research journal on publication

Sign in or register to save a journal

To save a journal and create lists, you need to sign in to your Elsevier account.

Find the right journal for your research

Looking for the best journal match for your paper? Search the world's leading source of academic journals using your abstract or your keywords and other details.

Check if you're eligible for open access (OA) savings.

Navigation group

Home banner.

Where scientists empower society

Creating solutions for healthy lives on a healthy planet.

9.4 million

2.8 billion

article views and downloads

Main Content

• Editors and reviewers
• Collaborators

Find a journal

We have a home for your research. Our community led journals cover more than 1,500 academic disciplines and are some of the largest and most cited in their fields.

Submit your research

Start your submission and get more impact for your research by publishing with us.

Author guidelines

Ready to publish? Check our author guidelines for everything you need to know about submitting, from choosing a journal and section to preparing your manuscript.

Peer review

Our efficient collaborative peer review means you’ll get a decision on your manuscript in an average of 61 days.

Article publishing charges (APCs) apply to articles that are accepted for publication by our external and independent editorial boards

Press office

Visit our press office for key media contact information, as well as Frontiers’ media kit, including our embargo policy, logos, key facts, leadership bios, and imagery.

Institutional partnerships

Join more than 555 institutions around the world already benefiting from an institutional membership with Frontiers, including CERN, Max Planck Society, and the University of Oxford.

Publishing partnerships

Partner with Frontiers and make your society’s transition to open access a reality with our custom-built platform and publishing expertise.

Policy Labs

Connecting experts from business, science, and policy to strengthen the dialogue between scientific research and informed policymaking.

How we publish

All Frontiers journals are community-run and fully open access, so every research article we publish is immediately and permanently free to read.

Editor guidelines

Reviewing a manuscript? See our guidelines for everything you need to know about our peer review process.

Become an editor

Apply to join an editorial board and collaborate with an international team of carefully selected independent researchers.

My assignments

It’s easy to find and track your editorial assignments with our platform, 'My Frontiers' – saving you time to spend on your own research.

Scientists identify safe havens we must preserve to prevent "the sixth great extinction of life on Earth"

Conserving biodiversity hotspots which cover just 1.22% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface could stop extinctions in their tracks and protect the planet for future generations.

Safeguarding peer review to ensure quality at scale

Making scientific research open has never been more important. But for research to be trusted, it must be of the highest quality. Facing an industry-wide rise in fraudulent science, Frontiers has increased its focus on safeguarding quality.

Ecopreneur Prof Thomas Crowther to showcase the power of nature-based solutions at Frontiers Forum virtual event

Visionary ecologist and pioneer in reforestation and ecosystem restoration Prof Thomas Crowther will explore the vital role that nature plays in our fight against climate change, at a unique Frontiers Forum virtual event on 11 September.

Screen time not the main factor making parent-child interactions worse, study finds

Which is worse for parent-child interaction, if parents use their phones, or if they are distracted otherwise? A team of researchers investigated if the common perception that screens are bad for parent-child interactions holds.

Devastating fire 2,200 years ago preserved a moment of life and war in Iron Age Spain

Archaeologists’ excavation in the Iron Age site of Tossal de Baltarga has revealed a way of life derailed by violence: potentially, a forgotten episode of the war between Carthage and Rome.

World’s deepest sinkhole discovered in Mexico: Here are five Frontiers articles you won’t want to miss

At Frontiers, we bring some of the world’s best research to a global audience. But with tens of thousands of articles published each year, it’s impossible to cover all of them. Here are just five amazing papers you may have missed.

Biodiversity loss: 3 Research Topics revealing threats and solutions

In light of the crucial role of biodiversity to the health of our planet, we have listed three of our most impactful Research Topics on the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss.

Get the latest research updates, subscribe to our newsletter

Information

• Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

• Active Journals
• Find a Journal
• Proceedings Series
• For Authors
• For Reviewers
• For Editors
• For Librarians
• For Publishers
• For Societies
• For Conference Organizers
• Open Access Policy
• Institutional Open Access Program
• Special Issues Guidelines
• Editorial Process
• Research and Publication Ethics
• Article Processing Charges
• Testimonials
• Preprints.org
• SciProfiles
• Encyclopedia

Journal Description

Publications.

• Open Access — free for readers, with  article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
• High Visibility:  indexed within Scopus , ESCI (Web of Science) ,  RePEc , dblp , and other databases .
• Journal Rank:  JCR - Q1 ( Information Science and Library Science ) / CiteScore - Q1 ( Communication )
• Open Peer-Review: authors have the option for all reviewer comments and editorial decisions to be published along with the final paper. For more, see: Editorial , Paper with Review Comments.
• Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 35.8 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
• Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

• Publications Home
• Aims & Scope
• Editorial Board
• Instructions for Authors

Special Issues

• Article Processing Charge
• Indexing & Archiving
• Most Cited & Viewed
• Journal Statistics
• Journal History
• Journal Awards
• Editorial Office

Journal Browser

• arrow_forward_ios Forthcoming issue arrow_forward_ios Current issue
• Vol. 12 (2024)
• Vol. 11 (2023)
• Vol. 10 (2022)
• Vol. 9 (2021)
• Vol. 8 (2020)
• Vol. 7 (2019)
• Vol. 6 (2018)
• Vol. 5 (2017)
• Vol. 4 (2016)
• Vol. 3 (2015)
• Vol. 2 (2014)
• Vol. 1 (2013)

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest books, e-mail alert.

Conferences

Further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience. Learn more about DOAJ’s privacy policy.

Hide this message

You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience and security.

The Directory of Open Access Journals

Directory of Open Access Journals

Find open access journals & articles.

Doaj in numbers.

80 languages

134 countries represented

13,583 journals without fees

20,592 journals

10,241,860 article records

Quick search

About the directory.

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, and is committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.

DOAJ is committed to keeping its services free of charge, including being indexed, and its data freely available.

→ About DOAJ

→ How to apply

DOAJ is twenty years old in 2023.

Fund our 20th anniversary campaign

DOAJ is independent. All support is via donations.

82% from academic organisations

18% from contributors

Support DOAJ

Publishers don't need to donate to be part of DOAJ.

News Service

Meet the doaj team: head of editorial and deputy head of editorial (quality), vacancy: operations manager, press release: pubscholar joins the movement to support the directory of open access journals, new major version of the api to be released, toutes les pages de notre «guide to applying» sont désormais disponibles en français, all pages in our guide to applying are now available in french.

→ All blog posts

We would not be able to work without our volunteers, such as these top-performing editors and associate editors.

→ Meet our volunteers

Librarianship, Scholarly Publishing, Data Management

Brisbane, Australia (Chinese, English)

Adana, Türkiye (Turkish, English)

Humanities, Social Sciences

Natalia Pamuła

Toruń, Poland (Polish, English)

Medical Sciences, Nutrition

Pablo Hernandez

Caracas, Venezuela (Spanish, English)

Research Evaluation

Paola Galimberti

Milan, Italy (Italian, German, English)

Social Sciences, Humanities

Dawam M. Rohmatulloh

Ponorogo, Indonesia (Bahasa Indonesia, English, Dutch)

Systematic Entomology

Kadri Kıran

Edirne, Türkiye (English, Turkish, German)

Library and Information Science

Nataliia Kaliuzhna

Kyiv, Ukraine (Ukrainian, Russian, English, Polish)

Recently-added journals

DOAJ’s team of managing editors, editors, and volunteers work with publishers to index new journals. As soon as they’re accepted, these journals are displayed on our website freely accessible to everyone.

→ See Atom feed

→ A log of journals added (and withdrawn)

→ DOWNLOAD all journals as CSV

• Urwatul Wutsqo
• Pensar Enfermagem
• Psicologia Revista
• Journal of Medical Academics
• Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio G, Ius
• npj Imaging
• Revista de História da Arte
• npj Natural Hazards
• Sakarya Üniversitesi İşletme Enstitüsü Dergisi
• Romanian Journal of Regional Science
• Journal of Global Studies and Contemporary Art
• Jurnal Keperawatan Soedirman
• International Journal of Emerging Engineering and Technology
• Ain Shams Medical Journal
• Buḥūṯ fi Al-Tarbiyyaẗ Al-Faniyyaẗ wa Al-Funūn

WeChat QR code

When you choose to publish with PLOS, your research makes an impact. Make your work accessible to all, without restrictions, and accelerate scientific discovery with options like preprints and published peer review that make your work more Open.

• PLOS Biology
• PLOS Climate
• PLOS Complex Systems
• PLOS Computational Biology
• PLOS Digital Health
• PLOS Genetics
• PLOS Global Public Health
• PLOS Medicine
• PLOS Mental Health
• PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
• PLOS Pathogens
• PLOS Sustainability and Transformation
• PLOS Collections

Understanding the Publishing Process

What’s happening with my paper? The publication process explained

The path to publication can be unsettling when you’re unsure what’s happening with your paper. Learn about staple journal workflows to see the detailed steps required for ensuring a rigorous and ethical publication.

Your team has prepared the paper, written a cover letter and completed the submission form. From here, it can sometimes feel like a waiting game while the journal has your paper.  It can be unclear exactly who is currently handling your paper as most individuals are only involved in a few steps of the overall process. Journals are responsible for overseeing the peer review, publication and archival process: editors, reviewers, technical editors, production staff and other internal staff all have their roles in ensuring submissions meet rigorous scientific and ethical reporting standards. 

Read on for an inside look at how a conventional peer-reviewed journal helps authors transform their initial submission to a certified publication. 

Note that the description below is based on the process at PLOS journals. It is likely that at other journals, various roles (e.g. technical editor) may in fact also be played by the editor, and some journals may not have journal staff at all, with all roles played by volunteer academics. As such, please consider the processes and waypoints, rather than who performs them, as the key information.

Internal Checks on New Submissions

Estimated time: 10 days.

When a journal first receives your submission, there are typically two separate checks to confirm that the paper is appropriate and ready for peer review:

• Technical check.   Performed by a technical editor to ensure that the submission has been properly completed and is ready for further assessment. Blurry figures, missing ethical statements, and incomplete author affiliations are common issues that are addressed at this initial stage. Typically, there are three technical checks: upon initial submission, alongside the first decision letter, and upon acceptance. 
• Editorial screening . Once a paper passes the first check, an editor with subject expertise assesses the paper and determines whether it is within the journal’s scope and if it could potentially meet the required publication criteria. While there may be requests for further information and minor edits from the author as needed, the paper will either be desk rejected by the editor or allowed to proceed to peer review. 

Both editors at this point will additionally make notes for items to be followed-up on at later stages. The publication process involves finding a careful balance for when each check occurs. Early checks need to be thorough so that editors with relevant expertise can focus on the scientific content and more advanced reporting standards, but no one wants to be asked to reformat references only to have their paper desk rejected a few days later. 

Peer Review

Estimated time: 1 month.

Depending on the journal’s editorial structure, the editor who performed the initial assessment may also oversee peer review or another editor with more specific expertise may be assigned.  Regardless of the journal’s specific process, the various roles and responsibilities during peer review include:  

When you have questions or are unsure who your manuscripts is currently with, reach out to the journal staff for help (eg. [email protected]). They will be your lifeline, connecting you to all the other contributors working to assess the manuscript. 

Whether an editor needs a reminder that all reviews are complete or a reviewer has asked for an extension, the journal acts as a central hub of communication for those involved with the publication process. As editors and reviewers are used to hearing from journal staff about their duties, any messages you send to the journal can be forwarded to them with proper context and instructions on how to proceed appropriately. Additionally, journal staff will be able to inform you of any delays, such as reviewer availability during summer and holiday periods. 

Revision Decision

Estimated time: 1 day.

Editors evaluate peer reviewer feedback and their own expert assessment of the manuscript to reach a decision. After your editor submits a decision on your manuscript, the journal may review it before formally processing the decision and sending it on to you. 

A technical editor may scan the manuscript and the review comments to ensure that journal standards have been followed. At this stage, the technical editor will also add requests to ensure the paper, if published, will adhere to journal requirements for data sharing, copyright, ethical reporting and the like. 

Performing the second technical check at this stage and adding the journal requirements to the decision letter ultimately saves time by allowing authors to resolve the journal’s queries while making revisions based on comments from the reviewers. 

Revised Submission Received

Estimated time: 3 days.

Upon receiving your revised submission, a technical editor will assess the revisions to confirm that the requests from the journal have been properly addressed. Before the paper is returned to the editor for their consideration, the journal needs to be confident that the paper won’t have any issues related to the metadata and reporting standards that could prevent publication. The editor may contact you to resolve any serious issues, though minor items can wait until the paper is accepted.

Subsequent Peer Review

Estimated time: 2 weeks, highly variable.

When your resubmitted paper has passed the required checks, it’ll be assigned back to the same editor who handled it during the first round of peer review. At this point, your paper has gone through two sets of journal checks and one round of peer review. If all has gone well so far, the paper should feel quite solid both in terms of scientific content and proper reporting standards. 

