay, Rights of Women, censoriously...

• Women's Rights

The Legacy of Emmett Till: How His Murder Sparked Change in Society

The brutal murder of Emmett Till in 1955 had a profound impact on American society and served as a turning point in the civil rights movement. Till was a 14-year-old African American boy from Chicago who was visiting family in Mississippi when he was brutally...

• Emmett Till

Gattaca: The Flawed Perfect Society

In the dystopian future of Gattaca, social ranking in society is classified by the genetic engineering of humans. Vincent Freeman, who was conceived naturally and without any technology, suffered from a myriad of birth defects that had since then been eradicated, such as nearsightedness and...

How I Can Constribute to National Honor Society

Being given a chance by my teachers and other leaders to be a candidate for membership in the National Honor Society is a great honor for me. From what I know, National Honor Society is a nationally recognized student leadership and service organization. It’s built...

• National Honor Society

Why I Am a Strong Candidate for National Honor Society

The National Honor Society is an organization that prides itself on its members being outstanding and well-rounded students, encouraging them to have leadership, good character, and help their community in as many ways possible. Joining NHS would allow me to develop such skills and grow...

Social Practice in Quentin Tarantino’s Django Unchained

Our day to day activities in today’s society studies and defines a form of measurement of social practice in everything we do, within our relationship with one another, connected by the ideas and institutions around us. In many aspects, “Film and Television as a Social...

• Django Unchained

Nestle Corporation and Their False Claims for Social Change

Nestle’s social claims are “We strive to reduce the environmental impact of our packaging while ensuring our packaging protects our products effectively “. And Nestle’s environmental claims say that “We focus on making the most of our vehicle trips, reducing empty transport journeys and constantly...

Degradation Ceremony of Removing Oneself from the Group

A degradation ceremony is a process in which an individual is removed from a group or making it so that one's social status is no longer connected with said group. Degradation ceremonies were created as an outlet for society to deal with individuals that have...

Social Influence on the Conformity of People

Social Influence is the change in behaviour that occurs in an individual through another individual or a group of individuals, either deliberately or involuntarily. This change usually occurs through; conformity or obedience. (Kelly & Barker, 2016) This essay will firstly introduce the topic of conformity...

Uncounscious Essentialism Bias as a Tool for Shaping Society

Essentialism is the idea that every being has a true nature or an inner condition that explains the similarities each member of a category has; this “essence” cannot be seen and it is completely unknown, but it grants and constitutes the basis for the identity...

Nationalism as Ideology of Unity in 18th Century Europe

The culture of a nation has many faces. Each of the culture has its own thoughts, faiths and beliefs which help setting up norms for the systematic movement of the society. The concept of nationalism is also an output of such cultures. There are different...

• Nationalism

The Pressure on Women Brought by Makeup

Makeup takes a huge part of our society. People don't tend to question why we wear makeup because it's such a normalized necessity. Society has made the concept that women use makeup as an activity for being feminine. Although nobody is born wearing makeup, our...

The Importacne of Self-Respect for an Individual and Society

Self-respect epitomizes an affectionate regard for oneself and the comportment governed by honor and dignity. It mirrors a profound admiration and veneration for one's own being. A person who possesses self-respect treats themselves with utmost honor and nobility. Conversely, the lack of self-respect brings about...

An Examination of Levels of Societal Tolerance

Abstract In today’s world almost all acts of terror, hate crimes, crimes of passion or even protests and bans are due to the low levels of tolerance in society. The present study aimed at understanding the level of tolerance in society. The study was conducted...

• Religious Tolerance

The Fanaticism In Religion Damages Harmony Of Society

Nowadays there are educated fanatics who oppose Islam, without having objective knowledge of it, and being based only on the distorted information, but considering at the same time own opinion the most correct. Islam is more than any other religion opposes fanaticism. There are also...

• Religious Beliefs

Mythologically Induced Culture: the Way of Life Imposed by Society

Over the years, myths have been passed down through generations to tell a story of some kind to help children and even adults believe in one thing or another. Sometimes myths are used to scare children from acting poorly toward their parents and other times...

• Inequality in Education
• Social Class

Analysis Of The Advertisement “Don’t Judge Anything Too Quick”

The probability of watching advertisement is high and individuals can hardly miss to watch it especially when they are watching television or browsing the internet. The odd of stumbling one self to an advertisement is a complete zero as it is everywhere. Not only in...

• Advertising Analysis

Evaluation Of Modernization, Dependency And Feminist Theory

Development is to have taken place when one is able to move from a lower stage to a higher one. Development is gradual therefore it does not take place overnight. For instance, “it is not simply just an increase in Gross Domestic Production (G. D....

