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Chandrayaan

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Chandrayaan , series of Indian lunar space probes . Chandrayaan-1 ( chandrayaan is Hindi for “moon craft”), the first lunar space probe of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), found water on the Moon . It mapped the Moon in infrared , visible, and X-ray light from lunar orbit and used reflected radiation to prospect for various elements , minerals , and ice . It operated in 2008–09. Chandrayaan-2, which launched in 2019, was designed to be ISRO’s first lunar lander. Chandrayaan-3 was ISRO’s first lunar lander and touched down in the Moon’s south polar region in 2023.

A Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle launched the 590-kg (1,300-pound) Chandrayaan-1 on October 22, 2008, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota Island, Andhra Pradesh state. The probe then was boosted into an elliptical polar orbit around the Moon, 504 km (312 miles) high at its closest to the lunar surface and 7,502 km (4,651 miles) at its farthest. After checkout, it descended to a 100-km (60-mile) orbit. On November 14, 2008, Chandrayaan-1 launched a small craft, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP), that was designed to test systems for future landings and study the thin lunar atmosphere before crashing on the Moon’s surface. MIP impacted near the south pole, but, before it crashed, it discovered small amounts of water in the Moon’s atmosphere.

The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) contributed two instruments, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M 3 ) and the Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar (Mini-SAR), which sought ice at the poles. M 3 studied the lunar surface in wavelengths from the visible to the infrared in order to isolate signatures of different minerals on the surface. It found small amounts of water and hydroxyl radicals on the Moon’s surface. M 3 also discovered in a crater near the Moon’s equator evidence for water coming from beneath the surface. Mini-SAR broadcast polarized radio waves at the north and south polar regions. Changes in the polarization of the echo measured the dielectric constant and porosity, which are related to the presence of water ice. The European Space Agency (ESA) had two other experiments, an infrared spectrometer and a solar wind monitor. The Bulgarian Aerospace Agency provided a radiation monitor.

The principal instruments from ISRO—the Terrain Mapping Camera, the HyperSpectral Imager, and the Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument—produced images of the lunar surface with high spectral and spatial resolution, including stereo images with a 5-metre (16-foot) resolution and global topographic maps with a resolution of 10 metres (33 feet). The Chandrayaan Imaging X-ray Spectrometer, developed by ISRO and ESA, was designed to detect magnesium , aluminum , silicon , calcium , titanium , and iron by the X-rays they emit when exposed to solar flares . This was done in part with the Solar X-Ray Monitor, which measured incoming solar radiation .

Chandrayaan-1 operations were originally planned to last two years, but the mission ended on August 28, 2009, when radio contact was lost with the spacecraft .

Chandrayaan-2 launched on July 22, 2019, from Sriharikota on a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III. The spacecraft consisted of an orbiter, a lander, and a rover. The orbiter circles the Moon in a polar orbit at a height of 100 km (62 miles) and has a planned mission lifetime of seven and a half years. The mission’s Vikram lander (named after ISRO founder Vikram Sarabhai ) was planned to land on September 7. Vikram carried the small (27-kg [60-pound]) Pragyan (Sanskrit: “Wisdom”) rover. Both Vikram and Pragyan were designed to operate for 1 lunar day (14 Earth days). However, just before Vikram was to touch down on the Moon, contact was lost at an altitude of 2 km (1.2 miles).

Chandrayaan-3 launched from Sriharikota on July 14, 2023. The spacecraft consists of a Vikram lander and a Pragyan rover. The Vikram lander touched down on the Moon on August 23. It became the first spacecraft to land in the Moon’s south polar region where water ice could be found under the surface. The landing site was the farthest south that any lunar probe had touched down, and India was the fourth country to have landed a spacecraft on the Moon—after the United States , Russia, and China.

Chandrayaan -1

Sep 23, 2011

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Chandrayaan -1 . Prepared By Anshuman Sahu Class VIII. Guidede by Mr. Prahallad badapanda fcsa. Chandrayaan -1 (configuration). Introduction.

