empirical research is

• MAY 16, 2024

What Is Empirical Research? Definition, Types & Samples in 2024

by Imed Bouchrika, Phd

Co-Founder and Chief Data Scientist

How was the world formed? Are there parallel universes? Why does time move forward but never in reverse? These are longstanding questions that have yet to receive definitive answers up to now.

In research, these are called empirical questions, which ask about how the world is, how the world works, etc. Such questions are addressed by a corresponding type of study—called empirical research or the empirical method—which is concerned with actual events and phenomena.

What is an empirical study? Research is empirical if it seeks to find a general story or explanation, one that applies to various cases and across time. The empirical approach functions to create new knowledge about the way the world actually works. This article discusses the empirical research definition, concepts, types, processes, and other important aspects of this method. It also tackles the importance of identifying evidence in research .

I. What is Empirical Research?

A. definitions.

What is empirical evidence? Empirical research is defined as any study whose conclusions are exclusively derived from concrete, verifiable evidence. The term empirical basically means that it is guided by scientific experimentation and/or evidence. Likewise, a study is empirical when it uses real-world evidence in investigating its assertions.

This research type is founded on the view that direct observation of phenomena is a proper way to measure reality and generate truth about the world (Bhattacharya, 2008). And by its name, it is a methodology in research that observes the rules of empiricism and uses quantitative and qualitative methods for gathering evidence.

For instance, a study is being conducted to determine if working from home helps in reducing stress from highly-demanding jobs. An experiment is conducted using two groups of employees, one working at their homes, the other working at the office. Each group was observed. The outcomes derived from this research will provide empirical evidence if working from home does help reduce stress or not. This also applies to entrepreneurs when they use a small business idea generator instead of manual procedures.

It was the ancient Greek medical practitioners who originated the term empirical ( empeirikos which means “experienced") when they began to deviate from the long-observed dogmatic principles to start depending on observed phenomena. Later on, empiricism pertained to a theory of knowledge in philosophy, which follows the belief that knowledge comes from evidence and experience derived particularly using the senses.

What ancient philosophers considered empirical research pertained to the reliance on observable data to design and test theories and reach conclusions. As such, empirical research is used to produce knowledge that is based on experience. At present, the word “empirical" pertains to the gathering of data using evidence that is derived through experience or observation or by using calibrated scientific tools.

Most of today’s outstanding empirical research outputs are published in prestigious journals. These scientific publications are considered high-impact journals because they publish research articles that tend to be the most cited in their fields.

II. Types and Methodologies of Empirical Research

Empirical research is done using either qualitative or quantitative methods.

Qualitative research Qualitative research methods are utilized for gathering non-numerical data. It is used to determine the underlying reasons, views, or meanings from study participants or subjects. Under the qualitative research design, empirical studies had evolved to test the conventional concepts of evidence and truth while still observing the fundamental principles of recognizing the subjects beings studied as empirical (Powner, 2015).

This method can be semi-structured or unstructured. Results from this research type are more descriptive than predictive. It allows the researcher to write a conclusion to support the hypothesis or theory being examined.

Due to realities like time and resources, the sample size of qualitative research is typically small. It is designed to offer in-depth information or more insight regarding the problem. Some of the most popular forms of methods are interviews, experiments, and focus groups.

Quantitative research   Quantitative research methods are used for gathering information via numerical data. This type is used to measure behavior, personal views, preferences, and other variables. Quantitative studies are in a more structured format, while the variables used are predetermined.

Data gathered from quantitative studies is analyzed to address the empirical questions. Some of the commonly used quantitative methods are polls, surveys, and longitudinal or cohort studies.

There are situations when using a single research method is not enough to adequately answer the questions being studied. In such cases, a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods is necessary. Also, papers can also make use of both primary and secondary research methods

III. Qualitative Empirical Research Methods

Some research question examples need to be gathered and analyzed qualitatively or quantitatively, depending on the nature of the study. These not only supply answers to empirical questions but also outline one’s scope of work . Here are the general types of qualitative research methods.

Observational Method

This involves observing and gathering data from study subjects. As a qualitative approach, observation is quite personal and time-intensive. It is often used in ethnographic studies to obtain empirical evidence.

The observational method is a part of the ethnographic research design, e.g., archival research, survey, etc. However, while it is commonly used for qualitative purposes, observation is also utilized for quantitative research, such as when observing measurable variables like weight, age, scale, etc.

One remarkable observational research was conducted by Abbott et al. (2016), a team of physicists from the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory who examined the very first direct observation of gravitational waves. According to Google Scholar’s (2019) Metrics ranking, this study is among the most highly cited articles from the world’s most influential journals (Crew, 2019).

This method is exclusively qualitative and is one of the most widely used (Jamshed, 2014). Its popularity is mainly due to its ability to allow researchers to obtain precise, relevant information if the correct questions are asked.

This method is a form of a conversational approach, where in-depth data can be obtained. Interviews are commonly used in the social sciences and humanities, such as for interviewing resource persons.

This method is used to identify extensive information through an in-depth analysis of existing cases. It is typically used to obtain empirical evidence for investigating problems or business studies.

When conducting case studies, the researcher must carefully perform the empirical analysis, ensuring the variables and parameters in the current case are similar to the case being examined. From the findings of a case study, conclusions can be deduced about the topic being investigated.

Case studies are commonly used in studying the experience of organizations, groups of persons, geographic locations, etc.