When the editor receives your revised paper, they are asked to check if all reviewer comments have been adequately addressed and if the paper now adheres to the journal’s publication criteria. Depending on the situation, some editors may feel confident making this decision based on their own expertise while others may re-invite the previous reviewers for their opinions. 

Individual responsibilities are the same as the initial round of peer review, but it is generally expected that later stages of peer review proceed quicker unless new concerns have been introduced as part of the revision. 

Preliminary Acceptance

Estimated time: 1 week.

Your editor is satisfied with the scientific quality of your work and has chosen to accept it in principle. Before it can proceed to production and typesetting, the journal office will perform it’s third and final technical check, requesting any formatting changes or additional details that may be required. 

When fulfilling these final journal requests, double check the final files to confirm all information is correct. If you need to make changes beyond those specifically required in the decision letter, inform the journal and explain why you made the unrequested changes. Any change that could affect the scientific meaning of the work will need to be approved by the handling editor. While including your rationale for the changes will help avoid delays, if there are extensive changes made at this point the paper may need to go through another round of formal review.

Formal Acceptance and Publication

Estimated time: 2 weeks.

After a technical editor has confirmed that all requests from the provisional acceptance letter have been addressed, you will receive your formal acceptance letter. This letter indicates that your paper is being passed from the Editorial department to the production department—that all information has been editorially approved. The scientific content has been approved through peer review, and the journal’s publication requirements have been met. 

Congratulations to you and your co-authors! Your article will be available as soon as the journal transforms the submission into a typeset, consistently structured scientific manuscript, ready to be read and cited by your peers.

The contents of the Peer Review Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …

The contents of the Writing Center are also available as a live, interactive training session, complete with slides, talking points, and activities. …

There’s a lot to consider when deciding where to submit your work. Learn how to choose a journal that will help your study reach its audience, while reflecting your values as a researcher…

Explore millions of high-quality primary sources and images from around the world, including artworks, maps, photographs, and more.

Explore migration issues through a variety of media types

• Part of The Streets are Talking: Public Forms of Creative Expression from Around the World
• Part of The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Winter 2020)
• Part of Cato Institute (Aug. 3, 2021)
• Part of University of California Press
• Part of Open: Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture
• Part of Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Winter 2012)
• Part of R Street Institute (Nov. 1, 2020)
• Part of Leuven University Press
• Part of UN Secretary-General Papers: Ban Ki-moon (2007-2016)
• Part of Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 12, No. 4 (August 2018)
• Part of Leveraging Lives: Serbia and Illegal Tunisian Migration to Europe, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (Mar. 1, 2023)
• Part of UCL Press

Harness the power of visual materials—explore more than 3 million images now on JSTOR.

Enhance your scholarly research with underground newspapers, magazines, and journals.

Explore collections in the arts, sciences, and literature from the world’s leading museums, archives, and scholars.

Unfortunately we don't fully support your browser. If you have the option to, please upgrade to a newer version or use Mozilla Firefox , Microsoft Edge , Google Chrome , or Safari 14 or newer. If you are unable to, and need support, please send us your feedback .

We'd appreciate your feedback. Tell us what you think! opens in new tab/window

7 steps to publishing in a scientific journal

April 5, 2021 | 10 min read

By Aijaz Shaikh, PhD

Before you hit “submit,” here’s a checklist (and pitfalls to avoid)

As scholars, we strive to do high-quality research that will advance science. We come up with what we believe are unique hypotheses, base our work on robust data and use an appropriate research methodology. As we write up our findings, we aim to provide theoretical insight, and share theoretical and practical implications about our work. Then we submit our manuscript for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. For many, this is the hardest part of research. In my seven years of research and teaching, I have observed several shortcomings in the manuscript preparation and submission process that often lead to research being rejected for publication. Being aware of these shortcomings will increase your chances of having your manuscript published and also boost your research profile and career progression.

Dr Aijaz Shaikh gives a presentation.

In this article, intended for doctoral students and other young scholars, I identify common pitfalls and offer helpful solutions to prepare more impactful papers. While there are several types of research articles, such as short communications, review papers and so forth, these guidelines focus on preparing a full article (including a literature review), whether based on qualitative or quantitative methodology, from the perspective of the management, education, information sciences and social sciences disciplines.

Writing for academic journals is a highly competitive activity, and it’s important to understand that there could be several reasons behind a rejection. Furthermore, the journal peer-review process is an essential element of publication because no writer could identify and address all potential issues with a manuscript.

1. Do not rush submitting your article for publication.

In my first article for Elsevier Connect – “Five secrets to surviving (and thriving in) a PhD program” – I emphasized that scholars should start writing during the early stages of your research or doctoral study career. This secret does not entail submitting your manuscript for publication the moment you have crafted its conclusion. Authors sometimes rely on the fact that they will always have an opportunity to address their work’s shortcomings after the feedback received from the journal editor and reviewers has identified them.

A proactive approach and attitude will reduce the chance of rejection and disappointment. In my opinion, a logical flow of activities dominates every research activity and should be followed for preparing a manuscript as well. Such activities include carefully re-reading your manuscript at different times and perhaps at different places. Re-reading is essential in the research field and helps identify the most common problems and shortcomings in the manuscript, which might otherwise be overlooked. Second, I find it very helpful to share my manuscripts with my colleagues and other researchers in my network and to request their feedback. In doing so, I highlight any sections of the manuscript that I would like reviewers to be absolutely clear on.

2. Select an appropriate publication outlet.

I also ask colleagues about the most appropriate journal to submit my manuscript to; finding the right journal for your article can dramatically improve the chances of acceptance and ensure it reaches your target audience.

Elsevier provides an innovative  Journal Finder opens in new tab/window  search facility on its website. Authors enter the article title, a brief abstract and the field of research to get a list of the most appropriate journals for their article. For a full discussion of how to select an appropriate journal see Knight and Steinbach (2008).

Less experienced scholars sometimes choose to submit their research work to two or more journals at the same time. Research ethics and policies of all scholarly journals suggest that authors should submit a manuscript to only one journal at a time. Doing otherwise can cause embarrassment and lead to copyright problems for the author, the university employer and the journals involved.

3. Read the aims and scope and author guidelines of your target journal carefully.

Once you have read and re-read your manuscript carefully several times, received feedback from your colleagues, and identified a target journal, the next important step is to read the aims and scope of the journals in your target research area. Doing so will improve the chances of having your manuscript accepted for publishing. Another important step is to download and absorb the author guidelines and ensure your manuscript conforms to them. Some publishers report that one paper in five does not follow the style and format requirements of the target journal, which might specify requirements for figures, tables and references.

Rejection can come at different times and in different formats. For instance, if your research objective is not in line with the aims and scope of the target journal, or if your manuscript is not structured and formatted according to the target journal layout, or if your manuscript does not have a reasonable chance of being able to satisfy the target journal’s publishing expectations, the manuscript can receive a desk rejection from the editor without being sent out for peer review. Desk rejections can be disheartening for authors, making them feel they have wasted valuable time and might even cause them to lose enthusiasm for their research topic. Sun and Linton (2014), Hierons (2016) and Craig (2010) offer useful discussions on the subject of “desk rejections.”

4. Make a good first impression with your title and abstract.

The title and abstract are incredibly important components of a manuscript as they are the first elements a journal editor sees. I have been fortunate to receive advice from editors and reviewers on my submissions, and feedback from many colleagues at academic conferences, and this is what I’ve learned:

The title should summarize the main theme of the article and reflect your contribution to the theory.

The abstract should be crafted carefully and encompass the aim and scope of the study; the key problem to be addressed and theory; the method used; the data set; key findings; limitations; and implications for theory and practice.

Dr. Angel Borja goes into detail about these components in “ 11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously .”

Learn more in Elsevier's free Researcher Academy opens in new tab/window

5. Have a professional editing firm copy-edit (not just proofread) your manuscript, including the main text, list of references, tables and figures.

The key characteristic of scientific writing is clarity. Before submitting a manuscript for publication, it is highly advisable to have a professional editing firm copy-edit your manuscript. An article submitted to a peer-reviewed journal will be scrutinized critically by the editorial board before it is selected for peer review. According to a statistic shared by Elsevier, between 30 percent and 50 percent of articles submitted to Elsevier journals are rejected before they even reach the peer-review stage, and one of the top reasons for rejection is poor language. A properly written, edited and presented text will be error free and understandable and will project a professional image that will help ensure your work is taken seriously in the world of publishing. On occasion, the major revisions conducted at the request of a reviewer will necessitate another round of editing. Authors can facilitate the editing of their manuscripts by taking precautions at their end. These include proofreading their own manuscript for accuracy and wordiness (avoid unnecessary or normative descriptions like “it should be noted here” and “the authors believe) and sending it for editing only when it is complete in all respects and ready for publishing. Professional editing companies charge hefty fees, and it is simply not financially viable to have them conduct multiple rounds of editing on your article. Applications like the spelling and grammar checker in Microsoft Word or Grammarly are certainly worth applying to your article, but the benefits of proper editing are undeniable. For more on the difference between proofreading and editing, see the description in Elsevier’s WebShop.

6. Submit a cover letter with the manuscript.

Never underestimate the importance of a cover letter addressed to the editor or editor-in-chief of the target journal. Last year, I attended a conference in Boston. A “meet the editors” session revealed that many submissions do not include a covering letter, but the editors-in-chief present, who represented renewed and ISI-indexed Elsevier journals, argued that the cover letter gives authors an important opportunity to convince them that their research work is worth reviewing.

Accordingly, the content of the cover letter is also worth spending time on. Some inexperienced scholars paste the article’s abstract into their letter thinking it will be sufficient to make the case for publication; it is a practice best avoided. A good cover letter first outlines the main theme of the paper; second, argues the novelty of the paper; and third, justifies the relevance of the manuscript to the target journal. I would suggest limiting the cover letter to half a page. More importantly, peers and colleagues who read the article and provided feedback before the manuscript’s submission should be acknowledged in the cover letter.

7. Address reviewer comments very carefully.

Editors and editors-in-chief usually couch the acceptance of a manuscript as subject to a “revise and resubmit” based on the recommendations provided by the reviewer or reviewers. These revisions may necessitate either major or minor changes in the manuscript. Inexperienced scholars should understand a few key aspects of the revision process. First, it important to address the revisions diligently; second, is imperative to address all the comments received from the reviewers and avoid oversights; third, the resubmission of the revised manuscript must happen by the deadline provided by the journal; fourth, the revision process might comprise multiple rounds. The revision process requires two major documents. The first is the revised manuscript highlighting all the modifications made following the recommendations received from the reviewers. The second is a letter listing the authors’ responses illustrating they have addressed all the concerns of the reviewers and editors. These two documents should be drafted carefully. The authors of the manuscript can agree or disagree with the comments of the reviewers (typically agreement is encouraged) and are not always obliged to implement their recommendations, but they should in all cases provide a well-argued justification for their course of action.

Given the ever increasing number of manuscripts submitted for publication, the process of preparing a manuscript well enough to have it accepted by a journal can be daunting. High-impact journals accept less than 10 percent of the articles submitted to them, although the acceptance ratio for special issues or special topics sections is normally over 40 percent. Scholars might have to resign themselves to having their articles rejected and then reworking them to submit them to a different journal before the manuscript is accepted.

The advice offered here is not exhaustive but it’s also not difficult to implement. These recommendations require proper attention, planning and careful implementation; however, following this advice could help doctoral students and other scholars improve the likelihood of getting their work published, and that is key to having a productive, exciting and rewarding academic career.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Professor Heikki Karjaluoto, Jyväskylä University School of Business and Economics for providing valuable feedback on this article.

Sun, H., & Linton, J. D. (2014).

Structuring papers for success: Making your paper more like a high impact publication than a desk reject opens in new tab/window

Technovation.

Craig, J. B. (2010).

Desk rejection: How to avoid being hit by a returning boomerang opens in new tab/window

Family Business Review

Hierons, R. M. (2016).

The dreaded desk reject opens in new tab/window

, Software Testing, Verification and Reliability .

Borja, A (2014): 

11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously

Elsevier Connect

Knight, L. V., & Steinbach, T. A. (2008).

Selecting an appropriate publication outlet: a comprehensive model of journal selection criteria for researchers in a broad range of academic disciplines opens in new tab/window

, International Journal of Doctoral Studies .

Tewin, K. (2015).

How to Better Proofread An Article in 6 Simple Steps opens in new tab/window ,

Day, R, & Gastel, B: How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cambridge University Press (2012)

Contributor

Aijaz shaikh, phd.