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Chandrayaan -1 Prepared By Anshuman Sahu Class VIII Guidede by Mr. Prahalladbadapanda fcsa

Chandrayaan -1 (configuration)

Introduction • Chandrayaan-1, journey to moon is an unmanned lunar exploration mission by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), India's national space agency. It is also India's first mission to the moon. The mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor. The spacecraft was launched by a modified version of the PSLV Xl on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. "Chandrayaan" roughly translates to "lunar-sojourn" in many Indian languages. • The remote sensing satellite weighs 1,380 kilograms (3,042 lb) (590 kilograms (1,301 lb) initial orbit mass and 504 kilograms (1,111 lb) dry mass) and carries high resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over a two-year period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice. • The spacecraft was successfully launched on 22 October 2008 at 06:23 IST (00:52 UTC). The estimated cost for the project is Rs.3.86 billion (US$ 80 million). • The mission includes five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which are being carried free of cost.

Objectives The stated scientific objectives of the mission are: • To design, develop and launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using Indian made launch vehicle. • Conduct scientific experiments using instruments on-board the spacecraft which will yield the following results: • To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both near and far side of the moon. • To conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface for distribution of mineral and chemical elements such as Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Calcium, Iron and Titanium as well as high atomic number elements such as Radon, Uranium & Thorium with high spatial resolution. • To Impact a sub-satellite ( Moon Impact Probe -MIP ) on the surface on the Moon as a fore-runner to future soft landing missions.

Specifications • After full integration, the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft (left) is seen being loaded into the Thermovac Chamber (right) Mass • 1380 kg at launch, 675 kg at lunar orbit, and 523 kg after releasing the impactor. Dimensions • Cuboid in shape of approximately 1.5 m • Communications • X band, 0.7 m diameter parabolic antenna for payload data transmission. The Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TTC) communication operates in S band frequency. Power • The spacecraft is mainly powered by its solar array, which includes one solar panel covering a total area of 2.15 x 1.8 m generating 700 W of power, which is stored in a 36 A·h Lithium-ion battery.The spacecraft uses a bipropellant integrated propulsion system to reach lunar orbit as well as orbit and altitude maintenance while orbiting the Moon.

Specific areas of study • High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of permanently shadowed north and south polar regions. • Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice on the Moon, specially at lunar poles. • Identification of chemical end members of lunar high land rocks. • Chemical stratigraphy of lunar crust by remote sensing of central upland of large lunar craters, South Pole Aitken Region (SPAR) etc., where interior material may be expected. • To map the height variation of the lunar surface features along the satellite track. • Observation of X-ray spectrum greater than 10 keV and stereographic coverage of most of the Moon's surface with 5m resolution • To provide new insights in understanding the Moon's origin and evolution.

Areas of study

1.Payloads (Indian) • The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) is a CCD camera with 5 m resolution and a 40 km swath in the panchromatic band and will be used to produce a high-resolution map of the Moon. The aim of this instrument is to completely map the topography of the moon. The camera works in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and captures black and white stereo images. When used in conjunction with data from Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), it can help in better understanding of the lunar gravitational field as well. TMC is built by ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC) of Ahmedabad TMC was successfully tested on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC. • The Hyper Spectral Imager (HySI) will perform mineralogical mapping in the 400-900 nm band with a spectral resolution of 15 nm and a spatial resolution of 80 m. • The Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI) will determine the surface topography. An X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (C1XS) covering 1- 10 keV with a ground resolution of 25 km and a Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) to detect solar flux in the 1–10 keV range. C1XS will be used to map the abundance of Mg, Al, Si , Ca, Ti, and Fe at the surface, and will monitor the solar flux. This payload is a collaboration between Rutherford Appleton laboratory, U.K, ESA and ISRO. • A High Energy X-ray/gamma ray spectrometer (HEX) for 30- 200 keV measurements with ground resolution of 40 km, the HEX will measure U, Th, 210Pb, 222Rn degassing, and other radioactive elements • The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) developed by the ISRO, is a small satellite that will be carried by Chandrayaan-1 and will be ejected once it reaches 100 km orbit around Moon, to impact on the Moon. MIP carries three more instruments, namely, a high resolution mass spectrometer, an S-Band altimeter and a video camera.