Textual Analysis

This primarily involves the process of describing, interpreting, and understanding textual content. It typically seeks to connect the text to a broader artistic, cultural, political, or social context (Fairclough, 2003).

A relatively new research method, textual analysis is often used nowadays to elaborate on the trends and patterns of media content, especially social media. Data obtained from this approach are primarily used to determine customer buying habits and preferences for product development, and designing marketing campaigns.

Focus Groups

A focus group is a thoroughly planned discussion guided by a moderator and conducted to derive opinions on a designated topic. Essentially a group interview or collective conversation, this method offers a notably meaningful approach to think through particular issues or concerns (Kamberelis & Dimitriadis, 2011).

This research method is used when a researcher wants to know the answers to “how," “what," and “why" questions. Nowadays, focus groups are among the most widely used methods by consumer product producers for designing and/or improving products that people prefer.

IV. Quantitative Empirical Research Methods

Quantitative methods primarily help researchers to better analyze the gathered evidence. Here are the most common types of quantitative research techniques:

A research hypothesis is commonly tested using an experiment, which involves the creation of a controlled environment where the variables are maneuvered. Aside from determining the cause and effect, this method helps in knowing testing outcomes, such as when altering or removing variables.

Traditionally, experimental, laboratory-based research is used to advance knowledge in the physical and life sciences, including psychology. In recent decades, more and more social scientists are also adopting lab experiments (Falk & Heckman, 2009).

Survey research is designed to generate statistical data about a target audience (Fowler, 2014). Surveys can involve large, medium, or small populations and can either be a one-time event or a continuing process

Governments across the world are among the heavy users of continuing surveys, such as for census of populations or labor force surveys. This is a quantitative method that uses predetermined sets of closed questions that are easy to answer, thus enabling the gathering and analysis of large data sets.

In the past, surveys used to be expensive and time-consuming. But with the advancement in technology, new survey tools like social media and emails have made this research method easier and cheaper.

Causal-Comparative research

This method leverages the strength of comparison. It is primarily utilized to determine the cause and effect relationship among variables (Schenker & Rumrill, 2004).

For instance, a causal-comparative study measured the productivity of employees in an organization that allows remote work setup and compared that to the staff of another organization that does not offer work from home arrangements.

Cross-sectional research

While the observation method considers study subjects at a given point in time, cross-sectional research focuses on the similarity in all variables except the one being studied. 

This type does not allow for the determination of cause-effect relationships since subjects are now observed continuously. A cross-sectional study is often followed by longitudinal research to determine the precise causes. It is used mainly by pharmaceutical firms and retailers.

Longitudinal study

A longitudinal method of research is used for understanding the traits or behavior of a subject under observation after repeatedly testing the subject over a certain period of time. Data collected using this method can be qualitative or quantitative in nature. 

A commonly-used form of longitudinal research is the cohort study. For instance, in 1951, a cohort study called the British Doctors Study (Doll et al., 2004) was initiated, which compared smokers and non-smokers in the UK. The study continued through 2001. As early as 1956, the study gave undeniable proof of the direct link between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer.

Correlational research

This method is used to determine the relationships and prevalence among variables (Curtis et al., 2016). It commonly employs regression as the statistical treatment for predicting the study’s outcomes, which can only be a negative, neutral, or positive correlation.

A classic example of empirical research with correlational research is when studying if high education helps in obtaining better-paying jobs. If outcomes indicate that higher education does allow individuals to have high-salaried jobs, then it follows that people with less education tend to have lower-paying jobs.

V. Steps for Conducting Empirical Research

Since empirical research is based on observation and capturing experiences, it is important to plan the steps to conduct the experiment and how to analyze it. This will enable the researcher to resolve problems or obstacles, which can occur during the experiment.

Step #1: Establishing the research objective

In this initial step, the researcher must be clear about what he or she precisely wants to do in the study. He or she should likewise frame the problem statement, plans of action, and determine any potential issues with the available resources, schedule, etc. for the research.

Most importantly, the researcher must be able to ascertain whether the study will be more beneficial than the cost it will incur.

Step #2: Reviewing relevant literature and supporting theories

The researcher must determine relevant theories or models to his or her research problem. If there are any such theories or models, they must understand how it can help in supporting the study outcomes.

Relevant literature must also be consulted. The researcher must be able to identify previous studies that examined similar problems or subjects, as well as determine the issues encountered.

Step #3: Framing the hypothesis and measurement

The researcher must frame an initial hypothesis or educated guess that could be the likely outcome. Variables must be established, along with the research context.

Units of measurements should also be defined, including the allowable margin of errors. The researcher must determine if the selected measures will be accepted by other scholars.

Step #4: Defining the research design, methodology, and data collection techniques

Before proceeding with the study, the researcher must establish an appropriate approach for the research. He or she must organize experiments to gather data that will allow him or her to frame the hypothesis.

The researcher should also decide whether he or she will use a nonexperimental or experimental technique to perform the study. Likewise, the  type of research design will depend on the type of study being conducted.

Finally, the researcher must determine the parameters that will influence the validity of the research design. Data gathering must be performed by selecting suitable samples based on the research question. After gathering the empirical data, the analysis follows.

Step #5: Conducting data analysis and framing the results

Data analysis is done either quantitatively or qualitatively. Depending on the nature of the study, the researcher must determine which method of data analysis is the appropriate one, or whether a combination of the two is suitable.