• Submit Paper
• Check Paper Status
• Download Certificate
• Join as an Editor-Reviewer

Indexing Partner

• Architecture & Civil Engineering (11)
• Arts Literature & Linguistics (15)
• Biology and Life Sciences (52)
• Business Studies (33)
• Chemistry & Chemical Engineering (34)
• Computer Science & Electrical (55)
• Earth, Energy & Environment (38)
• Education (14)
• Engineering & Technology (34)
• Materials Science (19)
• Mathematics & Statistics (29)
• Medicine, Health & Food (80)
• Physics (33)
• Social Sciences & Psychology (26)
• Transportation & Logistics (6)

Welcome To IJRP

International Journal of Research Publications (IJRP) is having ISSN (2708-3578) (online), and DOI:  10.47119/27083578 , bimonthly international journal, being published since the year 2017. IJRP is an active member of Crossref and all published papers are issued DOI number.

International Journal of Research Publications (IJRP) is a quality publication of peer-reviewed and refereed international journals from diverse fields in sciences, engineering and technologies, Business, and many more that emphasize new research, development, and their applications.

IJRP is entirely not-for-profit and depends solely on contributions. Your  DONATION and Support are greatly appreciated. Help us to continue contributing to the visibility and dissemination of Open Access research and to make it the default for academic and scholarly publishing. We greatly welcome any type of cooperation like to receive investments and financial support. Please don't hesitate to contact us for more details. 

Send paper registration fees to any of our Paypal account:  [email protected]  or   [email protected]  ​

Email for General Query:  [email protected]

Chief Editor:

1. Sadekur Rahman

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Call for Papers - Volume 152 Issue 1

• ISSN number : 2708-3578 (Online)
• Submission Start From : 01 Jul 2024
• Initial Submission Accepted upto : 15 Jul 2024
• Acceptance Notification : 18 Jul 2024
• Camera Ready Paper Submission : 21 Jul 2024
• Copyright Transfer : 21 Jul 2024
• Payment & Final Submission Accepted : 21 Jul 2024
• E-Publication : 24 Jul 2024
• Print Edition Release : 24 Jul 2024
• Publication Fee : 40 USD
• Open Access Fee : FREE

Years Experience

Editor & reviewer, papers published, most viewed / downloaded papers.

Last Papers

All Editor:

How to publish your research

A step-by-step guide to getting published.

Publishing your research is an important step in your academic career. While there isn’t a one-size-fits-all approach, this guide is designed to take you through the typical steps in publishing a research paper.

Discover how to get your paper published, from choosing the right journal and understanding what a peer reviewed article is, to responding to reviewers and navigating the production process.

Step 1: Choosing a journal

Choosing which journal to publish your research paper in is one of the most significant decisions you have to make as a researcher. Where you decide to submit your work can make a big difference to the reach and impact your research has.

It’s important to take your time to consider your options carefully and analyze each aspect of journal submission – from shortlisting titles to your preferred method of publication, for example open access .

Don’t forget to think about publishing options beyond the traditional journals format – for example, open research platform F1000Research , which offers rapid, open publication for a wide range of outputs.

Why choose your target journal before you start writing?

The first step in publishing a research paper should always be selecting the journal you want to publish in. Choosing your target journal before you start writing means you can tailor your work to build on research that’s already been published in that journal. This can help editors to see how a paper adds to the ‘conversation’ in their journal.

In addition, many journals only accept specific manuscript formats of article. So, by choosing a journal before you start, you can write your article to their specifications and audience, and ultimately improve your chances of acceptance.

To save time and for peace of mind, you can consider using manuscript formatting experts while you focus on your research.

How to select the journal to publish your research in

Choosing which journal to publish your research in can seem like an overwhelming task. So, for all the details of how to navigate this important step in publishing your research paper, take a look at our choosing a journal guide . This will take you through the selection process, from understanding the aims and scope of the journals you’re interested in to making sure you choose a trustworthy journal.

Don’t forget to explore our Journal Suggester to see which Taylor & Francis journals could be right for your research.

Go to guidance on choosing a journal

Step 2: Writing your paper

Writing an effective, compelling research paper  is vital to getting your research published. But if you’re new to putting together academic papers, it can feel daunting to start from scratch.

The good news is that if you’ve chosen the journal you want to publish in, you’ll have lots of examples already published in that journal to base your own paper on. We’ve gathered advice on every aspect of writing your paper, to make sure you get off to a great start.

How to write your paper

How you write your paper will depend on your chosen journal, your subject area, and the type of paper you’re writing. Everything from the style and structure you choose to the audience you should have in mind while writing will differ, so it’s important to think about these things before you get stuck in.

Our  writing your paper guidance  will take you through everything you need to know to put together your research article and prepare it for submission. This includes getting to know your target journal, understanding your audiences, and how to choose appropriate keywords.

You can also use this guide to take you through your research publication journey .

You should also make sure you’re aware of all the Editorial Policies  for the journal you plan to submit to. Don’t forget that you can contact our  editing services  to help you refine your manuscript.

Discover advice and guidance for writing your paper

Step 3: Making your submission

Once you’ve chosen the right journal and written your manuscript, the next step in publishing your research paper is  to make your submission .

Each journal will have specific submission requirements, so make sure you visit  Taylor & Francis Online  and carefully check through the  instructions for authors  for your chosen journal.

How to submit your manuscript

To submit your manuscript you’ll need to ensure that you’ve gone through all the steps in our  making your submission  guide. This includes thoroughly understanding your chosen journal’s instructions for authors, writing an effective cover letter, navigating the journal’s submission system, and making sure your research data is prepared as required.

You can also  improve your submission experience  with our guide to avoid obstacles and complete a seamless submission.

To make sure you’ve covered everything before you hit ‘submit’ you can also take a look at our  ‘ready to submit’ checklist  (don’t forget, you should only submit to one journal at a time).

Understand the process of making your submission

Step 4: Navigating the peer review process

Now you’ve submitted your manuscript, you need to get to grips with one of the most important parts of publishing your research paper –  the peer review process .

What is peer review?

Peer review is the independent assessment of your research article by independent experts in your field. Reviewers, also sometimes called ‘referees’, are asked to judge the validity, significance, and originality of your work.

This process ensures that a peer-reviewed article has been through a rigorous process to make sure the methodology is sound, the work can be replicated, and it fits with the aims and scope of the journal that is considering it for publication. It acts as an important form of quality control for research papers.

Peer review is also a very useful source of feedback, helping you to improve your paper before it’s published. It is intended to be a collaborative process, where authors engage in a dialogue with their peers and receive constructive feedback and support to advance their work.

Almost all research articles go through peer review, although in some cases the journal may operate post-publication peer review, which means that reviews and reader comments are invited after the paper is published.

If you’ll like to feel more confident before getting your work peer reviewed by the journal, you may want to consider using an  in-depth technical review service from experts.

Understanding peer review

Peer review can be a complex process to get your head around. That’s why we’ve put together a  comprehensive guide to understanding peer review . This explains everything from the many different types of peer review to the step-by-step peer review process and how to revise your manuscript. It also has helpful advice on what to do if your manuscript is rejected.

Visit our peer review guide for authors

Step 5: The production process

If your paper is accepted for publication, it will then head into  production . At this stage of the process, the paper will be prepared for publishing in your chosen journal.

A lot of the work to produce the final version of your paper will be done by the journal production team, but your input will be required at various stages of the process.

What do you need to do during production?

During production, you’ll have a variety of tasks to complete and decisions to make. For example, you’ll need to check and correct proofs of your article and consider whether or not you want to  produce a video abstract  to accompany it.

Take a look at  our guide to the production process  to find out what you’ll need to do in this final step to getting your research published.

Your research is published – now what?

You’ve successfully navigated publishing a research paper – congratulations! But the process doesn’t stop there. Now your research is published in a journal for the world to see, you’ll need to know  how to access your article  and  make sure it has an impact .

Here’s a  quick tip on how to boost your research impact  by investing in making your accomplishments stand out.

Below you’ll find helpful tips and post-publication support. From how to communicate about your research to how to request corrections or translations.

How to access your published article

When you publish with Taylor & Francis, you’ll have access to a new section on Taylor & Francis Online called  Authored Works . This will give you and all other named authors perpetual access to your article, regardless of whether or not you have a subscription to the journal you have published in.

You can also  order print copies of your article .

How to make sure your research has an impact

Taking the time to make sure your research has an impact can help drive your career progression, build your networks, and secure funding for new research. So, it’s worth investing in.

Creating a real impact with your work can be a challenging and time-consuming task, which can feel difficult to fit into an already demanding academic career.

To help you understand what impact means for you and your work, take a look at  our guide to research impact . It covers why impact is important, the different types of impact you can have, how to achieve impact – including tips on communicating with a variety of audiences – and how to measure your success.

Keeping track of your article’s progress

Through your  Authored Works access , you’ll be able to get real-time insights about your article, such as views, downloads and citation numbers.

In addition, when you publish an article with us, you’ll be offered the option to sign up for email updates. These emails will be sent to you three, six and twelve months after your article is published to let you know how many views and citations the article has had.

Corrections and translations of published articles

Sometimes after an article has been published it may be necessary to make a change to the  Version of Record . Take a look at our dedicated  guide to corrections, expressions of concern, retractions and removals  to find out more.

You may also be interested in translating your article into another language. If that’s the case, take a look at our  information on article translations .

Go to your guide on moving through production

Explore related posts

Insights topic: Get published

5 practical tips for writing an academic article 

5 ways to avoid the wrong journal and find the right one

5 key benefits of using an academic editing service

Find the right journal

If you know the name of the journal you want to submit to, view all journals .

If you would like us to recommend the journal/s that are best suited to publish your article, use our Journal Suggester . All you need is an abstract or description of your article to find matching journals.

Tips for finding the right journal

Submitting a manuscript to unsuitable journals is a common mistake, and can cause journal editors to reject the manuscript before peer review. Choosing a relevant journal makes it more likely that your manuscript will be accepted. Some factors to consider are:

• The topics the journal publishes. If your research is applied, target a journal that publishes applied science; if it is clinical, target a clinical journal; if it is basic research, target a journal that publishes basic research. You may find it easier to browse a list of journals by subject area.
• The journal's audience. Will researchers in related fields be interested in your study? If so, a journal that covers a broad range of topics may be best. If only researchers in your field are likely to want to read your study, then a field-specific journal would be best.
• The types of articles the journal publishes. If you are looking to publish a review, case study or a theorem, ensure that your target journal accepts theses type of manuscripts.
• The reputation of the journal. A journal's Impact Factor is one measure of its reputation, but not always the most important. You should consider the prestige of the authors that publish in the journal and whether your research is of a similar level.
• What are your personal requirements: Does the journal usually publish articles quickly; is the "time to publication" important for you?

When looking for suitable journals in which to publish your own results, start with what you have read. You should already be familiar with published studies that are similar to yours. Which journal were those studies published in? The same journals may be appropriate for your manuscript, so make a list of them. If you need more journals to consider, you can do literature searches for other published articles in your field that are similar in scope and impact on the field, and see where they were published.

When you have a list of potential target journals, visit and read the websites for these journals. Every journal should have a page that provides instructions for authors, including information on many of the factors listed above.

Journals on your list that are not a match for your manuscript based on the factors listed above should be eliminated from consideration. Among the remaining journals, it is likely that one or more will stand out as a very good candidate. Consider if any additional experiments will give you a better chance of achieving publication in your top choice. If you are in a hurry to publish, consider which of the remaining journals offers rapid publication; if none do, consider which has the highest publication frequency. If your main goal is to reach as many readers as possible, strongly consider candidate journals that provide an open access option. Open access allows anyone to read your article, free of charge, online, which can make your article more likely to be read and cited.

When you have chosen the journal you think is the best fit for your study and your goals, it is usually a good idea to also identify your second- and third-choice journals. That way, if your paper is rejected from your first-choice journal, you can quickly submit to your second-choice journal.

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MODERNIZATION IN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

(Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Referred International Journal)

www.irjmets.com

Welcome to IRJMETS

Call for paper, our journal services:.

