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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .
For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .
This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .
In-text citations and full references.
Referencing consists of two elements:
To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .
a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text
a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment
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You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .
It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Harris, 2015). OR It has been emphasised by Harris (2015) that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised (Shah and Papadopoulos, 2015) that good referencing is an important academic skill. OR Shah and Papadopoulos (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Wong, Smith and Adebole, 2015). OR Wong, Smith and Adebole (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (Wong , 2015). OR Wong (2015) emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill. |
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill (The Open University, 2015). Information from The Open University (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill. | It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015). Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill. |
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that… In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Example with one author:
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Example with two or three authors:
Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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You’ll usually submit TMAs, emTMAs and EMAs using the OU’s online eTMA (electronic tutor-marked assignment) system, although some modules allow you to submit assignments on paper. Your module materials tell you which submission method to use.
You can access the eTMA system from your module record page on StudentHome.
You can practise using the eTMA system before your first assignment is due by sending a ‘dummy’ document. This is also known as TMA00 and a button for this should appear seven days before your module starts. You may find your tutor asks you to do this as a practice.
Submitting a TMA is quick and easy to do. Just remember to follow the guidance you’ll be given on how to format and submit your file.
As well as submitting your assignments, you might be wondering how you get the feedback on your work.
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Formatting and presenting your assessments correctly is important because many include marks for presentation.
This may include marks for things such as:
Before you start on your assessment:
Please note that assessments for psychology courses have specific requirements for formatting and presentation. Refer to the information and guidance provided on our Library and Learning Centre website:
APA Style for Psychology assessments
Most assessments need a title page, which should include:
Centre this information on the page, starting approximately one-third of the way down the page.
For more help with figures and tables, check:
Get more help with tables and figures – APA Style website
Insert a header or footer on each page (except the title page). It should contain:
The reference list comes at the end of the assessment and should start on a new page labelled 'References'.
Need more help with reference lists? Check out the guides below:
Quick referencing APA guidelines (PDF 47 KB; opens in a new window)
Guide to APA referencing (PDF 395.11 KB; opens in a new window)
Appendices are used for information that:
Start each appendix (if applicable) on a new page. If there's just one appendix label it ‘Appendix’ without a number. If there is more than one, label them Appendix A, Appendix B, and so on.
In the main text of your assessment, refer to the Appendix by the label – for example, Appendix A.
Check the top and bottom of your pages to ensure they avoid:
Most of the guidelines above also apply to hard copies (printed or handwritten documents).
If your course requires or allows handwritten assessments, be sure to follow the course instructions on presenting handwritten assessments.
Word limits support the development of concise writing skills. Word count guidelines help you to understand the expectation of workload for an assessment.
For more detailed information about these go to:
Word limits and word count guidelines
If you want to talk with someone about formatting and presenting your assessments, contact The Library and Learning Centre | Te Whare Pukapuka Wāhanga Whakapakari Ako.
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Table of Contents
The front page of an IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) assignment is your first opportunity to make a lasting impression on your evaluator. It’s not just about aesthetics; it’s about conveying essential information in a clear and standardized format. In this guide, we’ll break down the elements of the IGNOU assignment front page to help you create a polished and professional introduction to your work.
Related Article:
The front page of your IGNOU assignment serves several crucial functions:
In the world of academia, first impressions matter. When your evaluator receives a stack of assignments, a well-structured front page can make your work stand out. It demonstrates your attention to detail, adherence to guidelines, and a commitment to presenting your work professionally.
The IGNOU assignment front page must include the following mandatory elements:
Each of these elements serves a specific purpose:
It is very much important to add your full name on the front page, it can be a valuable addition in certain situations. Here are some scenarios where including your name is beneficial:
When adding your full name, consider placing it in a designated space on the front page. Ensure that it doesn’t clutter the page or disrupt the overall balance of information.