The outcomes of this step determine if the hypothesis is supported or rejected. This is why data analysis is considered as one of the most crucial steps in any research undertaking.

Step #6: Making conclusions

A report must be prepared in that it presents the findings and the entire research proceeding. If the researcher intends to disseminate his or her findings to a wider audience, the report will be converted into an article for publication. Aside from including the typical parts from the introduction and literature view, up to the methods, analysis, and conclusions, the researcher should also make recommendations for further research on his or her topic.

To ensure the originality and credibility of the report or research, it is essential to employ a plagiarism checker. By using a reliable plagiarism checker, the researcher can verify the uniqueness of their work and avoid any unintentional instances of plagiarism. This step helps maintain the integrity of the research and ensures that the recommendations for further research are based on the researcher’s own original insights. Incorporating a plagiarism checker into the writing process provides an additional layer of assurance and professionalism, enhancing the impact of the report or article in the academic community. Educators can also check the originality of their students’ research by utilizing a free plagiarism checker for teachers .

VI. Empirical Research Cycle

The empirical research cycle is composed of five phases, with each one considered as important as the next phase (de Groot, 1969). This rigorous and systematic method can consistently capture the process of framing hypotheses on how certain subjects behave or function and then testing them versus empirical data. It is considered to typify the deductive approach to science.

These are the five phases of the empirical research cycle:

1. Observation

During this initial phase, an idea is triggered for presenting a hypothesis. It involves the use of observation to gather empirical data. For example :

Consumers tend to consult first their smartphones before buying something in-store .

2. Induction

Inductive reasoning is then conducted to frame a general conclusion from the data gathered through observation. For example:

As mentioned earlier, most consumers tend to consult first their smartphones before buying something in-store .

A researcher may pose the question, “Does the tendency to use a smartphone indicate that today’s consumers need to be informed before making purchasing decisions?" The researcher can assume that is the case. Nonetheless, since it is still just a supposition, an experiment must be conducted to support or reject this hypothesis.

The researcher decided to conduct an online survey to inquire about the buying habits of a certain sample population of buyers at brick-and-mortar stores. This is to determine whether people always look at their smartphones first before making a purchase.

3. Deduction

This phase enables the researcher to figure out a conclusion out of the experiment. This must be based on rationality and logic in order to arrive at particular, unbiased outcomes. For example:

In the experiment, if a shopper consults first his or her smartphone before buying in-store, then it can be concluded that the shopper needs information to help him or her make informed buying decisions .

This phase involves the researcher going back to the empirical research steps to test the hypothesis. There is now the need to analyze and validate the data using appropriate statistical methods.

If the researcher confirms that in-store shoppers do consult their smartphones for product information before making a purchase, the researcher has found support for the hypothesis. However, it should be noted that this is just support of the hypothesis, not proof of a reality.

5. Evaluation

This phase is often neglected by many but is actually a crucial step to help keep expanding knowledge. During this stage, the researcher presents the gathered data, the supporting contention/s, and conclusions.

The researcher likewise puts forth the limitations of the study and his hypothesis. In addition, the researcher makes recommendations for further studies on the same topic with expanded variables.

VII. Advantages and Disadvantages of Empirical Research

Since the time of the ancient Greeks, empirical research had been providing the world with numerous benefits. The following are a few of them:

• Empirical research is used to validate previous research findings and frameworks.
• It assumes a critical role in enhancing internal validity.
• The degree of control is high, which enables the researcher to manage numerous variables.
• It allows a researcher to comprehend the progressive changes that can occur, and thus enables him to modify an approach when needed.
• Being based on facts and experience makes a research project more authentic and competent.

Disadvantages

Despite the many benefits it brings, empirical research is far from perfect. The following are some of its drawbacks:

• Being evidence-based, data collection is a common problem especially when the research involves different sources and multiple methods.
• It can be time-consuming, especially for longitudinal research.
• Requesting permission to perform certain methods can be difficult, especially when a study involves human subjects.
• Conducting research in multiple locations can be very expensive.
• The propensity of even seasoned researchers to incorrectly interpret the statistical significance. For instance, Amrhein et al. (2019) made an analysis of 791 articles from five journals and found that half incorrectly interpreted that non-significance indicates zero effect.

VIII. Samples of Empirical Research

There are many types of empirical research. And, they can take many formsfrom basic research to action research like community project efforts. Here are some notable empirical research examples:

Professional Research

• Research on Information Technology
• Research on Infectious Diseases
• Research on Occupational Health Psychology
• Research on Infection Control
• Research on Cancer
• Research on Mathematical Science
• Research on Environmental Science
• Research on Genetics
• Research on Climate Change
• Research on Economics

Student Research

• Thesis for B.S. in Computer Science & Engineering  
• Thesis for B.S. in Geography
• Thesis for B.S. in Architecture
• Thesis for Master of Science in Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
• Thesis for Master of Science in Artificial Intelligence
• Thesis for Master of Science in Food Science and Nutrition
• Dissertation for Ph.D. in Marketing  
• Dissertation for Ph.D. in Social Work
• Dissertation for Ph.D. in Urban Planning

Since ancient times until today, empirical research remains one of the most useful tools in man’s collective endeavor to unlock life’s mysteries. Using meaningful experience and observable evidence, this type of research will continue helping validate myriad hypotheses, test theoretical models, and advance various fields of specialization.

With new forms of deadly diseases and other problems continuing to plague man’s existence, finding effective medical interventions and relevant solutions had never been more important. This is among the reasons why empirical research had assumed a more prominent role in today’s society.