• Low cost Journal
• Fast response after received paper within 6 hours.
• Fast paper publication within 4 hours after receiving publication fees and copyright form.
• Provide DOI
• Low publication fees.
• Paper id is provided to track paper process.
• Simple and fast paper submission process.
• Free open access journal.
• Monthly paper publication.
• Provide free soft copy of certificate of publication to each author.
• Provide hard copy of paper publication certificate to each author
• Secure payment gateway.
• Strictly goes through plagiarism process.
• Paper can be submitted by authors any day any time.
• Accepted paper publication fees paid by authors online by Debit Card/ Credit Card/Net Banking/ Paytm /Phone Pe/ Bhim/Googlepay or any other UPI app
• Publication Guidelines- COPE Guidelines
• 24*7 authors query or problem resolving system

A bibliometric and systematic review of scientific publications on metaverse research in architecture: web of science (WoS)

• Open access
• Published: 02 July 2024

Cite this article

You have full access to this open access article

• Güneş Mutlu Avinç   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1049-2689 1 &
• Aslı Yıldız 2  

The global trends related to the concept of Metaverse in architecture have significantly expanded in recent years, thanks to the increasing number of scientific publications. Systematically examining the literature on this topic and identifying research trends and potential directions provides comprehensive data maps, thus charting a roadmap for researchers interested in working in this field. In this context, the research aims to identify the trends and tendencies of the concept of the Metaverse in the scientific literature over time at the primary analysis levels, such as countries, institutions, resources, articles, authors, and research topics. The research conducted with this aim involves a dynamic, visual, and systematic examination of the academic literature on academic publishing using data accessed without year limitations from the Web of Science Core Collection-Citation database. In the research conducted without year limitations, a sample comprising 334 articles published/planned to be published between 2005 and 2024 is analyzed. The bibliometrix R-Tool was used to enhance the analysis, and metadata was obtained from the WoS database. This analysis analyzed publications, citations, and information sources, including the most published journals, the most used keywords, the most cited and leading articles, the most cited academics, and the most contributing institutions and countries. In conclusion, this study aims to define the profile of international academic publishing in the field of the Metaverse, present its development, identify research fronts, detect emerging trends, and uncover the working themes and trends in the Metaverse specific to architecture. This study describes the profile of international academic publishing on the metaverse, presents its development, identifies research frontiers, identifies emerging trends, and reveals metaverse study themes and trends in architecture. As a result, education, virtual perception of space, building operation and maintenance, building evacuation, BIM (Building Information Modeling), cultural heritage, physical environment, built environment/planning, smart home, design and creativity, universal design/accessibility, sustainability, smart city/GIS, urban transportation systems, and in-use evaluation are identified as themes that have been studied in relation to the metaverse concept in architecture and design disciplines.

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

Information and communication technologies are undergoing rapid change and transformation every day. The concept of technology, which developed with computers in the 1990s, evolved into the Web in the 2000s, Web 2.0, the second stage of the evolution of the Web in the 2004s (Murugesan, 2007 ), telecommunications in the 2010s, and the metaverse in the 2020s (Lee, 2021 ).

Until the 1990s, Web 1.0 emerged as the first version. In this process, access to information was only one-way and there was no interaction. The Web 1.0 era was focused on making connections and obtaining information on the internet. Web 2.0, which emerged in 2004, includes forums, comments, blogs and social networks. However, Web 2.0 allowed users to share information as well as read. Thus, people started to communicate, collaborate and interact in another way (Alby, 2007 ). The concept of Web 3.0, known as the semantic web, which became active in 2010, made it possible to conduct a content search using keywords. Here, instead of humans, computers have come to the forefront to produce new information and think. Web 4.0, which started in 2016, focuses on access and intelligence (Latorre, 2018 ). Using machine learning technologies and artificial intelligence, users started to interact with data. Interpreted as an iteration of the Internet, the metaverse brings together a large number of different virtual spaces that provide access to various projects and entertainment environments using the full spectrum of augmented reality. In summary, the metaverse is the latest in a long line of emerging technologies (Nath, 2022 ). All these definitions are presented in the graph in Fig.  1 .

The Changing Face of the Internet: Journey from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 (Nath, 2022 )

The concept of Metaverse (fictional universe), which first emerged in Neal Stephenson's cyberpunk novel "Snow Crash" in 1992 (Ağırman & Barakalı, 2022 ), has seen a significant increase in studies on this subject after Marc Zuckerberg changed the name of Facebook and announced it as "Meta" in 2021 (see Figure 1 ). The word Metaverse is a combination of the prefix "meta" (meaning "beyond") and the suffix "verse" (short for "universe") (Dionisio et al., 2013 ). In this context, the Metaverse is defined as a virtual structure that allows participants to participate in real life or recreate real life through self-created avatars in a virtual metaphorical environment, independent of temporal and spatial constraints (Díaz et al., 2020 ). The concept of a metaverse or virtual world is a social and economic universe beyond commerce and entertainment, where digital users or avatars represent the individual (Lee, 2021 ). The Metaverse offers a potential environment in various fields, such as culture, education, design, and entertainment.

In the literature, there are studies on metaverse conducted with various keywords in different databases. For example, Abbate et al, ( 2022 ) conducted a study with the keyword “metaverse” in the title, abstract and keywords in the Scopus database, regardless of the time period studied, and the aim of the study was to review the studies on the Metaverse using bibliometric analysis. Feng et al. ( 2024 ), (2024) was conducted in the WOS database with the keywords “metaverse” and “Non-Fungible Token” between 2000 and 2023. Tas and Bolat, ( 2022 ), unlike these studies, conducted a bibliometric analysis of studies on the use of metaverse in education. Similarly, Bızel ( 2023 ) conducted a bibliometric analysis on the concept of “metaverse” and “education” in education between 2004 and 2022. Zhou et al. ( 2023 ) analyzed articles on the concept of metaverse in different databases between 1992 and 2022 and examined the concept of metaverse, its technical features, user behaviors and their theoretical foundations. Studies in the literature have examined the concept of metaverse in general or in relation to education. The scope of this study is the relationship between metaverse and architecture.

Given its inherent connection with architecture and design, this study primarily focuses on the Metaverse universe. Therefore, this study conducts a bibliometric examination of research related to the Metaverse and performs content analysis specifically within architecture. Bibliometrics is a quantitative analysis method that uses mathematical and statistical tools to measure the interrelation and impact of publications within a specific research field (Lee et al., 2020 ). Bibliometric research encompasses empirical methods focusing on quantitative literature studies (Ding et al., 2001 ). As a powerful tool for analyzing the information domain and revealing the cognitive-epistemological structure of the field (Van Eck & Waltman, 2010 ), it provides a macroscopic view across numerous academic studies. This method highlights influential research, authors, journals, institutions, and countries within a specific domain (Mora et al., 2019 ). Based on this premise, this research chose the WoS database for bibliometric analysis. Indeed, in every article indexed in WoS, research data such as authors, sources, cited references, keywords, and more can be accessed (Wang et al., 2022a , 2022b , 2022c ). Furthermore, the Metaverse literature obtained from the WoS database is systematically analyzed using the Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny software packages available in the R program. The following scientific questions guide this research.

RQ1: What is the development trend of publications in the Metaverse field over the years?

RQ2: How are the relationships among stakeholders in this field, such as authors, institutions, and countries?

RQ3: What are the main keywords in the study domain, and how are they clustered?

RQ4: What are the key elements, trends, and themes that characterize the global development of the Metaverse literature?

This bibliometric and content analysis conducted within this framework presents structured information and a comprehensive examination of the Metaverse field. Gaps, significant, and emerging points in the area are identified for researchers in this domain. The significance and contribution of this study lie in its examination of the literature related to the Metaverse and architectural design up to the present day.

Methodology

Data collection.

This study uses the Web of Science (WoS) database for bibliometric analysis. Indeed, the Web of Science database is preferred due to its wide range of tools for manipulating search results and its general, cited reference, and advanced search features (Norris & Oppenheim, 2007 :163; Merigó et al., 2015 ; Gaviria-Marin, 2019 ). On April 29, 2024, a comprehensive search was conducted across all fields in the Web of Science database using the following search query: "metaverse" AND "architect*" or "design" or "architectural studio" or "architectural education" or "building" or "architectural space" or "built environment" AND "virtual space" or "mixed reality" or "augmented reality" or "extended reality" or "cyberspace" or "virtual reality" or "virtual environment" or "virtual worlds" or "digital world" as keywords (Fig.  2 ). This search resulted in the identification of 513 studies.

WoS search screen

The flow chart of the study is shown in Fig.  3 .

Flowchart of the study

Bibliometric analysis

Bibliometric analysis, a quantitative approach to analyzing academic literature using bibliographies to identify, evaluate, and monitor published research, first used in 1969 (Broadus, 1987 ; Lee et al., 2020 ), is employed in this study to analyze trends and potentials in the field of the Metaverse. Bibliometric analysis distills a comprehensive overview of a specific area by processing a large volume of literature. In this context, bibliometric study provides a broad perspective on extensive research literature and enables the quantitative and objective delineation of research topics from the past to the present (Chen et al., 2021 ). The bibliometric analysis method analyzes development trends in various scientific research fields (Li & Ye, 2016 ). It aids researchers in creating knowledge maps that represent information structure in a particular area and examine their characteristics using statistical and mathematical methods (Ding et al., 2001 ; Godin, 2006 ).

In this study, the graphical web interface Biblioshiny, based on Bibliometrix 3.0 (URL-1), is used within the R software and RStudio environment to create knowledge maps. R software is noted as a dynamically writable and interpretable programming language for statistics and data analysis (Diez-Vial & Montoro-Sanchez, 2017 ; Donoho, 2021 ; Khan et al., 2016 ; Xu & Marinova, 2013 ).

The Bibliometrix R package plays an essential role in scientific methodology by providing a set of tools for quantitative research. This package is developed within the R programming language, an open-source environment and ecosystem. The R language offers substantial opportunities in scientific computation due to its multitude of practical statistical algorithms, access to high-quality numerical data, and integrated data visualization tools (Aria & Cuccurullo, 2017 ; Xie et al., 2020 ). Within the scope of this study, the literature data obtained from the WoS database was analyzed using the bibliometric analysis method within the Bibliometrix software environment. The knowledge maps and data obtained are presented in the findings section.

Distribution of annual documents

To reflect the trends in literature research, it is essential to analyze the accelerations that studies have demonstrated over time (Xie et al., 2020 ). In this context, it was determined that this research, without a time constraint, covers the relevant data from the years 2005 to 2023. It is seen that the number of research studies published on the Metaverse from 2005 to 2023 shows a similar trend with a small number of publications until 2021 but shows a significant increase starting from 2022 (Fig.  4 ). Based on the graphical data, it is anticipated that research in the Metaverse field will rapidly increase.

Number of documentations by year

According to the analysis data from the Web of Science category, the top five categories prominently featured are Engineering Electrical Electronic (103), Computer Science Information Systems (102), Telecommunications (86), Computer Science Artificial Intelligence (58), and Computer Science Interdisciplinary Applications (58) (Fig.  5 ).

Number of documentations by WoS Categories

When the classification of the retrieved studies is examined in the context of Sustainable Development Goals, it is determined that 168 studies were conducted for Quality Education, 61 for Good Health and Well-being, 32 for Sustainable Cities and Communities, 30 for Industry Innovation and Infrastructure, 17 for Responsible Consumption and Production, 3 for Affordable and Clean Energy, 1 for Gender Equality, 1 for Decent Work and Economic Growth, 1 for Reduced Inequality and 1 for Life on Land (Fig.  6 ).

Number of documentations by Sustainable Development Goals

As a result of the studies on the Metaverse, 291 articles, 128 proceeding papers, 46 review articles, 37 early access, 5 book chapters and 4 editorial material were identified (Fig.  7 ).

Number of document types

Data screening and inclusion criteria

As a result of the search conducted in the WoS database on April 29, 2024, a total of 513 sources potentially suitable for this study were identified. In this research, 323 documents were retrieved from 199 sources. In this study, which did not apply any time constraints, the retrieved documents spanned the period from 2005 to 2023. The data file downloaded in Bibtex format from the WoS database was uploaded to the Bibliometrix software (URL-1). In this step, publications written in English, accessible, and peer-reviewed were preferred for examination. In this context, the document type was limited to 'Article/Article; Book Chapter/Article; Early Access/Article; Review; Early Access/Review.' As a result of these restrictions, a total of 190 studies were excluded from the analysis. Figure  8 provides general information about these data.

Primary data information in Bibliometrix software

Most relevant sources

The retrieved articles have been published in a total of 289 different sources. The sources with the most publications are the ‘IEEE Access’ (N = 13), ‘IEEE Network’ (N = 11), ‘Sustainability’ (N = 10), ‘Internet Research’ (N = 8) and ‘Electronics’ (N = 7) publications. Figure  9 presents the top 20 sources with the highest number of publications.

Top 20 most relevant sources

Most frequent words

Keywords ensure the general comprehensibility of a research topic and its content. The analysis of high-frequency keywords reflects important and current topics in the Metaverse field. In this context, Fig.  9 , which includes the ‘TreeMap’, illustrates the tree structure of the 50 most frequently used keywords. In this representation, the size of the rectangle indicates the frequency of usage of the term within the rectangle. In this context, 'virtual-reality (50), augmented reality (30), design (28), system (24), technology (22)' are identified as the top five prominent terms. Additionally, this situation can also be observed through the created 'WordCloud,' which represents the frequency of usage of key terms in a word cloud (Fig.  10 ).

Treemap chart of the 50 most frequently occurring "KeyWords Plus" terms and World cloud of the 50 most frequently occurring "KeyWords Plus" terms

Most relevant countries

Figure  11 shows the collaborations between co-authors and their countries. In this context, it is understood that the most co-authors are commonly found in China. In terms of the number of articles published by a single country; China (N = 51), USA (N = 27), Korea (N = 26), Italy (N = 12) and the United Kingdom (N = 9) are ranked as the top five. Similarly, for multiple-authored articles, the top five countries are as follows: China (N = 35), United Kingdom (N = 11), India (N = 8), USA (N = 6), Malaysia (N = 6), Singapore (N = 6), Korea (N = 5), Italy (N = 5) and USA (N = 5). When looking at Fig.  11 , the turquoise bars represent single-country publications (SCP), while the orange bars represent multi-country publications (MCP).