Hesiod’s Theogony: The Origin Of Patriarchal Society And Stereotypes Of Females

Have you ever wondered why the world is the way it is? Why men have all the power and women are nothing but accessories? Hesiod’s Theogony has some insight to these questions. From lines 585-613, Zeus introduced “the perfect woman” into the world of men...

• Gender Stereotypes

Post Colonialism In Shobha De’s Socialite Evenings

Post dominion in shobha de's socialite evening times post expansionism is a time span after government and post - sovereign composing is ordinarily depicted by its protection from the common. in any case a couple of faultfinders have battled that any written work that conveys...

Beneath and Beyond the Crisis of Humanities

The elegance additionally explored a spread of focal regions, consisting of the ones used as social lenses for the fashioning of the phenomena studied at some stage in the direction. The fields that had been explored because the lenses used for analyzing the human global...

An Extensive Social, Psychological, And Mental Profile Of The Peoples Temple Followers

An African American woman named Mattie Gibson just wanted to escape her past which included “never getting any longer than third grade in primary school, going through a childhoodwithout any proper food or clothing, and having to deal with brutal racism and beatings fromwhite people....

• African American

Analysis Of The Article “I’Ve Never Seen Anything Like Crazy Rich Asians Before”

I have read the article called “I’ve never seen anything like crazy rich Asians before” from the nz herald website. This article is based around Asian stereotypes and the ideas of where Asians sit in society, in terms of movie roles, workforces etc. They have...

• Racial Segregation

Bourdieu And Habitus: Understanding Power In Society

This is not the easiest of quotes from the reading to analyze. It is quite confusing but I will attempt to dissect it by taking key words and concepts of Bourdieu and analyzing them under his theory to rephrase the quote above and attempting to...

Building Cities After Revolution In Economic And Social Structure

One hypothesis that aims to explain how and why human beings first started building cities comes from Childe's essay "The Urban Revolution. " This was published in 1950 in the journal the Town Planning Review. In the article, Childe argues that human beings started building...

Communication As A Many-Sided Phenomenon

Communication may be perceived as a many-sided phenomenon that denotes dissimilar ideas to different individuals. Accordingly, using non-standard English in the workplace may defeat the primary objective of the organization because workers may misinterpret different concepts, and, as a result, create communication barriers (Odine 1616)....

• Communication Skills

Helpful Ways To Engage With People With Disabilities

People with disabilities around the globe tend to see the world in a different light. Whilst living with their illnesses and disabilities can make life challenging, these individuals prove to be more resilient and highly knowledgeable beyond their years. Because of this, conversing and truly...

• Children With Disabilities

How People Of Different Age Groups Spend Their Money

People in the age group of 18-25 mostly prefer savings a/c and take education loan whereas people in the age group of 25-35 mostly prefer savings a/c, personal loan and two wheeler or car loan, insurance such as motor insurance, current a/c, and credit card....

How To Attain An Effective Work-Life Balance?

Our world has come a long way at a fast-increasing rate. Due to various technological advancements and social changes, it has become harder for individuals to attain an effective work-life balance. According to Canadian Electronic Library, & National Union of Public General Employees, 72% of...

• Work-Life Balance

A Research on Contributive Role of Public Toilets in Improving Urban Sanitation

Background Public and communal toilets can be considered as an essential element in environmental design, controlling factor of sanitation, adding up to a city’s worth and viability (Greed, 2004). It is without doubt that some people in recent times still exhibit poor attitude towards sanitation...

The Significance of Multiculturalism and Cultural Diversity in the 21st Century

Multiculturalism and cultural diversity have been given a tremendous amount of importance in the 21st century. Individuals, states and, global corporations take advantage of diversity by using the different beliefs and ideas presented as new discoveries which allows current issues to be solved innovatively. The...

• Multiculturalism

You Should Never Let Fear Overcome You

The story starts with a picture that was taken in a classroom with three of my friends in my high school during our Christmas program. It was taken to memorialize the first time that we, as performers, attended the school’s program by performing a Christian...

Case Of Patient's Mental Health: Suicide Or Murder

I never knew how, or when, or why it started, it just started. This never-ending conflict of me, only me, and this was my lunacy. This was how multiple lacerations came to me, or how my skin thirsted for my blood, or how high the...

Nudism & Our Attitude To It

Nudism is something we don’t know much about or think we know about and decide to make assumptions. What’s the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the word ‘nudist’? It’s probably not sweet. Have you ever thought about giving it a...

• Stereotypes

The Main Connotations Of Sustainability And Equity In Society

What are the basic questions that any civilization should ask to itself in order to evaluate its success and to answer the most crucial problems faced by it? The first question should be about sustainability and equity. As an unsustainable civilization cannot continue to grow...

• Sustainability

The Nonessentials Of Sex, Race, Color And Religion

Malcom X, Martin Luther, Pope John Paul, Barack Obama and other great men and women in history had one major common goal; seeing a pacified world. A world that is not divided along the ethnic lines. A world that is not divided in the supernatural...