This article was able to discuss the different empirical research methods, the steps for conducting empirical research, the empirical research cycle, and notable examples. All of these contribute to supporting the larger societal cause to help understand how the world really works and make it a better place. Furthermore, being factually accurate is a big part of the criteria of good research , and it serves as the heart of empirical research.

Key Insights

• Definition of Empirical Research: Empirical research is based on verifiable evidence derived from observation and experimentation, aiming to understand how the world works.
• Origins: The concept of empirical research dates back to ancient Greek medical practitioners who relied on observed phenomena rather than dogmatic principles.
• Types and Methods: Empirical research can be qualitative (e.g., interviews, case studies) or quantitative (e.g., surveys, experiments), depending on the nature of the data collected and the research question.
• Empirical Research Cycle: Consists of observation, induction, deduction, testing, and evaluation, forming a systematic approach to generating and testing hypotheses.
• Steps in Conducting Empirical Research: Includes establishing objectives, reviewing literature, framing hypotheses, designing methodology, collecting data, analyzing data, and making conclusions.
• Advantages: Empirical research validates previous findings, enhances internal validity, allows for high control over variables, and is fact-based, making it authentic and competent.
• Disadvantages: Data collection can be challenging and time-consuming, especially in longitudinal studies, and interpreting statistical significance can be problematic.
• Applications: Used across various fields such as IT, infectious diseases, occupational health, environmental science, and economics. It is also prevalent in student research for theses and dissertations.
• What is the primary goal of empirical research? The primary goal of empirical research is to generate knowledge about how the world works by relying on verifiable evidence obtained through observation and experimentation.
• How does empirical research differ from theoretical research? Empirical research is based on observable and measurable evidence, while theoretical research involves abstract ideas and concepts without necessarily relying on real-world data.
• What are the main types of empirical research methods? The main types of empirical research methods are qualitative (e.g., interviews, case studies, focus groups) and quantitative (e.g., surveys, experiments, cross-sectional studies).
• Why is the empirical research cycle important? The empirical research cycle is important because it provides a structured and systematic approach to generating and testing hypotheses, ensuring that the research is thorough and reliable.
• What are the steps involved in conducting empirical research? The steps involved in conducting empirical research include establishing the research objective, reviewing relevant literature, framing hypotheses, defining research design and methodology, collecting data, analyzing data, and making conclusions.
• What are the advantages of empirical research? The advantages of empirical research include validating previous findings, enhancing internal validity, allowing for high control over variables, and being based on facts and experiences, making the research authentic and competent.
• What are some common challenges in conducting empirical research? Common challenges in conducting empirical research include difficulties in data collection, time-consuming processes, obtaining permissions for certain methods, high costs, and potential misinterpretation of statistical significance.
• In which fields is empirical research commonly used? Empirical research is commonly used in fields such as information technology, infectious diseases, occupational health, environmental science, economics, and various academic disciplines for student theses and dissertations.
• Can empirical research use both qualitative and quantitative methods? Yes, empirical research can use both qualitative and quantitative methods, often combining them to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem.
• What role does empirical research play in modern society? Empirical research plays a crucial role in modern society by validating hypotheses, testing theoretical models, and advancing knowledge across various fields, ultimately contributing to solving complex problems and improving the quality of life.
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• Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359 (6380), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559

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Empirical Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples

Content Index

Empirical research: Definition

Empirical research: origin, quantitative research methods, qualitative research methods, steps for conducting empirical research, empirical research methodology cycle, advantages of empirical research, disadvantages of empirical research, why is there a need for empirical research.

Empirical research is defined as any research where conclusions of the study is strictly drawn from concretely empirical evidence, and therefore “verifiable” evidence.

This empirical evidence can be gathered using quantitative market research and  qualitative market research  methods.

For example: A research is being conducted to find out if listening to happy music in the workplace while working may promote creativity? An experiment is conducted by using a music website survey on a set of audience who are exposed to happy music and another set who are not listening to music at all, and the subjects are then observed. The results derived from such a research will give empirical evidence if it does promote creativity or not.

LEARN ABOUT: Behavioral Research

You must have heard the quote” I will not believe it unless I see it”. This came from the ancient empiricists, a fundamental understanding that powered the emergence of medieval science during the renaissance period and laid the foundation of modern science, as we know it today. The word itself has its roots in greek. It is derived from the greek word empeirikos which means “experienced”.

In today’s world, the word empirical refers to collection of data using evidence that is collected through observation or experience or by using calibrated scientific instruments. All of the above origins have one thing in common which is dependence of observation and experiments to collect data and test them to come up with conclusions.

LEARN ABOUT: Causal Research

Types and methodologies of empirical research

Empirical research can be conducted and analysed using qualitative or quantitative methods.

• Quantitative research : Quantitative research methods are used to gather information through numerical data. It is used to quantify opinions, behaviors or other defined variables . These are predetermined and are in a more structured format. Some of the commonly used methods are survey, longitudinal studies, polls, etc
• Qualitative research:   Qualitative research methods are used to gather non numerical data.  It is used to find meanings, opinions, or the underlying reasons from its subjects. These methods are unstructured or semi structured. The sample size for such a research is usually small and it is a conversational type of method to provide more insight or in-depth information about the problem Some of the most popular forms of methods are focus groups, experiments, interviews, etc.