Corresponding Author's Countries

Most relevant authors

Figure  12 presents a list of the top 20 authors with the highest number of publications. In this context, it is observed that Niyato has the highest number of publications (10). Following Niyato (N = 11), Xiong (7), Wang (6), Bibri (5), Kim (5), Li (5), Liu (5) and Wang (5) respectively.

Most relevant Authors

Authors' production over time

The article dataset related to Metaverse publications includes a total of 1044 authors. Figure  13 displays a diagram depicting the top 20 most productive Metaverse authors during the study period. The size of the dots in this diagram represents the number of articles, while the colors' dimensions represent the annual total citation counts. Regarding the number of articles published during the study period, the top three most productive authors are Niyato (10 articles), followed by Xiong (6 articles), Wang (5 articles), Bibri (2 articles), and Kim (4 articles).

The top 20 authors featured in research on the Metaverse

Most relevant affiliations

When evaluating the institutions where publications on the Metaverse have been conducted, Nanyang Technology University (Number of Articles = 20), Singapore University of Technology and Design (N = 15), Norwegian University (N = 12), Sungkyunkwan University (N = 11), and Gachon Univercity (N = 11) are listed as the top institutions (Fig.  14 ).

Most relevant Affiliations

Country scientific production

The countries with the highest number of publications in the field of Metaverse are shown in Fig.  15 . The number of research articles is represented by the blue color intensity on the map. According to this graph, China (134), USA (130), Korea (87), United Kingdom (72), India (45), and Singapore (48) are ranked as leading countries in terms of publications.

Country Scientific Production

Country collaboration map

International research collaboration for articles on Metaverse is depicted in Fig.  16 . The number of published articles is indicated by the intensity of the blue color on the map. The thickness of brown lines represents the intensity of collaboration based on frequency. While China stands out as the country with the strongest collaboration compared to other countries, the most collaborative countries are ranked as USA, Australia, and the United Kingdom, respectively.

Country Collaboration Map for Metaverse Articles

Most cited countries

According to the graph shown in Fig.  17 , the top five countries receiving the most citations are ranked as follows: China (810), USA (689), Korea (659), France (275), and United Kingdom (207).

Graph of Countries Receiving the Most Citations

Three-field plot

A three-field graph illustrating the relationship between keywords, countries, and journals is presented in Fig.  18 . The height of the rectangular nodes within the graph represents the frequency of author keywords, keywords plus, and authors. The thickness of the lines between nodes represents the number of connections (Wang et al., 2022a , 2022b , 2022c ).

Three-Field Plot showing the relationship between authors keywords (left), keywords plus (middle) and authors (right)

Thematic map

To comprehensively capture the theme map of big data research, author keywords and index keywords from bibliographic records were clustered and classified by dividing them into two using the k-means and naive Bayes algorithms (Parlina et al., 2020 ). The revealed thematic map consists of thirteen clusters. For the clustering of metaverse topics, four categories are represented as clusters in different colors. In the first cluster represented by the green color, the terms ‘virtual reality’, ‘augmented reality’, and ‘design’ take prominence. In the blue cluster, terms such as ‘impact’, ‘experience’, and ‘virtual worlds’' are observed. As seen in Fig.  19 , the red cluster encompasses significant research topics.

Thematic map generated using author's keywords

Trend topics

The Trend topics chart presented in Fig.  20 is created based on Keywords Plus. In this context, the size of the circles within the graph indicates the frequency of the term, while the length of the lines represents how long this concept has been studied. In this context, the results of the analysis conducted to identify trend topics with Keywords Plus are presented in Fig.  20 . Accordingly, virtual reality (f = 50), augmented reality (f = 30), technology (f = 24), design (f = 28), model (f = 22), and environments (f = 10) are determined as trend topics.

Trend topics with Keywords Plus

Examination of publications in the field of architecture through content analysis

Among these studies, a total of 76 research papers were subjected to content analysis within the context of the relationship between architecture and the Metaverse, and the obtained data are presented in Table  1 . Each study has been categorized according to thematic areas within the fields of architecture and design, revealing that the studies were produced in a total of 15 categories: education, building operation and maintenance, building evacuation, Building Information Modelling (BIM), physical environment, virtual space perception, cultural heritage, built environment/planning, smart city/GIS, smart home, design and creativity, universal design/accessibility, sustainability, urban transportation systems, and post-occupancy evaluation. In addition, brief information about the specific topics each study within the field of architecture and design focused on under each study theme has been provided. According to the content analysis conducted, it is evident that education and virtual space perception themes are the most prevalent subjects of scientific research within disciplines related to architecture and design. The fact that the metaverse universe is a virtual fiction of the real world brings to the fore the question of how this universe is perceived by individuals. Consequently, the perception of virtual spaces becomes significant in studies related to the Metaverse. Furthermore, Table  1 indicates that the concept of the Metaverse is gaining importance in various themes related to architecture. It has the potential to be a promising research area in different fields such as different age groups, disability conditions, construction systems and technologies, cultural heritage, and transportation. The density and relevance of research themes in the fields of architecture and design align with the sustainable development goals related to the Metaverse. Themes such as education quality and sustainable cities and communities, as well as community objectives, are prominent in architectural studies as well.

Discussion and conclusion

This research, in general, reveals the overall trends in scientific research related to the Metaverse and specifically within the disciplines of architecture and design. The number of studies analyzed within the scope of the research has increased rapidly since 2021 and this momentum is expected to increase in the coming years. WoS categories such as Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Computer Science Information, and Telecommunications are prominent areas where the concept of the Metaverse is emphasized. In terms of sustainable development goals, topics like education quality, good health and well-being, and sustainable cities and communities are the focal points of research related to the Metaverse. When the document types are evaluated, it is seen that articles come to the forefront. The most frequently used keywords related to the Metaverse concept include virtual reality, augmented reality, design, system, and technology. In terms of the countries where the most studies are produced, China takes the lead, followed by countries such as the USA, Korea, and the United Kingdom. Additionally, the study provides data related to authors, citations, institutions, and journals.

The results of the bibliometric analysis conducted within the scope of the questions guiding the research are as follows.

This study, which evaluates the research conducted between 2005 and 2023, shows that there is a similar trend with a small number of publications until 2021, but there has been a significant increase since 2021. It is predicted that the research on this subject increased rapidly in 2023 and will increase rapidly in the coming years.

In the study, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Norwegian University, Sungkyunkwan University, and Gachon University stand out as research institutions related to the metaverse. In the study, Niyato was found to be the author with the highest number of publications. He is followed by Xiong Wang, Bibri, Kim, Li, Liu and Wang. In the study, China, the USA, Korea, the United Kingdom, India and Singapore are ranked as the leading countries in terms of publications. However, when the cooperation potentials of the countries are analyzed, China stands out as the country with the strongest cooperation compared to other countries, while the countries with the most cooperation are the USA, Australia and the UK, respectively.

In the publications examined in the study, it was determined that the keywords metaverse, virtual reality, augmented reality, extended reality, artificial intelligence, blockchain, reality, mixed reality, virtual were frequently used.

The prominent themes clustered in the study are “impact, experience, virtual worlds”, “internet, challenges, blockchain”, “integration, rehabilitation, walking” and “virtual-reality, augmented reality, design”. The global collaborative network framework of Metaverse literacy and research needs to be strengthened. In the future, it is envisioned that this research area will further develop in sectors such as education, health, arts, commerce and entertainment. The results of this study are intended to serve as a reference for future applied research on the metaverse.

The particular focus of this study is to examine the themes in which the concept of the Metaverse has been explored within the disciplines of architecture and design. The content of architectural publications addressing the Metaverse has been analyzed in the study, revealing research trends in this field. Within this context, various themes related to the concept of the Metaverse have been explored in the disciplines of architecture and design. These themes include education, building operation and maintenance, building evacuation, Building Information Modelling (BIM), physical environment, virtual space perception, cultural heritage, built environment/planning, smart cities/GIS, smart homes, design and creativity, universal design/accessibility, sustainability, urban transportation systems, and evaluation in the usage process. Among these themes, education and virtual space perception stand out as the most researched areas.

In conclusion, this study aims to provide guidance for researchers by demonstrating how the concept of the Metaverse has shaped a research landscape within the disciplines of architecture and design over time.

This study presents a bibliometric and content analysis of a research conducted in the WoS database with the keywords “metaverse” AND “architect*” or “design” or “architectural studio” or “architectural education” or “building” or “architectural space” or “built environment” AND “virtual space” or “mixed reality” or “augmented reality” or “extended reality” or “cyberspace” or “virtual reality” or “virtual environment” or “virtual worlds” or “digital world”. The study covers the use of metaverse in the field of architecture and design.

Although the concrete reality of the Metaverse has not materialized due to its conceptual novelty, its future prospects are interpreted as promising (Piñeiro-Chousa et al., 2024 ). In this context, researchers can contribute to this point by analyzing the theoretical foundations of the Metaverse in depth. In future studies, in order to obtain more systematic quantitative results on the metaverse, it is planned to expand the keywords, search different databases and include various contents in the study. In addition, it is planned to examine architectural content produced on digital architecture platforms related to metaverse. In order to expand the scope of the study, the relationship of the metaverse with different disciplines will be discussed.

Abbate, S., Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., Oropallo, E., & Riccio, E. (2022). A first bibliometric literature review on Metaverse. In 2022 IEEE technology and engineering management conference TEMSCON EUROPE , pp. 254–260.

Ağırman, E., & Barakalı, O. C. (2022). Finans ve finansal hizmetlerin geleceği: Metaverse. Avrasya Sosyal Ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9 (2), 329–346.

Google Scholar  

Alby, T. (2007). Web 2.0: Konzepte, Anwendungen, Technologien, Hanser.

Algerafi, M. A. M., Zhou, Y. L., Oubibi, M., Wijaya, T. T. (2023). Unlocking the potential: a comprehensive evaluation of augmented reality and virtual reality in education. Electronics. 12 (18). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183953

Allam, Z., Sharifi, A., Bibri, S. E., Jones, D. S., & Krogstie, J. (2022). The Metaverse as a virtual form of smart cities: Opportunities and challenges for environmental, economic, and social sustainability in urban futures. Smart Cities., 5 (3), 771–801. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5030040

Article   Google Scholar  

Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11 (4), 959–975.

Ayiter, E. (2014). (Re)Building Proun #5A in the Metaverse. In International conference on cyberworlds (CW) . Spain. 403–406. https://doi.org/10.1109/CW.2014.63

Bardzell, S., & Shankar, K. (2007). Video game technologies and virtual design: A study of virtual design teams in a metaverse. In 2nd International conference on virtual reality held at the HCI ınternational 2007 . Beijing. vol. 4563.

Bartels, N., & Hahne, K. (2023). Teaching building information modeling in the metaverse-an approach based on quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the students perspective. Buildings 13 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092198

Bibri, S. E., & Jagatheesaperumal, S. K. (2023). Harnessing the potential of the metaverse and artificial intelligence for the internet of city things: Cost-effective XReality and synergistic AIoT technologies. Smart Cities, 6 (5), 2397–2429.

Bigne, E., Curras-Perez, R., Ruiz, C., Andreu, L. (2023). I want to travel to the past! The role of creative style and historical reconstructions as antecedents of informativeness in a virtual visit to a heritage tourist destination. Current Issues in Tourism . https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2263615

Bızel, G. (2023). A bibliometric analysis: Metaverse in education concept. Journal of Metaverse, 3 (2), 133–143.

Broadus, R. N. (1987). Toward a definition of “bibliometrics.” Scientometrics, 12 , 373–379.

Camilleri, M. A. (2023). Metaverse applications in education: A systematic review and a cost-benefit analysis. Interactive Technology and Smart Education . https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-01-2023-0017

Casini, M. (2022). Extended reality for smart building operation and maintenance: a review. Energies 15 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103785

Casillo, M., Cecere, L., Colace, F., Lorusso, A., Santaniello, D., & Valentino, C. (2023). Exhibition spaces in the metaverse: a novel design approach. In 8th IEEE history of electrotechnology conference (HISTELCON) , pp. 116–119.

Chen, J., Xi, N. N., Pohjonen, V., & Hamari, J. (2023). Paying attention in Metaverse: An experiment on spatial attention in Metaverse: An experiment on spatial attention allocation in extended reality shopping. Information Technology & People., 36 (8), 255–283.

Chen, X., Zou, D., Kohnke, L., Xie, H., & Cheng, G. (2021). Affective states in digital game-based learning: Thematic evolution and social network analysis. PLoS ONE, 16 (7), e0255184.