2.Payloads (Foreign ) • SARA, The Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyser from the ESA will map composition using low energy neutral atoms sputtered from the surface. • M3, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL (funded by NASA) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition. • SIR-2, A near infrared spectrometer from ESA, built at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Polish Academy of Science and University of Bergen, will also map the mineral composition using an infrared grating spectrometer. The instrument will be similar to that of the Smart-1 SIR. • MINSAR, designed, built and tested for NASA by a large team that includes the Naval Air Warfare Center, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Raytheon and Northrop Grumman; it is the active SAR system to search for lunar polar ice. The instrument will transmit right polarised radiation with a frequency of 2.5 GHz and will monitor the scattered left and right polarised radiation. The Fresnel reflectivity and the circular polarisation ratio (CPR) are the key parameters deduced from these measurements. Ice shows the Coherent Backscatter Opposition Effect which results in an enhancement of reflections and CPR, so that water content of the Moon polar region can be estimated. • RADOM-7, Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences maps the radiation environment around the Moon.

Men behind the mission • The scientists considered instrumental to the success of the Chandrayaan-1 project are • G. Madhavan Nair – Chairman, Indian Space Research Organisation • T. K. Alex – Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre) • Mylswamy Annadurai – Project director • S. K. Shivkumar – Director - Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network. • George Koshi –Mission Director • Srinivasa Hegde – Mission Director • M Y S Prasad – Associate Director of the Sriharikota Complex and Range Operations Director • J N Goswami – Director of the Ahmedabad-based Physical Research Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator of Chandrayaan-1 • Narendra Bhandari – Head, ISRO`s Planetary Sciences and Exploration program.

Chandrayaan II • The ISRO is also planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan II. According to ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair, "The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to land a motorised rover on the Moon in 2010, as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission. The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface, pick up samples of soil or rocks, do in site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother-spacecraft Chandrayaan II, which will be orbiting above. Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth.“

NASA Lunar Outpost • According to Ben Bussey, senior staff scientist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, Chandrayaan's imagery will be used to decide the future Lunar outpost that NASA has recently announced. Bussey told SPACE.com, "India's Chandrayaan-1 lunar orbiter has a good shot at further identifying possible water ice-laden spots with a US-provided low-power imaging radar." Bussey advised — one of two US experiments on the Indian Moon probe. "The idea is that we find regions of interest with Chandrayaan-1 radar. We would investigate those using all the capabilities of the radar on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter", Bussey added, "a Moon probe to be launched late in 2008."(The LRO is now scheduled for launch 24 April 2009).

Reactions and Statements • Indian President Pratibha Patil, Vice President of India Mohammad Hamid Ansarisent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for the successful launch. • Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh sent congratulatory messages to the space scientists for the successful launch. and L. K. Advani, the leader of opposition congratulated the ISRO scientists on launch. • The Chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi, visited the ISRO centre in Ahmedabad and congratulated the Indian scientists on their achievement. • The Chief Minister of Karnataka B. S. Yeddyurappa, visited the ISRO Indian Deep Space Network in Byalalu and congratulated the Madhavan Nair and his team on their achievement. • NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin congratulated Indian scientists: "Congratulations to our Indian colleagues on the successful launch of the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft, which is carrying two NASA instruments. India's first lunar mission will provide important insight."

Recent Update • The Terrain Mapping Camera (TMC) was successfully operated on 29 October 2008 through a set of commands issued from ISTRAC.

PSLV-C11(in the picture) was used to launch Chandrayaan-1.

Chandrayaan-1 was launched on 22 October 2008 at 6.22 am IST from SatishDhawan Space Centre using ISRO's 44.4 metre tall four-stage PSLV launch rocket. Chandrayaan will take 15 days to reach the lunar orbit. ISRO's telemetry, tracking and command network (ISTRAC) at Peenya in Bangalore, will be tracking and controlling Chandrayaan-1 over the next two years of its life span. Since its launch, Chandrayaan has performed several engine burns, moving it into the designated geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) around earth and has successfully communicated with base center. Chandrayaan-1 completed four orbits around the Earth, on 23 October: “The health of the spacecraft is normal and (it is) doing fine. Spinning in elliptical orbit once in every 6 hours and 30 minutes, it has completed four orbits and is in the fifth orbit.” The first orbit-raising maneuver of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was performed at 09:00 hrs IST on 23 October 2008 when the spacecraft’s 440 Newton Liquid Engine was fired for about 18 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bangalore. With this engine firing, Chandrayaan-1’s apogee has been raised to 37,900 km, while its perigee has been raised a little, to 305 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft takes about 11 hours to go round the Earth once. The second orbit-raising manoeuvre of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was carried out on 25 October 2008 at 05:48 IST when the spacecraft’s 440 Newton Liquid Engine was fired for about 16 minutes by commanding the spacecraft from Spacecraft Control Centre (SCC) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Peenya, Bangalore. With this engine firing, Chandrayaan-1’s apogee has been further raised to 74,715 km, while its perigee has been raised to 336 km, thus completing 20 percent of its journey. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft takes about twenty-five and a half hours to go round the Earth once. This is the first time an Indian spacecraft has gone beyond the 36,000 km high geostationary orbit and reached an altitude more than twice that height. Space flight