Data collected from these will need to be analysed. Empirical evidence can also be analysed either quantitatively and qualitatively. Using this, the researcher can answer empirical questions which have to be clearly defined and answerable with the findings he has got. The type of research design used will vary depending on the field in which it is going to be used. Many of them might choose to do a collective research involving quantitative and qualitative method to better answer questions which cannot be studied in a laboratory setting.

LEARN ABOUT: Qualitative Research Questions and Questionnaires

Quantitative research methods aid in analyzing the empirical evidence gathered. By using these a researcher can find out if his hypothesis is supported or not.

• Survey research: Survey research generally involves a large audience to collect a large amount of data. This is a quantitative method having a predetermined set of closed questions which are pretty easy to answer. Because of the simplicity of such a method, high responses are achieved. It is one of the most commonly used methods for all kinds of research in today’s world.

Previously, surveys were taken face to face only with maybe a recorder. However, with advancement in technology and for ease, new mediums such as emails , or social media have emerged.

For example: Depletion of energy resources is a growing concern and hence there is a need for awareness about renewable energy. According to recent studies, fossil fuels still account for around 80% of energy consumption in the United States. Even though there is a rise in the use of green energy every year, there are certain parameters because of which the general population is still not opting for green energy. In order to understand why, a survey can be conducted to gather opinions of the general population about green energy and the factors that influence their choice of switching to renewable energy. Such a survey can help institutions or governing bodies to promote appropriate awareness and incentive schemes to push the use of greener energy.

Learn more: Renewable Energy Survey Template Descriptive Research vs Correlational Research

• Experimental research: In experimental research , an experiment is set up and a hypothesis is tested by creating a situation in which one of the variable is manipulated. This is also used to check cause and effect. It is tested to see what happens to the independent variable if the other one is removed or altered. The process for such a method is usually proposing a hypothesis, experimenting on it, analyzing the findings and reporting the findings to understand if it supports the theory or not.

For example: A particular product company is trying to find what is the reason for them to not be able to capture the market. So the organisation makes changes in each one of the processes like manufacturing, marketing, sales and operations. Through the experiment they understand that sales training directly impacts the market coverage for their product. If the person is trained well, then the product will have better coverage.

• Correlational research: Correlational research is used to find relation between two set of variables . Regression analysis is generally used to predict outcomes of such a method. It can be positive, negative or neutral correlation.

LEARN ABOUT: Level of Analysis

For example: Higher educated individuals will get higher paying jobs. This means higher education enables the individual to high paying job and less education will lead to lower paying jobs.

• Longitudinal study: Longitudinal study is used to understand the traits or behavior of a subject under observation after repeatedly testing the subject over a period of time. Data collected from such a method can be qualitative or quantitative in nature.

For example: A research to find out benefits of exercise. The target is asked to exercise everyday for a particular period of time and the results show higher endurance, stamina, and muscle growth. This supports the fact that exercise benefits an individual body.

• Cross sectional: Cross sectional study is an observational type of method, in which a set of audience is observed at a given point in time. In this type, the set of people are chosen in a fashion which depicts similarity in all the variables except the one which is being researched. This type does not enable the researcher to establish a cause and effect relationship as it is not observed for a continuous time period. It is majorly used by healthcare sector or the retail industry.

For example: A medical study to find the prevalence of under-nutrition disorders in kids of a given population. This will involve looking at a wide range of parameters like age, ethnicity, location, incomes  and social backgrounds. If a significant number of kids coming from poor families show under-nutrition disorders, the researcher can further investigate into it. Usually a cross sectional study is followed by a longitudinal study to find out the exact reason.

• Causal-Comparative research : This method is based on comparison. It is mainly used to find out cause-effect relationship between two variables or even multiple variables.

For example: A researcher measured the productivity of employees in a company which gave breaks to the employees during work and compared that to the employees of the company which did not give breaks at all.

LEARN ABOUT: Action Research

Some research questions need to be analysed qualitatively, as quantitative methods are not applicable there. In many cases, in-depth information is needed or a researcher may need to observe a target audience behavior, hence the results needed are in a descriptive analysis form. Qualitative research results will be descriptive rather than predictive. It enables the researcher to build or support theories for future potential quantitative research. In such a situation qualitative research methods are used to derive a conclusion to support the theory or hypothesis being studied.

LEARN ABOUT: Qualitative Interview

• Case study: Case study method is used to find more information through carefully analyzing existing cases. It is very often used for business research or to gather empirical evidence for investigation purpose. It is a method to investigate a problem within its real life context through existing cases. The researcher has to carefully analyse making sure the parameter and variables in the existing case are the same as to the case that is being investigated. Using the findings from the case study, conclusions can be drawn regarding the topic that is being studied.

For example: A report mentioning the solution provided by a company to its client. The challenges they faced during initiation and deployment, the findings of the case and solutions they offered for the problems. Such case studies are used by most companies as it forms an empirical evidence for the company to promote in order to get more business.

• Observational method:   Observational method is a process to observe and gather data from its target. Since it is a qualitative method it is time consuming and very personal. It can be said that observational research method is a part of ethnographic research which is also used to gather empirical evidence. This is usually a qualitative form of research, however in some cases it can be quantitative as well depending on what is being studied.

For example: setting up a research to observe a particular animal in the rain-forests of amazon. Such a research usually take a lot of time as observation has to be done for a set amount of time to study patterns or behavior of the subject. Another example used widely nowadays is to observe people shopping in a mall to figure out buying behavior of consumers.