Cho, Y., Hong, S., Kim, M., & Kim, J. (2022). DAVE: Deep learning-based asymmetric virtual environment for immersive experiential metaverse content. Electronics 11 (16). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162604

Choi, H. S., & Kim, S. H. (2017). A content service deployment plan for metaverse museum exhibitions-Centering on the combination of beacons and HMDs. International Journal of Information Management, 37 (1), 1519–1527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.017

Chua, H. W., & Yu, Z. G. (2023). A systematic literature review of the acceptability of the use of Metaverse in education over 16 years. Journal of Computers in Education . https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-023-00273-z

Chun, H. (2023). A study on the design education method using Metaverse by wireless communication with computing for UAV-enabled B5G/6G network. Wireless Networks . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03523-1

Chung, S. J., Kim, S. Y., Kim, K. H. (2024). Comparison of visitor experiences of virtual reality exhibitions by spatial environment. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 181 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103145

Crolla, K., & Goepel, G. (2022). Entering hyper-reality: "Resonance-In-Sight," a mixed-reality art installation. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3 . https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.1044021

De Francesco, G., & Falcone, M. (2022). Metaverse architecture and territory. The experience of Sicily Lab 2022 in Gioiosa Marea. Archeomatica-Tecnologie Per I Beni Culturali 13 (4). 16–19.

Díaz, J., Saldaña, C., & Avila, C. (2020). Virtual world as a resource for hybrid education. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15 (15), 94–109.

Diez-Vial, I., & Montoro-Sanchez, A. (2017). Research evolution in science parks and incubators: Foundations and new trends. Scientometrics, 110 (3), 1243–1272.

Ding, Y., Chowdhury, G. G., & Foo, S. (2001). Bibliometric cartography of information retrieval research by using co-word analysis. Information Processing & Management, 37 (6), 817–842.

Dionisio, J. D. N., Iii, W. G. B., & Gilbert, R. (2013). 3D virtual worlds and the Metaverse: Current status and future possibilities. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 45 (3), 1–38.

Doma, O. O., & Mert, S. (2022). Dreamscape bricks VR: An experimental virtual reality tool for architectural design. Interaction Design and Architectures., 52 , 234–258.

Donoho, A. (2021). A quick ıntroduction to the R ecosystem. World Wide Technology. https://www.wwt.com/blog/a-quick-introduction-to-the-r-ecosystem

Dozio, N., Marcolin, F., Scurati, G. W., Ulrich, L., Nonis, F., Vezzetti, E., Marsocci, G., La Rosa, A., Ferrise, F. (2022). A design methodology for affective Virtual Reality. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies , 162 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102791

Dreamson, N., & Park, G. (2023). Metaverse-based learning through children’s school space design. International Journal of Art & Design Education, 42 (1), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/jade.12449

Fang, L. B., Dong, X. F., Weng, Z. C., & Chen, T. Q. (2023). Designing an attractive metaverse: Research on design factors influencing audience satisfaction with a virtual space based on QCA. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research., 18 (1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer18010003

Feng, X., Wang, X., & Su, Y. (2024). An analysis of the current status of metaverse research based on bibliometrics. Library Hi Tech, 42 (1), 284–308.

Filimonau, V., Ashton, M., & Stankov, U. (2022). Virtual spaces as the future of consumption in tourism, hospitality and events. Journal of Tourism Futures . https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-07-2022-0174

Franco, P. A. C., De La Plata, A. R. M., Bernal, E. G. (2022). Protocols for the graphic and constructive diffusion of digital twins of the architectural heritage that guarantee universal accessibility through AR and VR. Applied Sciences-Basel 12 (17). https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178785

Gaviria-Marin, M., Merigó, J. M., & Baier-Fuentes, H. (2019). Knowledge management: A global examination based on bibliometric analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 140 , 194–220.

Godin, B. (2006). On the origins of bibliometrics. Scientometrics, 68 (1), 109–133.

Gu, J. L., Wang, J. C., Guo, X. W., Liu, G. J., Qin, S. J., & Bi, Z. L. (2023). A metaverse-based teaching building evacuation training system with deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems., 53 (4), 2209–2219. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2022.3231299

Guan, J., & Morris, A. (2022). Extended-XRI body ınterfaces for hyper-connected metaverse environments. In IEEE Games, entertainment, media conference (GEM) . Barbados. https://doi.org/10.1109/GEM56474.2022.10017701

Guan, J., Morris, A., Irizawa, J. (2023). Extending the metaverse: Hyper-connected smart environments with mixed reality and the ınternet of things. In 30th IEEE conference virtual reality and 3D user ınterfaces , Shanghai, pp. 817–818.

Guan, J. E., Morris, A., Irizawa, J. (2023). Cross-reality for extending the metaverse: designing hyper-connected ımmersive environments with XRI. In 30th IEEE conference virtual reality and 3D user ınterfaces (IEEE VR) . Shanghai. 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW58643.2023.00071

Hassouneh, D., & Brengman, M. (2015). Retailing in social virtual worlds: Developing a typology of virtual store atmospherics. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research., 16 (3), 218–241.

Hedrick, E., Harper, M., Oliver, E., Hatch, D. (2022). Teaching and learning in virtual reality: Metaverse classroom exploration. In 2nd Annual ıntermountain conference on engineering, technology, and computing (IETC) . Orem, UT. https://doi.org/10.1109/IETC54973.2022.9796765

Hu, P., Boorboor, S., Jadhav, S., Marino, J., Mirhosseini, S., Kaufman, A. E. (2022). Spatial perception in ımmersive visualization: A study and findings. In 21st IEEE ınternational symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR) . Singapore, pp. 369–372. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR-Adjunct57072.2022.00080

Huang, H. K., Zeng, X. B., Zhao, L. J., Qiu, C., Wu, H. J., & Fan, L. S. (2022). Fusion of building information modeling and blockchain for Metaverse: A Survey. IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society., 3 , 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCS.2022.3206494

Hudson-Smith, A. (2022). Incoming metaverses: Digital mirrors for urban planning. Urban Planning., 7 (2), 343–354. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i2.5193

Ibanez, L. A. H., Naya, V. B. (2012). Cyberarchitecture: A Vitruvian approach. In Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on cyberworlds . Germany. 283289. https://doi.org/10.1109/CW.2012.48

Jauhiainen, J. S., Krohn, C., Junnila, J. (2023). Metaverse and sustainability: systematic review of scientific publications until 2022 and beyond. Sustainability. 15 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010346

Jin, Q., Liu, Y., Yarosh, S., Han, B., Qian, F. (2022). How will VR enter university classrooms? Multi-stakeholders Investigation of VR in Higher Education. CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (CHI). New Orleans. LA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517542

Jin, Y., & Tiejun, Z. (2023). The application of Metaverse XiRang game in the mixed teaching of art and Design in Colleges and Universities. Education and Information Technologies, 28 (12), 15625–15655.

Jot, J. M., Audfray, R., Hertensteiner, M., Schmidt, B. (2021). Rendering spatial sound for ınteroperable experiences in the audio metaverse. In Conference on ımmersive and 3D audio—from architecture to automotive (I3DA) . https://doi.org/10.1109/I3DA48870.2021.9610971

Jovanovic, A., & Milosavljevic, A. (2022). VoRtex metaverse platform for gamified collaborative learning. Electronics 11 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030317

Khan, G. F., Lee, S., Park, J. Y., & Park, H. W. (2016). Theories in communication science: A structural analysis using webometrics and social network approach. Scientometrics, 108 , 531–557.

Kim, T., Planey, J., & Lindgren, R. (2023). Theory-Driven design in metaverse virtual reality learning environments: Two illustrative cases. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 16 (6), 1141–1153.

Koohsari, M. J., McCormack, G. R., Nakaya, T., Yasunaga, A., Fuller, D., Nagai, Y., Oka, K. (2023). Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25 , https://doi.org/10.2196/43549

Kuru, K. (2023). MetaOmniCity: Toward immersive urban metaverse cyberspaces using smart city digital twins. IEEE Access, 11 (43), 844–868. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3272890

Kye, B., Han, N., Kim, E., Park, Y., & Jo, S. (2021). Educational applications of Metaverse: Possibilities and limitations. Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions, 18 , 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.32

Latorre, M. (2018). Historia de las web, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 y 4.0. Universidad Marcelino Champagnat. http://umch.edu.pe/arch/hnomarino/74_Historia%20de%20la%20Web.pdf

Lee, J. Y. (2021). A study on metaverse hype for sustainable growth. International Journal of Advanced Smart Convergence, 10 (3), 72–80.

Lee, I. S., Lee, H., Chen, Y. H., & Chae, Y. (2020). Bibliometric analysis of research assessing the use of acupuncture for pain treatment over the past 20 years. Journal of Pain Research , 367–376.

Li, J., & Ye, F. Y. (2016). Distinguishing sleeping beauties in science. Scientometrics, 108 , 821–828.

Liu, Z., Gong, S. Q., Tan, Z. Y., Demian, P. (2023). Immersive technologies-driven building ınformation modelling (BIM) in the context of metaverse. 13 (6). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061559

Lo, S. C., & Tsai, H. H. (2022). Design of 3D virtual reality in the Metaverse for environmental conservation education based on cognitive theory. Sensors 22 (21). https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218329

Lucchi, E. (2023). Digital twins for the automation of the heritage construction sector. Automation in Construction , 156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105073

Lv, Z. H., Shang, W. L., Guizani, M. (2022). Impact of digital twins and Metaverse on cities: history, current situation, and application perspectives. Applied Sciences-Basel, 12 (24). https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412820

Lyu, Q., Watanabe, K., Umemura, H., & Murai, A. (2023). Frontiers in virtual reality, vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2023.1137293

Merigó, J. M., Gil-Lafuente, A. M., & Yager, R. R. (2015). An overview of fuzzy research with bibliometric indicators. Applied Soft Computing, 27 , 420–433.

Mora, L., Deakin, M., & Reid, A. (2019). Combining co-citation clustering and text-based analysis to reveal the main development paths of smart cities. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 142 , 56–69.

Murugesan, S. (2007). Understanding Web 2.0. IT professional, 9 (4), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2007.78

Nath, K. (2022). Evolution of the internet from web 1.0 to metaverse: The good, the bad and the ugly. TechRxiv Powered by IEEE. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.19743676

Norris, M., & Oppenheim, C. (2007). Comparing alternatives to the Web of Science for coverage of the social sciences’ literature. Journal of Informetrics, 1 (2), 161–169.

Oliveira, E., Trevisan, D., Clua, E., Silva, M., Mesquita, C., Cruz, M., & Porcino, T. (2023). Modeling and designing clinical sessions with hybrid environments in the metaverse. In Proceedings of the 25th symposium on virtual and augmented reality , pp. 183–193.

Onecha, B., Cornado, C., Morros, J., Pons, O. (2023). New approach to design and assess metaverse environments for improving learning processes in higher education: the case of architectural construction and rehabilitation. Buildings, 13 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051340

Ortega-Rodriguez, P. J. (2022). From extended reality to the Metaverse: A critical reflection on contributions to education. Teoria De La Educacion., 34 (2), 189–208.

Park, B., Namkung, K., & Pan, Y. (2023). Could you evaluate sounds in a virtual environment? evaluation components of auditory experience in a metaverse environment. Applied Sciences-Basel, 13 (19). https://doi.org/10.3390/app131910991

Parlina, A., Ramli, K., & Murfi, H. (2020). Theme mapping and bibliometrics analysis of one decade of big data research in the scopus database. Information, 11 (2), 69.

Piñeiro-Chousa, J., López-Cabarcos, M. Á., VittoriRomero, V., & Pérez-Pérez, A. (2024). Evolution and trends of the metaverse in business and management: A bibliometric analysis. Review of Managerial Science , 1–26.

Radanliev, P., De Roure, D., Novitzky, P., & Sluganovic, I. (2023). Accessibility and inclusiveness of new information and communication technologies for disabled users and content creators in the Metaverse. Disability and Rehabilitation-Assistive Technology . https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2023.2241882

Reis, C. M. & Camara, A. (2023). Expanding nature's storytelling: Extended reality and debiasing strategies for an eco-agency. Frontiers in Psychology, 14 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.941373

Ricci, M., Scarcelli, A., Fiorentino, M. (2023). Designing for the Metaverse: A multidisciplinary laboratory in the industrial design program. Future Internet, 15 (2). https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15020069

Ruhimat, M., Logayah, D. S., & Darmawan, R. A. (2023). Mobile augmented reality application through metaverse approach as social studies learning media in junior high school. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology., 18 , 176–185.