The third orbit-raising manoeuvre was initiated on 26 October 2008 at 07:08 IST. The Liquid Apogee Motor was fired for about nine and a half minutes. With this, Chandrayaan-1 entered a much higher elliptical orbit around the Earth. The apogee of this orbit lies at 164,600 km, instead of 199,277 km apogee as originally announced by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), while the perigee is at 348 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about 73 hours to go round the Earth once. • The fourth orbit-raising manoeuvre was carried out on October 29, 2008 at 07:38 IST. The spacecraft's liquid engine was fired for about three minutes, raising it to a more elliptical orbit whose apogee lies at 267,000 km while the perigee lies at 465 km. This makes its present orbit extends more than half the way to moon. In this orbit, the spacecraft takes about six days to go round the Earth once.

Chandrayaan-1 (TMC) Terrain Mapping Camera Tested • The Terrain Mapping camera (TMC) on board Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft was successfully operated on October 29, 2008 through a series of commands issued from the Spacecraft Control Centre of ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) at Bangalore. Analysis of the first imagery received by the Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu and later processed by Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) confirms excellent performance of the camera. The first imagery (image 1) taken at 8:00 am IST from a height of 9,000 km shows the Northern coast of Australia while the other (image 2) taken at 12:30 pm from a height of 70,000 km shows Australia’s Southern Coast. • TMC is one of the eleven scientific instruments (payloads) of Chandrayaan-1. The camera can take black and white pictures of an object by recording the visible light reflected from it. The instrument has a resolution of about 5 meters. • Besides TMC, the other four Indian payloads of Chandrayaan-1 are the Hyper spectral Imager (HySI), Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument (LLRI), High Energy X-ray Spectrometer (HEX) and the Moon Impact Probe (MIP). The other six payloads of Chandrayaan-1 are from abroad. • It may be recalled that the 1380 kg Chandrayaan-1 was successfully launched into an initial elliptical orbit around the Earth by PSLV-C11 on October 22, 2008. This was followed by four orbit raising maneuvers, which together raised Chandrayaan-1’s orbit to a much higher altitude. The spacecraft is now circling the Earth in an orbit whose apogee (farthest point to Earth) lies at 267,000 km (Two lakh sixty seven thousand km) and perigee (nearest point to Earth) at 465 km. In this orbit, Chandrayaan-1 takes about six days to go round the Earth once. The spacecraft performance is being continuously monitored and is normal.

The first image taken at 8:00 am IST from a height of 9,000 km shows the Northern coast of Australia. Image-1

Image-2 • The second image taken at 12:30 pm from a height of 70,000 km shows Australia’s Southern Coast.

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Bengaluru: India’s Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander is on a mission to explore and study the Moon’s south pole that is rich in water resources and permanently shadowed craters. The Chandrayaan-3 comprises a lander — Vikram — that will remain stationary, and a rover called Pragyan that will move about the surface.

The mission will be the very first in the world to land the lunar south pole, a place that astronomers have wanted to explore for decades.

It is an engineering demonstrator, built to show the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) capability to land on the Moon. The previous practice run, Chandrayaan-2’s lander, failed to land safely on the Moon in 2019, but the orbiter from the mission continues to operate nominally around the Moon.

The practice run for that mission in turn was the Chandrayaan-1 mission, which successfully inserted an orbiter around the Moon, which functioned for eight months.

With each mission functioning as a test for a subsequent mission with additional complexity, the Chandrayaan-3 mission is also a test bed for the planned Indo-Japanese mission to Moon’s south pole, to be launched in the next three years.

With the Chandrayaan-3 launch scheduled to happen Thursday, ThePrint looks back — and ahead — at India’s lunar missions.

Also read: ‘Thanks for the ride,’ Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander successfully separates from spacecraft

Chandrayaan-1

Chandrayaan means ‘Moon vehicle’ in both Sanskrit and Hindi, and Chandrayaan-1 was the first lunar spacecraft launched from India. It lifted off in October 2008, and was an orbiter mission. It also carried an impactor that was flung from the craft to the surface of the Moon for impact.