• One-on-one interview: Such a method is purely qualitative and one of the most widely used. The reason being it enables a researcher get precise meaningful data if the right questions are asked. It is a conversational method where in-depth data can be gathered depending on where the conversation leads.

For example: A one-on-one interview with the finance minister to gather data on financial policies of the country and its implications on the public.

• Focus groups: Focus groups are used when a researcher wants to find answers to why, what and how questions. A small group is generally chosen for such a method and it is not necessary to interact with the group in person. A moderator is generally needed in case the group is being addressed in person. This is widely used by product companies to collect data about their brands and the product.

For example: A mobile phone manufacturer wanting to have a feedback on the dimensions of one of their models which is yet to be launched. Such studies help the company meet the demand of the customer and position their model appropriately in the market.

• Text analysis: Text analysis method is a little new compared to the other types. Such a method is used to analyse social life by going through images or words used by the individual. In today’s world, with social media playing a major part of everyone’s life, such a method enables the research to follow the pattern that relates to his study.

For example: A lot of companies ask for feedback from the customer in detail mentioning how satisfied are they with their customer support team. Such data enables the researcher to take appropriate decisions to make their support team better.

Sometimes a combination of the methods is also needed for some questions that cannot be answered using only one type of method especially when a researcher needs to gain a complete understanding of complex subject matter.

We recently published a blog that talks about examples of qualitative data in education ; why don’t you check it out for more ideas?

Learn More: Data Collection Methods: Types & Examples

Since empirical research is based on observation and capturing experiences, it is important to plan the steps to conduct the experiment and how to analyse it. This will enable the researcher to resolve problems or obstacles which can occur during the experiment.

Step #1: Define the purpose of the research

This is the step where the researcher has to answer questions like what exactly do I want to find out? What is the problem statement? Are there any issues in terms of the availability of knowledge, data, time or resources. Will this research be more beneficial than what it will cost.

Before going ahead, a researcher has to clearly define his purpose for the research and set up a plan to carry out further tasks.

Step #2 : Supporting theories and relevant literature

The researcher needs to find out if there are theories which can be linked to his research problem . He has to figure out if any theory can help him support his findings. All kind of relevant literature will help the researcher to find if there are others who have researched this before, or what are the problems faced during this research. The researcher will also have to set up assumptions and also find out if there is any history regarding his research problem

Step #3: Creation of Hypothesis and measurement

Before beginning the actual research he needs to provide himself a working hypothesis or guess what will be the probable result. Researcher has to set up variables, decide the environment for the research and find out how can he relate between the variables.

Researcher will also need to define the units of measurements, tolerable degree for errors, and find out if the measurement chosen will be acceptable by others.

Step #4: Methodology, research design and data collection

In this step, the researcher has to define a strategy for conducting his research. He has to set up experiments to collect data which will enable him to propose the hypothesis. The researcher will decide whether he will need experimental or non experimental method for conducting the research. The type of research design will vary depending on the field in which the research is being conducted. Last but not the least, the researcher will have to find out parameters that will affect the validity of the research design. Data collection will need to be done by choosing appropriate samples depending on the research question. To carry out the research, he can use one of the many sampling techniques. Once data collection is complete, researcher will have empirical data which needs to be analysed.

LEARN ABOUT: Best Data Collection Tools

Step #5: Data Analysis and result

Data analysis can be done in two ways, qualitatively and quantitatively. Researcher will need to find out what qualitative method or quantitative method will be needed or will he need a combination of both. Depending on the unit of analysis of his data, he will know if his hypothesis is supported or rejected. Analyzing this data is the most important part to support his hypothesis.

Step #6: Conclusion

A report will need to be made with the findings of the research. The researcher can give the theories and literature that support his research. He can make suggestions or recommendations for further research on his topic.

A.D. de Groot, a famous dutch psychologist and a chess expert conducted some of the most notable experiments using chess in the 1940’s. During his study, he came up with a cycle which is consistent and now widely used to conduct empirical research. It consists of 5 phases with each phase being as important as the next one. The empirical cycle captures the process of coming up with hypothesis about how certain subjects work or behave and then testing these hypothesis against empirical data in a systematic and rigorous approach. It can be said that it characterizes the deductive approach to science. Following is the empirical cycle.

• Observation: At this phase an idea is sparked for proposing a hypothesis. During this phase empirical data is gathered using observation. For example: a particular species of flower bloom in a different color only during a specific season.
• Induction: Inductive reasoning is then carried out to form a general conclusion from the data gathered through observation. For example: As stated above it is observed that the species of flower blooms in a different color during a specific season. A researcher may ask a question “does the temperature in the season cause the color change in the flower?” He can assume that is the case, however it is a mere conjecture and hence an experiment needs to be set up to support this hypothesis. So he tags a few set of flowers kept at a different temperature and observes if they still change the color?
• Deduction: This phase helps the researcher to deduce a conclusion out of his experiment. This has to be based on logic and rationality to come up with specific unbiased results.For example: In the experiment, if the tagged flowers in a different temperature environment do not change the color then it can be concluded that temperature plays a role in changing the color of the bloom.
• Testing: This phase involves the researcher to return to empirical methods to put his hypothesis to the test. The researcher now needs to make sense of his data and hence needs to use statistical analysis plans to determine the temperature and bloom color relationship. If the researcher finds out that most flowers bloom a different color when exposed to the certain temperature and the others do not when the temperature is different, he has found support to his hypothesis. Please note this not proof but just a support to his hypothesis.
• Evaluation: This phase is generally forgotten by most but is an important one to keep gaining knowledge. During this phase the researcher puts forth the data he has collected, the support argument and his conclusion. The researcher also states the limitations for the experiment and his hypothesis and suggests tips for others to pick it up and continue a more in-depth research for others in the future. LEARN MORE: Population vs Sample

LEARN MORE: Population vs Sample

There is a reason why empirical research is one of the most widely used method. There are a few advantages associated with it. Following are a few of them.