Social Sciences And Media's Effect On Societies

SOCIAL SCIENCE: The study through which we can help improve our lives, one can study society or one’s behavior in society, they learn about their own identity, the way they interact, their customs, activities all includes in social science. In this we study how people...

• Media Analysis

Socio-Economic Inequality In The Works Of Adiga And Mistry

The dreams of the rich, and the dreams of the poor – they never overlap, do they? See, the poor dream all their lives of getting enough to eat and looking like the rich. And what do the rich dream of? Losing weight and looking...

Technology As A Driver Of Globalisation Process

Introduction Many people when they think of globalisation they quickly linked it to the rapid expansion of trade, finance markets and corporate activity. In late twentieth century, technology was added to the lists as a new driving force of globalisation, since it kept on revolutionising....

• Globalisation

The Benefits Of A Being A Superhero

Popular figures such as Batman, Thor, Spiderman, and Superman are frequently described as superheroes along with many other synonymous terms such as “guardian” and “saviour” because they are fictional characters who have extraordinary or superhuman powers, according to Merriam Webster’s Dictionary. However, the job description...

The Connection Between The Media And State In The Musharraf Time In Setting Of Social Conduct

Theoretical This paper examines the connection between the media and state in the Musharraf time in setting of Social conduct. In the earlier decade there were giant changes in the media scene of Pakistan. General Pervez Musharraf, who went to the rudder of control through...

Megaprojects And Standard Contracts Comparison

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The Impact Of The Oil Spill On The Environment And People's Attitudes Towards This

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1.2 Understanding Society

Learning objectives.

• Explain the debunking motif.
• Define the sociological imagination.
• Explain what is meant by the blaming-the-victim ideology.

We have just seen that sociology regards individuals as social beings influenced in many ways by their social environment and perhaps less free to behave and think than Americans ordinarily assume. If this insight suggests to you that sociology might have some other surprising things to say about the social world, you are certainly correct. Max Weber (1864–1920), a founder of sociology, wrote long ago that a major goal of sociology was to reveal and explain “inconvenient facts” (Gerth & Mills, 1946, p. 147). These facts include the profound influence of society on the individual and also, as we shall see throughout this book, the existence and extent of social inequality.

In line with Weber’s observation, as sociologists use the sociological perspective in their theory and research, they often challenge conventional understandings of how society works and of controversial social issues. This emphasis is referred to as the debunking motif , to which we now turn.

The Debunking Motif

As Peter L. Berger (1963, pp. 23–24) noted in his classic book Invitation to Sociology , “The first wisdom of sociology is this—things are not what they seem.” Social reality, he said, has “many layers of meaning,” and a goal of sociology is to help us discover these multiple meanings. He continued, “People who like to avoid shocking discoveries…should stay away from sociology.”

As Berger was emphasizing, sociology helps us see through conventional understandings of how society works. He referred to this theme of sociology as the debunking motif . By “looking for levels of reality other than those given in the official interpretations of society” (p. 38), Berger said, sociology looks beyond on-the-surface understandings of social reality and helps us recognize the value of alternative understandings. In this manner, sociology often challenges conventional understandings about social reality and social institutions.

For example, suppose two people meet at a college dance. They are interested in getting to know each other. What would be an on-the-surface understanding and description of their interaction over the next few minutes? What do they say? If they are like a typical couple who just met, they will ask questions like, What’s your name? Where are you from? What dorm do you live in? What’s your major? Now, such a description of their interaction is OK as far as it goes, but what is really going on here? Does either of the two people really care that much about the other person’s answers to these questions? Isn’t each one more concerned about how the other person is responding, both verbally and nonverbally, during this brief interaction? For example, is the other person paying attention and smiling? Isn’t this kind of understanding a more complete analysis of these few minutes of interaction than an understanding based solely on the answers to questions like, What’s your major? For the most complete understanding of this brief encounter, then, we must look beyond the rather superficial things the two people are telling each other to uncover the true meaning of what is going on.

As another example, consider the power structure in a city or state. To know who has the power to make decisions, we would probably consult a city or state charter or constitution that spells out the powers of the branches of government. This written document would indicate who makes decisions and has power, but what would it not talk about? To put it another way, who or what else has power to influence the decisions elected officials make? Big corporations? Labor unions? The media? Lobbying groups representing all sorts of interests? The city or state charter or constitution may indicate who has the power to make decisions, but this understanding would be limited unless one looks beyond these written documents to get a deeper, more complete understanding of how power really operates in the setting being studied.