It was inserted into orbit in November 2008 and functioned till August 2009, at which point ISRO lost communication with the orbiter, which continues to orbit to this day without any communication.

The same month after reaching orbit, the Moon Impact Probe (MIP) separated from the orbiter and crashed into the South Pole of the Moon, displacing the soil on the surface. This led to the discovery of water ice underneath, and both the MIP results as well as the results of the NASA payloads on Chandrayaan-1 confirmed the findings.

The orbiter carried a terrain mapping camera to produce a full, high-resolution map of the Moon, a hyperspectral imager to perform mineralogical mapping, a lunar laser ranging experiment to measure the height of the surface, a high energy gamma and x-ray spectrometer for measuring radioactive elements, and the MIP from ISRO.

It also carried foreign payloads — a UK-Europe-India collaborative X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (used for chemical analyses of rocks) to measure the abundance of some elements and monitor solar flux, an atom reflecting analysis per to map minerals on the surface, the Moon mineralogy mapper from NASA for the same purpose, an infrared spectrometer from European Space Agency (ESA) also for the mapping minerals, a synthetic aperture radar from US to search for lunar polar water ice, and a radiation monitor experiment from Bulgaria to map radiation on the Moon.

The mission confirmed the presence of lunar water ice, as well as the magma ocean hypothesis that states that the Moon was a ball of liquid rock in the past. The mineralogy mappers have provided high-resolution spectral data, the spectrometers monitored solar flares, detected underground tunnels, and high-quality data was sent from the spacecraft.

The mission was declared over when contact was lost, but the missing orbiter was relocated once again in 2016 by NASA’s ground-based radar systems.

However, the spacecraft still cannot communicate.

Chandrayaan-2

The Chandrayaan-2 consisted of an orbiter, lander, and rover, of which the lander which housed the rover famously crashed a few seconds before touchdown. The orbiter is still functional and is expected to aid in communications with the Chandrayaan-3’s lander.

Chandryaan-2 took off in July 2019.

This mission’s lander and rover were also named Vikram and Pragyan. The mission’s primary scientific objective was to map and study the lunar surface composition, including the abundance of water ice.

The orbiter carried payloads for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to study elements on the surface, solar X-ray monitor to study the Sun’s corona, a powerful synthetic aperture radar to probe the top few meters of the Moon’s surface for water ice, infrared spectrometer to look for water at different wavelengths, atmospheric composition analyser to study the exosphere, a terrain mapping camera for imaging geology, orbital camera to prepare maps, and atmospheric science experiment to study electron density in the ionosphere.

The lander and the rover carried identical payloads to the Chandrayaan-3 mission.

ISRO was criticised by the media for its lack of transparency about the reason for the lander’s crash, and it revealed this week that a software glitch caused it to crash 750m away from its intended location.

• Chandrayaan-3

The present mission does not have an orbiter, but has a propulsion module that orbits the Moon and studies the Earth’s atmosphere from there. It was launched in July this year and is scheduled to land on Moon Wednesday.

The lander and rover together carry a total of six payloads.

The lander carries the Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive ionosphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA) to study the local gases and plasma in the Moon’s environment and their variations, the Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to study the Moon’s thermal conductivity and surface temperature, the Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site and a passive Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) from NASA that will allow for lunar laser ranging studies.

Pragyan has two payloads — the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) which will analyse and map the elemental composition of the regolith (lunar soil) and negligible atmosphere in the neighborhood of the landing site.

LUPEX/Chandrayaan-4

ISRO’s next planned mission to the Moon is the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX), a planned collaboration with Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission aims to send a lunar lander and rover to the Moon’s south pole, and it is expected to launch by or after 2026.

Japan will likely build the launch vehicle and the rover, while ISRO will build and operate the lander. It will carry payloads that will study the properties on the surface and drilled soil, and underneath. It will also look for water and water ice.

The mission is not approved or budgeted yet, and is in the early stages of being conceptualised. Chandrayaan-3’s success will provide a much-needed impetus to it.

(Edited by Poulomi Banerjee)

Also read: All about Chandrayaan-3 & how to watch it live — whip out the popcorn at 5.20 pm tomorrow

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Chandrayaan-1 Facts