• It is used to authenticate traditional research through various experiments and observations.
• This research methodology makes the research being conducted more competent and authentic.
• It enables a researcher understand the dynamic changes that can happen and change his strategy accordingly.
• The level of control in such a research is high so the researcher can control multiple variables.
• It plays a vital role in increasing internal validity .

Even though empirical research makes the research more competent and authentic, it does have a few disadvantages. Following are a few of them.

• Such a research needs patience as it can be very time consuming. The researcher has to collect data from multiple sources and the parameters involved are quite a few, which will lead to a time consuming research.
• Most of the time, a researcher will need to conduct research at different locations or in different environments, this can lead to an expensive affair.
• There are a few rules in which experiments can be performed and hence permissions are needed. Many a times, it is very difficult to get certain permissions to carry out different methods of this research.
• Collection of data can be a problem sometimes, as it has to be collected from a variety of sources through different methods.

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Empirical research is important in today’s world because most people believe in something only that they can see, hear or experience. It is used to validate multiple hypothesis and increase human knowledge and continue doing it to keep advancing in various fields.

For example: Pharmaceutical companies use empirical research to try out a specific drug on controlled groups or random groups to study the effect and cause. This way, they prove certain theories they had proposed for the specific drug. Such research is very important as sometimes it can lead to finding a cure for a disease that has existed for many years. It is useful in science and many other fields like history, social sciences, business, etc.

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With the advancement in today’s world, empirical research has become critical and a norm in many fields to support their hypothesis and gain more knowledge. The methods mentioned above are very useful for carrying out such research. However, a number of new methods will keep coming up as the nature of new investigative questions keeps getting unique or changing.

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Empirical Research: Defining, Identifying, & Finding

Defining empirical research, what is empirical research, quantitative or qualitative.

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Calfee & Chambliss (2005)  (UofM login required) describe empirical research as a "systematic approach for answering certain types of questions."  Those questions are answered "[t]hrough the collection of evidence under carefully defined and replicable conditions" (p. 43). 

The evidence collected during empirical research is often referred to as "data." 

Characteristics of Empirical Research

Emerald Publishing's guide to conducting empirical research identifies a number of common elements to empirical research: 

• A  research question , which will determine research objectives.
• A particular and planned  design  for the research, which will depend on the question and which will find ways of answering it with appropriate use of resources.
• The gathering of  primary data , which is then analysed.
• A particular  methodology  for collecting and analysing the data, such as an experiment or survey.
• The limitation of the data to a particular group, area or time scale, known as a sample [emphasis added]: for example, a specific number of employees of a particular company type, or all users of a library over a given time scale. The sample should be somehow representative of a wider population.
• The ability to  recreate  the study and test the results. This is known as  reliability .
• The ability to  generalize  from the findings to a larger sample and to other situations.

If you see these elements in a research article, you can feel confident that you have found empirical research. Emerald's guide goes into more detail on each element. 

Empirical research methodologies can be described as quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both (usually called mixed-methods).

Ruane (2016)  (UofM login required) gets at the basic differences in approach between quantitative and qualitative research:

• Quantitative research  -- an approach to documenting reality that relies heavily on numbers both for the measurement of variables and for data analysis (p. 33).
• Qualitative research  -- an approach to documenting reality that relies on words and images as the primary data source (p. 33).

Both quantitative and qualitative methods are empirical . If you can recognize that a research study is quantitative or qualitative study, then you have also recognized that it is empirical study. 

Below are information on the characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research. This video from Scribbr also offers a good overall introduction to the two approaches to research methodology: 

Characteristics of Quantitative Research 

Researchers test hypotheses, or theories, based in assumptions about causality, i.e. we expect variable X to cause variable Y. Variables have to be controlled as much as possible to ensure validity. The results explain the relationship between the variables. Measures are based in pre-defined instruments.

Examples: experimental or quasi-experimental design, pretest & post-test, survey or questionnaire with closed-ended questions. Studies that identify factors that influence an outcomes, the utility of an intervention, or understanding predictors of outcomes. 

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Researchers explore “meaning individuals or groups ascribe to social or human problems (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, p3).” Questions and procedures emerge rather than being prescribed. Complexity, nuance, and individual meaning are valued. Research is both inductive and deductive. Data sources are multiple and varied, i.e. interviews, observations, documents, photographs, etc. The researcher is a key instrument and must be reflective of their background, culture, and experiences as influential of the research.

Examples: open question interviews and surveys, focus groups, case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, discourse analysis, narrative, phenomenology, participatory action research.

Calfee, R. C. & Chambliss, M. (2005). The design of empirical research. In J. Flood, D. Lapp, J. R. Squire, & J. Jensen (Eds.),  Methods of research on teaching the English language arts: The methodology chapters from the handbook of research on teaching the English language arts (pp. 43-78). Routledge.  http://ezproxy.memphis.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=125955&site=eds-live&scope=site .