Schlemmer, E., & Backes, L. (2015). Online education in metaverse: Novelty or ınnovation?. Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design Book Series . 183–214. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6351-0.ch009

Sghaier, S., Elfakki, A. O., Alotaibi, A. A. (2022). Development of an intelligent system based on Metaverse learning for students with disabilities. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 9 . https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.1006921

Shah, S. H. H., Hameed, I. A., Karlsen, A. S. T., Solberg, M. (2022). Towards a social VR-based exergame for elderly users: An exploratory study of acceptance, experiences and design principles. In 14th International conference on virtual, augmented and mixed reality (VAMR) held as part of the 24th ınternational conference on human–computer ınteraction (HCII) , vol. 13317, pp. 495–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05939-1_34

Shishehgarkhaneh, M. B., Keivani, A., Moehler, R. C., Jelodari, N., Laleh, S. R. (2022). Internet of hhings (IoT), building information modeling (BIM), and digital twin (DT) in construction industry: a review, Bibliometric, and Network Analysis. Buildings 12(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101503

Sra, M. (2023). Enhancing the sense of presence in virtual reality. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications., 43 (4), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCG.2023.3252182

Su, P. Y., Hsiao, P. W., Fan, K. K. (2023). Investigating the relationship between users' behavioral intentions and learning effects of VR system for sustainable tourism development. Sustainability, 15 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097277

Suanpang, P., Niamsorn, C., Pothipassa, P., Chunhapataragul, T., Netwong, T., Jermsittiparsert, K. 2022). Extensible metaverse implication for a smart tourism city. Sustainability, 14 (21). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114027

Tas, N., & Bolat, Y. İ. (2022). Bibliometric mapping of metaverse in education. International Journal of Technology in Education, 5 (3), 440–458.

Tian, X. Y., Chen, X. Z., & Feng, L. L. (2023). Quality improvement path and countermeasures for future-oriented film and animation teaching: Based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems., 44 (2), 2981–2997. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-222779

Tlili, A. Huang, R. H., Shehata, B., Liu, D. J., Zhao, J. L., Metwally, A. H. S., Wang, H. H., Denden, M., Bozkurt, A., Lee, L. H. (2022). Is metaverse in education a blessing or a curse: A combined content and bibliometric analysis. Smart Learning Environments, 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-022-00205-x

Türker, O., & Işık, A. (2023). E-augmented reality supported museum application in the context of NFT applications. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sanat & Tasarım Dergisi., 13 (1), 326–342.

URL-1: https://www.bibliometrix.org/

Wang, M. J., Yu, H. Y., Bell, Z., & Chu, X. Y. (2022a). Constructing an edu-metaverse ecosystem: A new and innovative framework. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies., 15 (6), 685–696. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2022.3210828

Wang, Y. Y., Lee, L. H., Braud, T., Hui, P. (2022). Re-shaping post-COVID-19 teaching and learning: A blueprint of virtual-physical blended classrooms in the metaverse era. In 42nd IEEE ınternational conference on distributed computing systems (ICDCS) , Italy. 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCSW56584.2022.00053

Wang, M. L., Liu, S. S., Hu, L. L., Lee, J. Y. (2023). A study of metaverse exhibition sustainability on the perspective of the experience economy. Sustainability, 15 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129153

Wang, X., Lu, J., Song, Z., Zhou, Y., Liu, T., & Zhang, D. (2022c). From past to future: Bibliometric analysis of global research productivity on nomogram (2000–2021). Frontiers in Public Health, 10 , 997713.

Wortley, D. J. (2022). Gis, Covid-19 and the Metaverse. In 8th International conference on cartography and GIS . Bulgaria, 2 , 148–154.

Wu, L. Y., Yu, R. J., Su, W., Ye, S. S. (2022). Design and implementation of a metaverse platform for traditional culture: the chime bells of Marquis Yi of Zeng. 10(1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00828-w

Xia, X., & Pan, Y. W. (2022). Interactive relationships in the future of virtual reality. In 24th International conference on human–computer ınteraction (HCII) , vol. 13518, 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21707-4_17

Xie, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, Z., & Lv, T. (2020). A bibliometric analysis on land degradation: Current status, development, and future directions. Land, 9 (1), 28.

Xu, A. F. & Zeng, W. J. (2022). Dynamic optimization modeling of smart tourism information system using VRGIS in big data environment. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7914674

Xu, L. Q., & Zhang, Z. B. (2022). Effects of user construction behavior on user experience in a virtual ındoor environment. In 21st IEEE ınternational symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR) . Singapore. 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISMAR55827.2022.00073

Xu, L., & Marinova, D. (2013). Resilience thinking: A bibliometric analysis of socio-ecological research. Scientometrics, 96 , 911–927.

Xu, M., Niyato, D., Kang, J., Xiong, Z., Miao, C., & Kim, D. I. (2022). Wireless edge-empowered metaverse: A learning-based incentive mechanism for virtual reality. In ICC 2022-IEEE International conference on Communications , pp. 5220–5225.

Van Eck, N., & Waltman, L. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84 (2), 523–538.

Yang, E. S. (2023). Implications of immersive technologies in healthcare sector and its built environment. Frontiers in Medical Technology, 5 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fmedt.2023.1184925

Yang, Y. Q., Shi, Q. F., Zhang, Z. X., Shan, X. C. A., Salam, B., Lee, C. (2023). Robust triboelectric information-mat enhanced by multi-modality deep learning for smart home. Infomat, 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12360

You, J., Wen, X., Liu, L., Yin, J., & Ji, J. S. (2023). Biophilic classroom environments on stress and cognitive performance: A randomized crossover study in virtual reality (VR). PLoS ONE, 18 (11), e0291355.

Yu, K. J. (2021). From slime mold to meta. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 9 (5), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.15302/J-LAF-1-010019

Yu, X., Wang, C., Xu, L., Wu, C., Wang, Z., He, Y., & Wang, W. (2023). When connected and automated vehicles meet mobile crowdsensing: A perception and transmission framework in the metaverse. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine .

Zhang, H., Luo, G. Y., Li, Y. D., & Wang, F. Y. (2023). Parallel vision for intelligent transportation systems in Metaverse: Challenges, solutions, and potential applications. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man Cybernetics-Systems., 53 (6), 3400–3413. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2022.3228314

Zhou, X., Fang, N.Y., Gu, Z. W. (2022). Scene design of virtual singing bar oriented to metauniverse. In 3rd International conference on design, operation and evaluation of mobile communications (MOBILE) held as part of 24th ınternational conference on human–computer ınteraction (HCII) , 13337 , pp. 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05014-5_9

Zhou, Z., Chen, Z., & Jin, X. L. (2023). A review of the literature on the metaverse: Definition, technologies, and user behaviors. Internet Research, 34 (1), 129–148.

Download references

Open access funding provided by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK).

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Architecture, Muş Alparslan University, Muş, Turkey

Güneş Mutlu Avinç

Department of Architecture, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey

Aslı Yıldız

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Güneş Mutlu Avinç .

Ethics declarations

Conflict of ınterest.

The authors whose names are listed above certify that they have NO affi liations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any fi nancial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-fi nancial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affi liations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Mutlu Avinç, G., Yıldız, A. A bibliometric and systematic review of scientific publications on metaverse research in architecture: web of science (WoS). Int J Technol Des Educ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-024-09918-1

Download citation

Accepted : 24 June 2024

Published : 02 July 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-024-09918-1

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Architecture
• Bibliometrix
• Biblioshiny
• Augmented reality
• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

• UGC Approved Journals
• Editorial Board Member
• Reviewer Home

Welcome to Research Publish Journals, Please submit your paper at [email protected]

International Journal of Thesis Projects and Dissertations

Issn 2348-3164 (online); 2348-3156 (print), international journal of social science and humanities research, issn 2348-5736 (online), international journal of mathematics and physical sciences research, issn 2348-7593 (online), international journal of mechanical and industrial technology, issn 2348-7585 (online), international journal of management and commerce innovations, issn 2348-3148 (o); 2348-313x (p), international journal of life sciences research, issn 2348-1226 (o); 2348-1218 (p), international journal of interdisciplinary research and innovations, issn 2348-5728 (online), international journal of healthcare sciences, issn 2348 - 697x (online), international journal of engineering research and reviews, issn 2348 - 6988 (online), international journal of electrical and electronics research, issn 2348-120x (online); 2348-1196 (print), international journal of computer science and information technology research, issn 2348-7607 (online), international journal of civil and structural engineering research.

Multidisciplinary researches and articles of Science, Medical Science, Technology, Engineering, Management, Life Sciences, Medicine, Pharmacy, Veterinary, Journalism, Media Studies, Education, Mathematics, Marketing, Human Resource, Finance, Commerce, Business Studies, Social Sciences, Economics, Humanities, Library Science and many more are published here. Also, conference proceedings, thesis, projects and dissertations of the entire defined fields are published here.

Our prestigious editorial and advisory board consist of members of well known Institutions, laboratories, Universities, Government Organisations of countries like America, China, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Germany, Malaysia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Africa, India and many more around the Globe. We strive to become a top notch provider of knowledge and information to the subject related people. Utmost care is taken for quick review and allied formalities for all submitted papers while maintaining the greatest precision of their contents. We endeavour to fast track the reviews and processing procedure to compress the time between Submission, and Acceptance of Manuscript in our journal.

Our all Research Publications are Open Access for widest dissemination of scientific knowledge base, inventions and discoveries collected by our publication through our prestigious authors throughout the world without any Economic and legal obstructions. We try our best to spread inventive and valuable information published in our journals to well known international libraries, international institutions, research and development organisations. Our International Publications house always tries to achieve pinnacle in the field of science journal, by publication of original, inventive and interesting findings in our concerned international journals. Our vision is to provide free published paper to each and every nation for improvement in education quality, and therefore it cause improvement in lifestyle of people.

Call For Papers April 2024

Research Publish Journals… [....]

Quality Report Of Journals

More than 14100 plus papers Published, Complete… [....]

Indexing List 2024

Papers published by Research Publish Journals are also available at Multiple indexing… [....]

• Download Copyright Form
• Download Paper Template

Getting into research

As a science-based profession, pharmacy practice relies on knowledge underpinned by high-quality research that continuously grows and enhances the evidence base. In their everyday roles, pharmacists can identify unique clinical questions around medicines use and through the research process can produce evidence that drives significant improvements in patient outcomes and overall standards of care.

Increasing pharmacist involvement in research is a strategic priority for the healthcare system, but there are many barriers that can prevent participation.

In this episode of The PJ Pod , we look at how pharmacists can become more involved in research, by hearing directly from those who have done just that. We speak to the members of our ‘Outstanding Pharmacy Early-Career Research Award’ (OPERA) 2024 shortlist , and winner, as well as Parastou Donyai, chief scientist at the Royal Pharmaceutical Society, to explore some of the practical steps that individuals can take when starting out, while also considering the skills and characteristics that can help pharmacists thrive as researchers.

By the end of the episode, you should be able to:

• Understand the value of pharmacist-led research;
• Identify transferable pharmacy skills that can be utilised during the research process;
• Know where to go for information, advice and support to help get started with research.

Many thanks to the OPERA 2024 shortlist: Zoe Edwards, Ryan McNally, Anneka Mitchell, Anna Robinson-Barella and Sion Scott, and to Parastou Donyai, for their contributions.

This programme is presented by Caitlin Killen, assistant clinical editor, research and learning, and produced by Geoff Marsh.

Further resources

• The Associate Principal Investigator Scheme :   a six month in-work training scheme, providing practical experience for healthcare professionals starting their research career;
• Clinical Academics in Training Annual Conference : a cross-speciality conference for all aspiring clinical academics currently working in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, which brings together clinical academics from across disciplines to present their work, and develop their networks with each other and senior researchers;
• The National Institute for Health and Care Research Advanced Fellowship : a postdoctoral Fellowship aimed at anyone with a PhD who has not yet been appointed to a professorial post. The advanced Fellowship supports individuals undertaking research in any scientific discipline or sector that can demonstrate a contribution to improving health and/or care;
• NIHR Incubators to support research careers : an initiative that aims to encourage early-career interest in target disciplines to build identifiable communities through networking and provision of bespoke training and development support. Incubators provide targeted high-level career development support, led by experts in the field and supported by the NIHR;
• NIHR Integrated Clinical and Practitioner Academic Programme : a funding programme that provides research training awards for health and social care professionals, excluding doctors and dentists, who wish to develop careers that combine research and research leadership with continued practice and professional development;
• Pharmacy Research UK : an independent charity, committed to supporting pharmacy to improve the health of the public by funding research projects and individual bursaries, helping to develop research skills across the pharmacy sector.

Resources from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society

• Research guidance and support : an overview of guidance and support available through the RPS, including one-to-one support sessions, in-depth guidance, and signposting to relevant funding, training and development opportunities;
• Research and evaluation guides : resources developed for all pharmacy professionals at all levels to help build knowledge, skills and confidence in research;
• Research funding and developing research proposals : information on best practice in research grant and Fellowship writing, including an overview of the main sources of funding available in pharmacy, as well as the information required to interpret a funding call and application guidance;
• NIHR and RPS research e-Learning programme : a series of modules designed to improve clinical research awareness, knowledge and skills for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, who are new to research and/or have minimal experience of research or research opportunities.
• RPS mentoring platform : an area for members looking to develop their career and access support.