Social Structure and the Sociological Imagination

One way sociology achieves a more complete understanding of social reality is through its focus on the importance of the social forces affecting our behavior, attitudes, and life chances. This focus involves an emphasis on social structure , the social patterns through which a society is organized. Social structure can be both horizontal or vertical. Horizontal social structure refers to the social relationships and the social and physical characteristics of communities to which individuals belong. Some people belong to many networks of social relationships, including groups like the PTA and the Boy or Girl Scouts, while other people have fewer such networks. Some people grew up on streets where the houses were crowded together, while other people grew up in areas where the homes were much farther apart. These are examples of the sorts of factors constituting the horizontal social structure that forms such an important part of our social environment and backgrounds.

The other dimension of social structure is vertical. Vertical social structure , more commonly called social inequality , refers to ways in which a society or group ranks people in a hierarchy, with some more “equal” than others. In the United States and most other industrial societies, such things as wealth, power, race and ethnicity, and gender help determine one’s social ranking, or position, in the vertical social structure. Some people are at the top of society, while many more are in the middle or at the bottom. People’s positions in society’s hierarchy in turn often have profound consequences for their attitudes, behaviors, and life chances, both for themselves and for their children.

In recognizing the importance of social structure, sociology stresses that individual problems are often rooted in problems stemming from the horizontal and vertical social structures of society. This key insight informed C. Wright Mills’s (1959) classic distinction between personal troubles and public issues . Personal troubles refer to a problem affecting individuals that the affected individual, as well as other members of society, typically blame on the individual’s own failings. Examples include such different problems as eating disorders, divorce, and unemployment. Public issues , whose source lies in the social structure and culture of a society, refer to social problems affecting many individuals. Thus problems in society help account for problems that individuals experience. Mills felt that many problems ordinarily considered private troubles are best understood as public issues, and he coined the term sociological imagination to refer to the ability to appreciate the structural basis for individual problems.

To illustrate Mills’s viewpoint, let’s use our sociological imaginations to understand some important contemporary social problems. We will start with unemployment, which Mills himself discussed. If only a few people were unemployed, Mills wrote, we could reasonably explain their unemployment by saying they were lazy, lacked good work habits, and so forth. If so, their unemployment would be their own personal trouble. But when millions of people are out of work, unemployment is best understood as a public issue because, as Mills (1959, p. 9) put it, “the very structure of opportunities has collapsed. Both the correct statement of the problem and the range of possible solutions require us to consider the economic and political institutions of the society, and not merely the personal situation and character of a scatter of individuals.”

The growing unemployment rate stemming from the severe economic downturn that began in 2008 provides a telling example of the point Mills was making. Millions of people lost their jobs through no fault of their own. While some individuals are undoubtedly unemployed because they are lazy or lack good work habits, a more structural explanation focusing on lack of opportunity is needed to explain why so many people were out of work as this book went to press. If so, unemployment is best understood as a public issue rather than a personal trouble.

Another contemporary problem is crime, which we explore further in Chapter 7 “Deviance, Crime, and Social Control” . If crime were only a personal trouble, then we could blame crime on the moral failings of individuals, and some explanations of crime do precisely this. But such an approach ignores the fact that crime is a public issue, because structural factors such as inequality and the physical characteristics of communities contribute to high crime rates among certain groups in American society. As an illustration, consider identical twins separated at birth. One twin grows up in a wealthy suburb or rural area, while the other twin grows up in a blighted neighborhood in a poor, urban area. Twenty years later, which twin will be more likely to have a criminal record? You probably answered the twin growing up in the poor, rundown urban neighborhood. If so, you recognize that there is something about growing up in that type of neighborhood that increases the chances of a person becoming prone to crime. That “something” is the structural factors just mentioned. Criminal behavior is a public issue, not just a personal trouble.

Although eating disorders often stem from personal problems, they also may reflect a cultural emphasis for women to have slender bodies.

Christy McKenna – grab – CC BY-SA 2.0.

A third problem is eating disorders. We usually consider a person’s eating disorder to be a personal trouble that stems from a lack of control, low self-esteem, or another personal problem. This explanation may be OK as far as it goes, but it does not help us understand why so many people have the personal problems that lead to eating disorders. Perhaps more important, this belief also neglects the larger social and cultural forces that help explain such disorders. For example, most Americans with eating disorders are women, not men. This gender difference forces us to ask what it is about being a woman in American society that makes eating disorders so much more common. To begin to answer this question, we need to look to the standard of beauty for women that emphasizes a slender body (Whitehead & Kurz, 2008). If this cultural standard did not exist, far fewer American women would suffer from eating disorders than do now. Even if every girl and woman with an eating disorder were cured, others would take their places unless we could somehow change the cultural standard of female slenderness. To the extent this explanation makes sense, eating disorders are best understood as a public issue, not just as a personal trouble.

Picking up on Mills’s insights, William Ryan (1976) pointed out that Americans typically think that social problems such as poverty and unemployment stem from personal failings of the people experiencing these problems, not from structural problems in the larger society. Using Mills’s terms, Americans tend to think of social problems as personal troubles rather than public issues. As Ryan put it, they tend to believe in blaming the victim rather than blaming the system .