Adding your contact information to the front page of your IGNOU assignment can be helpful in certain situations:
However, it’s essential to exercise caution when sharing contact information. Be sure that the contact information you provide is accurate and regularly monitored. Additionally, if you prefer not to share your personal contact details, you can create a dedicated email address for academic correspondence.
Follow these formatting guidelines to ensure your IGNOU assignment front page meets the required standards:
An Example for Clarity
Here’s a sample IGNOU assignment front page:
This example adheres to the formatting guidelines, ensuring clarity and readability. The use of a clear title and central alignment enhances the overall appearance of the front page.
In academic settings, clarity and professionalism are highly valued. A well-structured and neatly formatted front page is an indication that you take your academic work seriously. When evaluators see a front page that follows guidelines and presents information clearly, they are more likely to approach your assignment with a positive attitude.
Moreover, adherence to formatting standards eliminates any confusion about where to find essential information. This is especially important in large institutions like IGNOU, where numerous assignments are evaluated regularly. A standardized format ensures that no crucial details are missed, and your work can be processed efficiently.
The design of your IGNOU assignment front page should prioritize simplicity and minimalism. Here’s why this approach is effective:
In conclusion, the front page of your IGNOU assignment is more than just a formal requirement; it’s a reflection of your commitment to professionalism and adherence to IGNOU’s guidelines. By including the mandatory elements, formatting it correctly, and optionally adding relevant information, you can create a front page that not only meets IGNOU’s standards but also leaves a positive impression on your evaluator.
A well-crafted front page sets the tone for the rest of your assignment. It shows that you value precision, organization, and clarity—qualities that are highly regarded in academic circles. Whether you choose to include optional elements like your full name or contact information, remember that the primary goal is to present your work clearly and professionally.
As you progress in your academic journey with IGNOU, continue to apply these principles not only to your front page but to the entire assignment. Consistency in formatting, clarity in writing, and a commitment to excellence will serve you well throughout your studies.
With this comprehensive guide, you now have the knowledge and tools to create an IGNOU assignment front page that not only meets the requirements but also makes a statement about your dedication to academic excellence. Take pride in your work, pay attention to the details, and let your front page shine as the introduction to your scholarly endeavors.
The person behind IGNOU student Zone is blogger by passion. Hi qualifications include B.E. Computers, MBA in Marketing, Google Certified in Digital Marketing.
Sending it in preparing assignments.
At some point you do need to let go and send your assignment in to be marked.
Be realistic about the time you can afford to spend on refinements - there's a balance between taking time to edit and endless tweaking that won't add marks.
Check the assessment guidance on your module website for instructions on submitting your assignment.
Most likely you will need to submit your assignment online.
If you are submitting your assignment by post then make sure to allow enough time for delivery.
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Gathering your materials. Drafting your answer. Editing and checking. Proof reading activity. Sending it in. Learning from feedback. Don't be daunted by the prospect of your assignment. There is no single correct way to plan how to write your assignment. However, there are some common principles and if you work your way through these pages, you ...
If there are no specific instructions about formatting or presentation, you should submit your work in a clear font - such as Arial - in 12 point, using 1.5 or double line spacing and reasonably wide margins (for example, 2.5cm). If you're using Microsoft 365, these Learning guides might be useful. How to format your assignment, including ...
Your first draft. Look back at the feedback you've had for previous assignments and check if there's anything new you should be doing. Then start to write. Build up from the outline content in your plan. Create the first sentence for each of your main points. Write in paragraphs.
Course description. Writing reports and assignments can be a daunting prospect. Learn how to interpret questions and how to plan, structure and write your assignment or report. This free course, Essay and report writing skills, is designed to help you develop the skills you need to write effectively for academic purposes.
making reference to the key words (both process and content) in the title. summarising the key elements of your argument and the main content of the body of your essay or report. perhaps (especially in a report) suggesting what needs to be considered in the future. Preparing Assignments.