Want to hear more from  The PJ Pod ? Follow us on  Spotify ,  Google Podcasts ,  Apple Podcasts  or other popular podcast platforms to listen to our latest episodes. 

Please leave a comment  Cancel reply

You must be logged in to post a comment.

You may also be interested in

Is pharmacy fully versed in the intricacies of research ethics?

Our experience as pharmacists in ‘SPACE’

Semaglutide lowers risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD, study results show

Waivers and Discounts

Wiley’s partnership with Research4Life enables research from institutions in low- and middle-income countries and locations to be published open access by providing automatic waivers and discounts on Article Publication Charges (APCs). The full list of countries and locations is below.

Waivers and discounts are only applicable for authors accepted to publish in our fully open access journals . Eligibility is determined based on the affiliation(s) provided at manuscript submission for the corresponding author. 1 Wiley does not currently offer waivers or discounts for authors publishing open access in a hybrid journal .

To ensure that editorial decisions are never influenced by ability to pay, it is Wiley policy that editors of open access journals are not involved in correspondence with authors regarding payment of APCs. The APC calculation system automatically applies a waiver or discount when applicable, and there is no action for authors. We ask authors not to discuss any issues concerning payment with editors.

In addition to the Research4Life partnership, some journals may offer additional waiver initiatives for APCs. These additional APC waivers will be managed by the editors and may be discussed with them.

Automatic Waivers

Corresponding authors from institutions in the following countries and locations are eligible to receive an automatic waiver for APCs when publishing in a Wiley fully open access journal:

Automatic Discounts

Corresponding authors from institutions in the following countries and locations are eligible to receive an automatic 50% discount 2 on APCs when publishing in a Wiley fully open access journal:

1 If there are multiple corresponding authors, one should be designated as the responsible corresponding author.

2 If a corresponding author also qualifies for other discounts, only the highest discount will be applied as discounts cannot be combined.

EXAMINING THE EFFICIENCY OF MALAYSIAN PUBLIC RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES IN SECURING WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKING

Article sidebar, main article content.

University ranking is crucial as it attracts prospective students and academics. The ranking of public research universities in Malaysia works as a catalyst for securing government and other corporate research funding. This study measures the technical efficiency of five public research universities in Malaysia (PRUMs). This study employs a triangular fuzzy number in the Banker, Charnes, and Cooper (BCC) Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (BCC-FDEA) model. The three world ranking indicators employed as output variables are teaching and research reputations and citations, and the input variables are the number of full-time students and staff. Data gathered for the academic years from 2018/2019 to 2020/2021 are used to project the efficiency scores for 2021/2022. The BCC-FDEA model is also used to consider five public research universities in Asia (APRUs) as the decision-making units (DMUs) to solve the issue of sample size adequacy. This study projects three PRUMs as technically inefficient due to input factor issues. Two main contributions of this study are: (1) QS world ranking indicators are profound parameters that research universities should consider to attain a better position in the world ranking; (2) fuzzy efficiency scores shed light on how inefficient PRUMs can improve their operations by emulating their referent DMUs.

Article Details

JATI PUBLICATION ETHICS & PUBLICATION MALPRACTICE STATEMENT: These guidelines are fully consistent with the COPE Principles of Transparency and Best Practice Guidelines and the COPE Code of Conduct ( https://publicationethics.org ).  We encourage the best standards of publication ethics and take all possible principles of transparency and measures against publication malpractices. The Department of Southeast Asian Studies, as the publisher, plays its role of guardianship over all processes of publishing seriously, and we perform our ethical and other tasks. 

• General duties and responsibilities of editors Editors should be accountable for everything published in their journals. This means the editors should strive to meet the needs of readers and authors; constantly improve their journal; have processes in place to assure the quality of the material they publish; champion freedom of expression; maintain the integrity of the academic record; preclude business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards; and always be willing to publish corrections, clarifications, retractions and apologies when needed. In addition to these general duties, the editors accept the obligation to apply best will and practice to cope with the following responsibilities: 
• Editorial Board Will generate editorial board from recognized experts in the field. The editor will provide full names and affiliations of the members and updated contact information for the editorial office on the journal webpage. 
• Duties of Reviewers Contribution to Editorial Decisions  Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions, and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper. 
• Duties of Authors Reporting standards Authors should follow the format of reporting the original research with accurate data gathered. The author should include sufficient detail and references to allow others to replicate the work. It is unacceptable if the author performs malpractices in the paper.
• Originality and Plagiarism The authors should ensure that they have produced original articles and must appropriately cite or quote if the authors have used the work and words of others.
• Concurrent Publication  It is ethical and acceptable for an author to submit or publish the same research or manuscripts in more than one journal or primary publication. 
• Acknowledging the Sources   Authors should cite properly publications that have been influential in determining the nature of the reported work. 
• Paper authorship  Those who have contributed significantly to the paper should be named as an author and co-authors. Those who have participated in the aspects of the research should be listed as contributors. All co-authors should have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication. 
• Announcement and Conflicts of Interest  All authors should include the financier or grant giver if the manuscript or research is financed by the research grant or any financial support body. 
• Errors in published works  The author is responsible for communicating and co-operating with the editor to retract or correct the paper when a significant error or inaccuracy in their published work. 
• Publication decisions  The editor should decide which of the articles submitted to the journal should be published. The validation of the work in question and its importance to researchers and readers must always drive such decisions. The editor may be guided by the policies of the journal's editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements, copyright infringement, and plagiarism. The editor may confer with other editors or reviewers in making this decision. 
• Peer review process  All journal's content (articles) are subjected to a double-blind, peer-review process. Articles are first reviewed by editors and may be rejected because it is not dealing with the subject matter. Articles that are found suitable for review are then sent to two experts who are unknown to each other in the field of the paper.  Reviewers are asked to classify the paper as publishable, with amendments and improvements, or rejected. Reviewer's evaluations usually include what to do with the article. The author then sees the reviewer's comments.  Editors should be ready to justify any important points from the described process. Editors should not reverse decisions on publication. Editors should publish guidance to both authors and reviewers on everything expected of them. This guidance should be regularly updated and referred to or linked to this code. 
• Fair play The editor should evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors. Editors' decision to accept or reject a paper for publication should be based only on the paper's importance, originality and clarity, and the study's relevance to the journal's aim.
• Digital Archiving The editor will ensure digital access to the journal content by the University of Malaya Journal depository section at http://jati-dseas.um.edu.my and MyJournal at http://www.myjurnal.my/public/browse-journal-view.php?id=39.
• Confidentiality Editor and any editorial staff must keep confidential all information about the manuscript's submitted and review process to anyone except the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher.
• Publication and Submission fee Authors are freed from submission fees. Authors are required to pay the Article Processing Fee, RM300 or USD80. 
• Open Access Policy The journal is freely available online. Authors must agree with this open access policy which enables unrestricted access and reuse of all published articles. The articles are published under the Creative Commons copyright license policy CC-BY.
• Reporting standards Authors of papers should present an accurate account of the work performed and an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the article. An article should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behaviour and are unacceptable. Review and professional publication articles should also be accurate and objective, and editorial 'opinion' works should be identified as such.
• Originality and Plagiarism The authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works and if the authors have used the work and words of others, this has been appropriately cited or quoted.

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• Published: 24 June 2024

Bound star clusters observed in a lensed galaxy 460 Myr after the Big Bang

• Angela Adamo   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8192-8091 1 ,
• Larry D. Bradley 2   na1 ,
• Eros Vanzella   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5228-9326 3   na1 ,
• Adélaïde Claeyssens 1 ,
• Brian Welch 4 , 5 ,
• Jose M. Diego   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9065-3926 6 ,
• Guillaume Mahler 7 , 8 , 9 ,
• Masamune Oguri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-399X 10 , 11 ,
• Keren Sharon   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7559-0864 12 ,
• Abdurro’uf 2 , 13 ,
• Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao 2 , 13 ,
• Xinfeng Xu   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-7051 14 , 15 ,
• Matteo Messa   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1427-2456 3 ,
• Augusto E. Lassen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3575-8316 1 , 16 ,
• Erik Zackrisson 17 , 18 ,
• Gabriel Brammer   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2680-005X 19 , 20 ,
• Dan Coe   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-7669 2 , 13 , 21 ,
• Vasily Kokorev   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5588-9156 22 ,
• Massimo Ricotti 4 ,
• Adi Zitrin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0350-4488 23 ,
• Seiji Fujimoto   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7201-5066 24 ,
• Akio K. Inoue   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-8677 25 , 26 ,
• Tom Resseguier   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0007-0522-7326 13 ,
• Jane R. Rigby   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7627-6551 5 ,
• Yolanda Jiménez-Teja 27 , 28 ,
• Rogier A. Windhorst 29 ,
• Takuya Hashimoto 30 , 31 &
• Yoichi Tamura   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4807-8117 32  

Nature ( 2024 ) Cite this article

856 Accesses

299 Altmetric

Metrics details

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

• Early universe
• Galaxies and clusters

The Cosmic Gems arc is among the brightest and highly magnified galaxies observed at redshift z ∼ 10.2 1 . However, it is an intrinsically UV faint galaxy, in the range of those now thought to drive the reionization of the universe 2–4 . Hitherto the smallest features resolved in a galaxy at a comparable redshift are between a few hundreds and a few tens of parsecs 5,6 . Here we report JWST observations of the Cosmic Gems. The light of the galaxy is resolved into five star clusters located in a region smaller than 70 parsec. They exhibit minimal dust attenuation and low metallicity, ages younger than 50 Myr and intrinsic masses of ∼ 10 6 M ⊙ . Their lensing-corrected sizes are approximately 1 pc, resulting in stellar surface densities near 10 5 M ⊙ /pc 2 , three orders of magnitude higher than typical young star clusters in the local universe 7 . Despite the uncertainties inherent to the lensing model, they are consistent with being gravitationally bound stellar systems, i.e., proto-globular clusters (proto-GCs). We conclude that star cluster formation and feedback likely contributed to 3 shape the properties of galaxies during the epoch of reionization.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals

Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription

24,99 € / 30 days

cancel any time

Subscribe to this journal

Receive 51 print issues and online access

185,98 € per year

only 3,65 € per issue

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

A highly magnified star at redshift 6.2

Spectroscopic confirmation of a mature galaxy cluster at a redshift of 2

Normal, dust-obscured galaxies in the epoch of reionization

Author information.

These authors contributed equally: Larry D. Bradley, Eros Vanzella

Authors and Affiliations

Astronomy Department, Stockholm University & Oskar Klein Centre, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, Sweden

Angela Adamo, Adélaïde Claeyssens & Augusto E. Lassen

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD, USA

Larry D. Bradley,  Abdurro’uf, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao & Dan Coe

Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, INAF, via Gobetti 93/3, Bologna, Italy

Eros Vanzella & Matteo Messa

Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, 4296 Stadium Drive, College Park, USA

Brian Welch & Massimo Ricotti

Astrophysics Science Division, Code 660, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd., Greenbelt, MD, USA

Brian Welch & Jane R. Rigby

Instituto de Física de Cantabria, (CSIC-UC), Avda. Los Castros s/n., Santander, Spain

Jose M. Diego

STAR Institute,Quartier Agora - Allée du six Août, 19c, Liège, Belgium

Guillaume Mahler

Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK

Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, UK

Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan

Masamune Oguri

Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan

Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 1085 S. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Keren Sharon

Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD, USA

Abdurro’uf, Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao, Dan Coe & Tom Resseguier

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, USA

Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, 1800 Sherman Avenue, Evanston, IL, USA

Instituto de Física, Departamento de Astronomia, Universe Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Augusto E. Lassen

Observational Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala, Sweden

Erik Zackrisson

Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Linneanum, Thunbergsvägen 2, Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark

Gabriel Brammer

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, Copenhagen, Denmark

Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) for the European Space Agency (ESA), STScI, Baltimore, MD, USA

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, Groningen, Netherlands

Vasily Kokorev

Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Be’er-Sheva, Israel

Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

Seiji Fujimoto

Department of Physics, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

Akio K. Inoue

Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, (CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n., Granada, Spain

Yolanda Jiménez-Teja

Observatório Nacional, (MCTI), Rua Gal. José Cristino 77, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Rogier A. Windhorst

Division of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Takuya Hashimoto

Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe (TCHoU), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan

Yoichi Tamura

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Angela Adamo .

Supplementary information

Peer review file, rights and permissions.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Adamo, A., Bradley, L.D., Vanzella, E. et al. Bound star clusters observed in a lensed galaxy 460 Myr after the Big Bang. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07703-7

Download citation

Received : 06 January 2024

Accepted : 11 June 2024

Published : 24 June 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07703-7

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.