To help us understand a blaming-the-victim ideology, let’s consider why poor children in urban areas often learn very little in their schools. A blaming-the-victim approach, according to Ryan, would say that the children’s parents do not care about their learning, fail to teach them good study habits, and do not encourage them to take school seriously. This type of explanation may apply to some parents, in Ryan’s opinion, but it ignores a much more important reason: the sad shape of America’s urban schools, which are decrepit structures housing old textbooks and out-of-date equipment. To improve the schooling of children in urban areas, he wrote, we must improve the schools themselves, and not just try to “improve” the parents.

As this example suggests, a blaming-the-victim approach points to solutions to social problems such as poverty and illiteracy that are very different from those suggested by a more structural approach that “blames the system.” If we blame the victim, we would spend our limited dollars to address the personal failings of individuals who suffer from poverty, illiteracy, poor health, eating disorders, and other difficulties. If instead we blame the system, we would focus our attention on the various social conditions (decrepit schools, cultural standards of female beauty, and the like) that account for these difficulties. A sociological perspective suggests that the latter approach is ultimately needed to help us deal successfully with the social problems facing us today.

Sociology and Social Reform: Public Sociology

This book’s subtitle is “understanding and changing the social world.” The last several pages were devoted to the subtitle’s first part, understanding . Our discussion of Mills’s and Ryan’s perspectives in turn points to the implications of a sociological understanding for changing the social world. This understanding suggests the need to focus on the various aspects of the social environment that help explain both social issues and private troubles, to recall Mills’s terms.

The use of sociological knowledge to achieve social reform was a key theme of sociology as it developed in the United States after emerging at the University of Chicago in the 1890s (Calhoun, 2007). The early Chicago sociologists aimed to use their research to achieve social reform and, in particular, to reduce poverty and its related effects. They worked closely with Jane Addams (1860–1935), a renowned social worker who founded Hull House (a home for the poor in Chicago) in 1899 and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Addams gained much attention for her analyses of poverty and other social problems of the time, and her book Twenty Years at Hull House remains a moving account of her work with the poor and ill in Chicago (Deegan, 1990).

About the same time, W. E. B. Du Bois (1868–1963), a sociologist and the first African American to obtain a PhD from Harvard University, wrote groundbreaking books and articles on race in American society and, more specifically, on the problems facing African Americans (Morris, 2007). One of these works was his 1899 book The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study , which attributed the problems facing Philadelphia blacks to racial prejudice among whites. Du Bois also helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). A contemporary of Du Bois was Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862–1931), a former slave who became an activist for women’s rights and worked tirelessly to improve the conditions of African Americans. She wrote several studies of lynching and joined Du Bois in helping to found the NAACP (Bay, 2009).

American sociology has never fully lost its early calling, but by the 1940s and 1950s many sociologists had developed a more scientific, professional orientation that disregarded social reform (Calhoun, 2007). In 1951, a group of sociologists who felt that sociology had abandoned the discipline’s early social reform orientation formed a new national association, the Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP). SSSP’s primary aim today remains the use of sociological knowledge to achieve social justice ( http://sssp1.org ). During the 1960s, a new wave of young sociologists, influenced by the political events and social movements of that tumultuous period, took up the mantle of social reform and clashed with their older colleagues. A healthy tension has existed since then between sociologists who see social reform as a major goal of their work and those who favor sociological knowledge for its own sake.

In 2004, the president of the American Sociological Association, Michael Burawoy, called for “public sociology,” or the use of sociological insights and findings to address social issues and achieve social change (Burawoy, 2005). His call ignited much excitement and debate, as public sociology became the theme or prime topic of several national and regional sociology conferences and of special issues or sections of major sociological journals. Several sociology departments began degree programs or concentrations in public sociology, and a Google search of “public sociology” in November 2010 yielded 32,000 results. In the spirit of public sociology, the chapters that follow aim to show the relevance of sociological knowledge for social reform.

Key Takeaways

• The debunking motif involves seeing beyond taken-for-granted assumptions of social reality.
• According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination involves the ability to recognize that private troubles are rooted in public issues and structural problems.
• Early U.S. sociologists emphasized the use of sociological research to achieve social reform, and today’s public sociology reflects the historical roots of sociology in this regard.

For Your Review

• Select an example of a “private trouble” and explain how and why it may reflect a structural problem in society.
• Do you think it is important to emphasize the potential use of sociological research to achieve social reform? Why or why not?

Bay, M. (2009). To tell the truth freely: The life of Ida B. Wells . New York, NY: Hill and Wang.

Berger, P. L. (1963). Invitation to sociology: A humanistic perspective . Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

Burawoy, M. (2005). 2004 presidential address: For public sociology. American Sociological Review, 70 , 4–28.