Table 1 Keywords ('process words') and phrases frequently used in assignment questions [Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. ] highlights some important process words and phrases that are frequently used in assignment questions. The table also indicates the style or approach expected for the piece of writing.
Using Library Search. Library Search will search across many library resources at the same time. If you know the name of the ebook, database or journal you need, enter the title into library search. If it is available in the library, it should appear near the top of the search results.
Tutors are often asked the best way to structure a report for an assignment. Often we are asked to share good examples of assignments from other students. Whilst we are not allowed to do this one thing that I have done is produced a short report in the style of an assignment looking at what makes a good TMA structure. The following video talks ...
Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs) You'll usually have a number of these throughout each module. Each one can be an essay, a series of questions, a skills test, a speaking assessment or something else that allows you to show what you've learned. They'll each have a submission deadline. When your tutor returns them, they'll provide you with ...
During Weeks 3, 4 and 5 you will concentrate on assignment writing. In particular, this week you will find out what types of assignments university students normally write, the reasons why they write them and the way they approach them. In Week 4 you will look in more detail at essay writing. In Week 5, you will learn how to clearly link ideas ...
Many assignments need to be written in the form of an essay. The structure of essay-style assignments varies but should generally include an introduction, a main body and a conclusion. You'll find detailed guidance under the Assessment tab of your module website for each assignment. The following is a general list of sections you should include:
PS - I have written a book about being an Open University student. If you liked this post you might also enjoy Themself: My Experience as an Open University Creative Writing Student . Related articles. A215 Assignments so far; TMA03 down, and one EMA to go. Time to write; Catching up; DD101 Introducing the Social Sciences - Final Review
University studies involve a great deal of reading and writing. Completing a course or part of it may require a written assignment such as a summary, essay or examination. The ability to refer to sources accurately is important for written assignments. Summary. Essay. Examination answer.
There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database. For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library's ...
In numbers with more than four digits, leave a space (not a comma) between each group of three digits on either side of the decimal point e.g. 1 262 843; 256 421; 10 000; 0.032. In columns of numbers (e.g. in tables) containing four or more than four digits, group the digits into three as follows: 28 032.
Understanding the question. The first and most important thing to do is pay close attention to what the module assignment guide says you have to do. It gives you the assignment question and extra things that might help such as notes on the writing style and the format you should adopt. Make sure you know what type of assignment is needed.
You'll usually submit TMAs, emTMAs and EMAs using the OU's online eTMA (electronic tutor-marked assignment) system, although some modules allow you to submit assignments on paper. Your module materials tell you which submission method to use. You can access the eTMA system from your module record page on StudentHome.
Fonts. Use a clear, readable font, such as Verdana, Calibri, Tahoma or Arial and use the same font throughout. Use black text on a white background. Avoid coloured backgrounds or text in a colour other than black, unless you have special permission to use them. Use 11 or 12 point font for the body of your assessment.
Guide to Diagrams. Introduction; The Situation; Rich Picture; Spray Diagram; Systems Map; Influence Diagram
Developing academic English. Preparing assignments. Types of assignment. Writing in your own words. To see more articles on this topic sign in. Assignments can be daunting, especially if you haven't studied in a while. Develop your skills so you can complete this part of your studies successfully.
Helpline Number's. (Timing 10 Am -5 Pm on working days) 05946-286000. Email : [email protected]. Time Table Schedule for Assignment. Login to Assignment Portal. Note: This Assignment Schedule is for January-2024 (Semester) and July-2023 (Yearly) Session Students only.
IGNOU Assignment Front Page - The Complete Guide. The front page of an IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) assignment is your first opportunity to make a lasting impression on your evaluator. It's not just about aesthetics; it's about conveying essential information in a clear and standardized format.
Sending it in Preparing assignments. Sending it in. At some point you do need to let go and send your assignment in to be marked. Be realistic about the time you can afford to spend on refinements - there's a balance between taking time to edit and endless tweaking that won't add marks. Check the assessment guidance on your module website for ...