Calhoun, C. (2007). Sociology in America: An introduction. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Sociology in America: A history (pp. 1–38). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Deegan, M. J. (1990). Jane Addams and the men of the Chicago school, 1892–1918 . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.

Gerth, H., & Mills, C. W. (Eds.). (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology . New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Mills, C. W. (1959). The sociological imagination . London, England: Oxford University Press.

Morris, A. D. (2007). Sociology of race and W. E. B. Du Bois: The path not taken. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Sociology in America: A history (pp. 503–534). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Ryan, W. (1976). Blaming the victim . New York, NY: Vintage Books.

Whitehead, K., & Kurz, T. (2008). Saints, sinners and standards of femininity: Discursive constructions of anorexia nervosa and obesity in women’s magazines. Journal of Gender Studies, 17, 345–358.

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The Seeing America Project

Course: the seeing america project   >   unit 8, family, community, society.

“Improving” the New World

Freedom and un freedom, creativity in the face of adversity, native populations displaced, “little commonwealths”, “the best poor man’s country”, the great american agenda, “pursuit of happiness”, seeking freedom, migration and immigration, grappling with modernity, depression and world wars, changing dynamics of american families, at the table, “we the people”, want to join the conversation.

Home — Essay Samples — Sociology — Society — Addressing Social Problems: A Call to Action

Addressing Social Problems: a Call to Action

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Importance of Education in Life

First of all, Education teaches the ability to read and write. Reading and writing is the first step in Education. Most information is done by writing. Hence, the lack of writing skill means missing out on a lot of information. Consequently, Education makes people literate.

Above all, Education is extremely important for employment. It certainly is a great opportunity to make a decent living. This is due to the skills of a high paying job that Education provides. Uneducated people are probably at a huge disadvantage when it comes to jobs. It seems like many poor people improve their lives with the help of Education.

Better Communication is yet another role in Education. Education improves and refines the speech of a person. Furthermore, individuals also improve other means of communication with Education.

Education makes an individual a better user of technology. Education certainly provides the technical skills necessary for using technology . Hence, without Education, it would probably be difficult to handle modern machines.

People become more mature with the help of Education. Sophistication enters the life of educated people. Above all, Education teaches the value of discipline to individuals. Educated people also realize the value of time much more. To educated people, time is equal to money.

Finally, Educations enables individuals to express their views efficiently. Educated individuals can explain their opinions in a clear manner. Hence, educated people are quite likely to convince people to their point of view.

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Importance of Education in Society

First of all, Education helps in spreading knowledge in society. This is perhaps the most noteworthy aspect of Education. There is a quick propagation of knowledge in an educated society. Furthermore, there is a transfer of knowledge from generation to another by Education.

Education helps in the development and innovation of technology. Most noteworthy, the more the education, the more technology will spread. Important developments in war equipment, medicine , computers, take place due to Education.

Education is a ray of light in the darkness. It certainly is a hope for a good life. Education is a basic right of every Human on this Planet. To deny this right is evil. Uneducated youth is the worst thing for Humanity. Above all, the governments of all countries must ensure to spread Education.

FAQs on Essay on Importance of Education

Q.1 How Education helps in Employment?

A.1 Education helps in Employment by providing necessary skills. These skills are important for doing a high paying job.

Q.2 Mention one way in Education helps a society?

A.2 Education helps society by spreading knowledge. This certainly is one excellent contribution to Education.

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The Impact of Hammurabi’s Code of Laws on Ancient Babylonian Society

This essay about Hammurabi’s Code of Laws highlights its establishment by King Hammurabi around 1754 BCE and its profound impact on Babylonian society. It formalized the legal system, reinforced social hierarchies, regulated economic activities, and promoted moral principles. The essay also discusses the Code’s historical significance, its influence on subsequent legal systems, and its enduring legacy in shaping our understanding of ancient civilizations.

How it works

Hammurabi’s Code of Laws, established around 1754 BCE by King Hammurabi of Babylon, stands as one of the earliest comprehensive legal codes known to history. Encompassing 282 laws etched meticulously on a stele and publicly displayed, this code profoundly influenced the ancient Babylonian society, molding its legal, social, and economic structures. Celebrated not just for its legal advancements but also for the cultural insights it offers, Hammurabi’s Code serves as a crucial window into the civilization that created it.

Hammurabi’s Code significantly advanced the formalization of Babylon’s legal system.

Before its implementation, Babylonian society likely depended on a mix of customary laws and arbitrary rulings. Hammurabi’s laws provided a written, standardized legal framework, allowing judges to refer to a consistent set of rules, thus ensuring a more predictable administration of justice. This codification limited the arbitrary use of power by local officials and promoted uniformity in justice throughout the kingdom.

The Code addressed diverse aspects of daily life, ranging from property rights and trade regulations to family law and criminal justice. This comprehensive legal structure helped create a more orderly society where citizens were aware of the rules and the consequences of breaking them. The often severe penalties, including corporal punishment or death, underscored the importance Hammurabi placed on maintaining law and order.

Hammurabi’s Code also significantly impacted the social hierarchy of Babylonian society. The laws explicitly differentiated between social classes, imposing varying penalties for the same offense based on the social status of those involved. For instance, an injury inflicted on a nobleman was punished more severely than the same injury inflicted on a commoner or slave. This legal recognition of class distinctions both mirrored and reinforced the existing social stratification.

By embedding inequality within the legal framework, the Code institutionalized social hierarchy. While this may seem unjust by modern standards, it provided a clear and structured social order that helped maintain stability in ancient Babylon. Laws concerning slaves, for instance, outlined specific protections and rights, albeit limited, which helped regulate and somewhat humanize the institution of slavery.

The economic life of Babylonian society was also deeply influenced by Hammurabi’s Code. The laws addressed various aspects of economic transactions, including trade, loans, property rights, and labor. This legal oversight facilitated trade and economic activity by providing a clear framework that protected property rights and contractual agreements.

For example, the Code included regulations on loan repayments, tenant and landlord obligations, and penalties for theft and fraud. This legal clarity fostered a more predictable economic environment, encouraging commerce and economic development. By regulating trade and commerce, Hammurabi’s Code contributed to Babylon’s prosperity, making it a significant economic hub in the ancient world.

Agricultural issues, crucial to Babylon’s economy, were also covered in the Code. Regulations on irrigation practices, crop damage, and land use helped ensure stable and efficient agricultural production. By protecting the rights of farmers and landowners, the Code supported the agricultural foundation of the economy.

Beyond its legal and economic implications, Hammurabi’s Code had a profound impact on the moral and ethical principles of Babylonian society. The Code reflects the values and beliefs of the time, embedding a sense of justice within its laws. For instance, laws designed to protect the weak and vulnerable, such as widows and orphans, show a moral concern for social welfare.

The famous principle of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” (lex talionis), while harsh by modern standards, aimed to ensure proportional punishment for offenses. This principle sought to deter crime by making the consequences of wrongdoing clear and severe and aimed to prevent excessive retribution and blood feuds by establishing state-administered justice rather than personal vengeance.

The Code also emphasized honesty and integrity. Laws against false accusations, perjury, and cheating underscored the value placed on truthfulness and fairness in Babylonian society. By promoting these moral values, the Code helped cultivate a sense of ethical conduct and social responsibility among the populace.

Hammurabi’s Code’s influence extended far beyond Babylon. As one of the earliest and most complete legal codes, it served as a model for subsequent legal systems in the ancient Near East and beyond. Elements of Hammurabi’s legal principles can be seen in later codes, such as the Mosaic Law in the Hebrew Bible and the legal traditions of ancient Greece and Rome.

The historical significance of Hammurabi’s Code is immense. It provides modern scholars with valuable insights into the social, economic, and legal fabric of ancient Babylon. The stele bearing the Code, now housed in the Louvre Museum, remains a powerful symbol of the enduring legacy of Babylonian civilization and its contributions to the development of human society.

In conclusion, Hammurabi’s Code of Laws had a transformative impact on ancient Babylonian society. It formalized and standardized the legal system, reinforced social hierarchies, regulated economic activities, and promoted moral and ethical principles. Its legacy continues to influence modern legal systems and our understanding of ancient civilizations. Through Hammurabi’s Code, we gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and sophistication of Babylonian society and its lasting contributions to human history.

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1 mln yuan rewards for papers in top journal spark debate.

Reports that teams led by two Chinese mainland professors have each been awarded 1 million yuan ($138,000) for publishing papers in Nature, a leading international science journal, have sparked heated discussion in academic circles.

While some said universities have the right to reward scholars in any way they want, others questioned whether the practice goes against government efforts to move away from an overemphasis on the publication of papers in academic evaluation.

According to media reports, Zhu Jiapeng, a professor at Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, and his team were given 1 million yuan by the university for publishing a paper in Nature. They became the first people from the university to publish a paper in the journal in 70 years.

Peng Li, who was an associate professor at Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and his team were also awarded 1 million yuan for publishing a paper in Nature. They were the first people from Guizhou province to publish a paper in the journal.

Liu Xingde, the president of Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said the reward was for outstanding academic results and the contribution Peng has made in medicine.

Peng has since been promoted to full professor and deputy director of the medical studies laboratory at the hospital affiliated with the university.

Zhu said academic papers were like a "spell" for researchers. Writing papers had given him pain, headaches and also joy, he said, asking people to pay more attention to his studies rather than the fact he had a paper published in a top journal.

According to a notice issued by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Science and Technology, universities should stop using papers listed in the Science Citation Index as the top criterion in the evaluation of academic research. However, the notice also stressed that the authorities encourage academic researchers to publish high-level, high-quality and innovative academic papers in international journals.

Tian Wentao, a PhD candidate at a university in Hunan province, said he knows how hard it is to get papers published in top journals like Nature, as they only publish innovative and influential papers that require a massive amount of time-consuming work.

However, the researchers are generally not rewarded enough for their contributions, at least financially, which results in a lack of motivation to work on arduous but pioneering problems, he said.

"Giving high bonuses to such researchers is a great way to pay them back for their hard work and encourage other researchers to work on groundbreaking subjects," Tian said.

A PhD graduate from Central South University in Changsha, Hunan, surnamed Liang said there is nothing wrong with universities giving money to researchers who have published papers in top journals.

"Although the authorities have stressed making academic papers less important in talent evaluation, they are still widely used in getting funds and higher professional titles," he said. "They are also the proof that your hard-earned academic results are recognized."

Liang said people do not realize how hard it is to publish a paper in Nature or Science, especially for researchers from lesser known universities, because most academic resources are allocated to China's top universities.

Chu Zhaohui, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Educational Sciences, said publishing in top journals can increase the reputation of a university, increasing its competitiveness in student enrollment and in getting resources and funds from the government, which is why the two universities gave such large cash rewards to the researchers.

Xiong Bingqi, director of 21st Century Education Research, said he disagrees with the universities' practice.

Medical universities and hospitals are notorious for placing too great an emphasis on the publication of academic papers, he said, and many paper retractions and frauds in recent years have happened in the medical sector.

That is why people should not equate academic achievements with publishing papers, Xiong added.

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CFP: "Art, Politics, and Society in Asia"

Call for Papers: Journal of Integrative and Innovative Humanities (Chiang Mai University)

Theme: Art, Politics, and Society in Asia

The Journal of Integrative and Innovative Humanities, Chiang Mai University, is pleased to announce a call for papers for its upcoming issue which will be published at the end of November 2024 on the theme of "Art, Politics, and Society in Asia". 

This issue aims to explore the multifaceted relationship between art and the various dimensions of Asian societies, including culture, politics, economics, technology, social movements, and environment. We invite scholars, researchers, and practitioners from diverse disciplines to contribute original research articles, reviews, essays, and case studies that investigate how art both shapes and is shaped by Asian societal contexts.

Scope and Topics

Submissions may address, but are not limited to, the following topics in the context of Asia:

• The role of art in social and political change and activism
• Art as a reflection, construction, or creation of cultural identity 
• The impact of digital technology on artistic expression and dissemination in the context of politics
• The political economy of the art world, including art markets, cultural policy, and governance.
• Art in public spaces and community engagement and resistance
• The influence of political regimes and ideologies on artistic production
• Historical perspectives on art, politics, and society
• The intersection of art with science and technology in political context
• Artistic responses to global challenges, such as climate change and migration
• Interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the societal and political impact of art

Submission Guidelines

We welcome submissions from a variety of disciplines, including but not limited to history, art history, philosophy, language and communication, sociology, cultural studies, anthropology, political science, economics, digital humanities, and science and technology studies. Manuscripts should be original and not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

Manuscript Requirements

• Length: The journal does not have a strict word limit but it is recommended that the manuscript be no longer than 7000 words (excluding references)
• Format: Manuscripts should follow the APA style for citations and references. Detailed formatting guidelines can be found on our website.
• Abstract: Each submission must include an abstract of up to 300 words.
• Keywords: Include 4-6 keywords relevant to your paper.
• Bio: Provide a brief bio of up to 150 words for each author.

Submission Process

• Abstract Deadline: All contributors must submit an abstract to the journal by 1 August 2024
• Deadline: Complete manuscripts must be received by 1 September 2024
• Submission Portal: Submit your manuscripts through our online portal at  https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/DJIIH/about/submissions
• Review Process: All submissions will undergo a double-blind peer review process. Authors will be notified of the review results within four weeks of the submission deadline.

Important Dates

• Abstract Deadline: 1 August 2024
• Submission Deadline: 1 September 2024
• Publication Date: 30 November 2024

Contact Information:  For any queries regarding the call for papers or the submission process, please contact

Editor-in-Chiefs:  Søren Ivarsson ( soren [email protected] ) and Pasoot Lasuka ( [email protected] ) Journal Website:   https://so07.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/DJIIH/index

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Elektrostal

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Elektrostal , city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia . It lies 36 miles (58 km) east of Moscow city. The name, meaning “electric steel,” derives from the high-quality-steel industry established there soon after the October Revolution in 1917. During World War II , parts of the heavy-machine-building industry were relocated there from Ukraine, and Elektrostal is now a centre for the production of metallurgical equipment. Pop. (2006 est.) 146,189.