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018).  Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches  (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

How to... conduct empirical research . (n.d.). Emerald Publishing.  https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/how-to/research-methods/conduct-empirical-research .

Scribbr. (2019). Quantitative vs. qualitative: The differences explained  [video]. YouTube.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-XtVF7Bofg .

Ruane, J. M. (2016).  Introducing social research methods : Essentials for getting the edge . Wiley-Blackwell.  http://ezproxy.memphis.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=1107215&site=eds-live&scope=site .  

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Penn State University Libraries

Empirical research in the social sciences and education.

• What is Empirical Research and How to Read It
• Finding Empirical Research in Library Databases
• Designing Empirical Research
• Ethics, Cultural Responsiveness, and Anti-Racism in Research
• Citing, Writing, and Presenting Your Work

Contact the Librarian at your campus for more help!

Introduction: What is Empirical Research?

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief. 

How do you know if a study is empirical? Read the subheadings within the article, book, or report and look for a description of the research "methodology."  Ask yourself: Could I recreate this study and test these results?

Key characteristics to look for:

• Specific research questions to be answered
• Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
• Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)

Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components:

• Introduction: sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
• Methodology: sometimes called "research design" -- how to recreate the study -- usually describes the population, research process, and analytical tools used in the present study
• Results: sometimes called "findings" -- what was learned through the study -- usually appears as statistical data or as substantial quotations from research participants
• Discussion: sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications" -- why the study is important -- usually describes how the research results influence professional practices or future studies

Reading and Evaluating Scholarly Materials

Reading research can be a challenge. However, the tutorials and videos below can help. They explain what scholarly articles look like, how to read them, and how to evaluate them:

• CRAAP Checklist A frequently-used checklist that helps you examine the currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose of an information source.
• IF I APPLY A newer model of evaluating sources which encourages you to think about your own biases as a reader, as well as concerns about the item you are reading.
• Credo Video: How to Read Scholarly Materials (4 min.)
• Credo Tutorial: How to Read Scholarly Materials
• Credo Tutorial: Evaluating Information
• Credo Video: Evaluating Statistics (4 min.)
• Credo Tutorial: Evaluating for Diverse Points of View
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• URL: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/emp

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Research: Overview & Approaches

• Getting Started with Undergraduate Research
• Planning & Getting Started
• Building Your Knowledge Base
• Locating Sources
• Reading Scholarly Articles
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Introduction to Empirical Research

Databases for finding empirical research, guided search, google scholar, examples of empirical research, sources and further reading.

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• Introductory Video This video covers what empirical research is, what kinds of questions and methods empirical researchers use, and some tips for finding empirical research articles in your discipline.

• Guided Search: Finding Empirical Research Articles This is a hands-on tutorial that will allow you to use your own search terms to find resources.

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Empirical Research

• Reference work entry
• First Online: 01 January 2020
• Cite this reference work entry

• Emeka Thaddues Njoku 3  

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The term “empirical” entails gathered data based on experience, observations, or experimentation. In empirical research, knowledge is developed from factual experience as opposed to theoretical assumption and usually involved the use of data sources like datasets or fieldwork, but can also be based on observations within a laboratory setting. Testing hypothesis or answering definite questions is a primary feature of empirical research. Empirical research, in other words, involves the process of employing working hypothesis that are tested through experimentation or observation. Hence, empirical research is a method of uncovering empirical evidence.

Through the process of gathering valid empirical data, scientists from a variety of fields, ranging from the social to the natural sciences, have to carefully design their methods. This helps to ensure quality and accuracy of data collection and treatment. However, any error in empirical data collection process could inevitably render such...

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Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria

Emeka Thaddues Njoku

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Correspondence to Emeka Thaddues Njoku .

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University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

David A. Leeming

Blanton-Peale Institute, New York, NY, USA

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Njoku, E.T. (2020). Empirical Research. In: Leeming, D.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24348-7_200051

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• What is empirical research: Methods, types & examples

Defne Çobanoğlu

Having opinions on matters based on observation is okay sometimes. Same as having theories on the subject you want to solve. However, some theories need to be tested. Just like Robert Oppenheimer says, “Theory will take you only so far .” 

In that case, when you have your research question ready and you want to make sure it is correct, the next step would be experimentation. Because only then you can test your ideas and collect tangible information. Now, let us start with the empirical research definition:

• What is empirical research?

Empirical research is a research type where the aim of the study is based on finding concrete and provable evidence . The researcher using this method to draw conclusions can use both quantitative and qualitative methods. Different than theoretical research, empirical research uses scientific experimentation and investigation. 

Using experimentation makes sense when you need to have tangible evidence to act on whatever you are planning to do. As the researcher, you can be a marketer who is planning on creating a new ad for the target audience, or you can be an educator who wants the best for the students. No matter how big or small, data gathered from the real world using this research helps break down the question at hand. 

• When to use empirical research?

Empirical research methods are used when the researcher needs to gather data analysis on direct, observable, and measurable data. Research findings are a great way to make grounded ideas. Here are some situations when one may need to do empirical research:

1. When quantitative or qualitative data is needed

There are times when a researcher, marketer, or producer needs to gather data on specific research questions to make an informed decision. And the concrete data gathered in the research process gives a good starting point.

2. When you need to test a hypothesis

When you have a hypothesis on a subject, you can test the hypothesis through observation or experiment. Making a planned study is a great way to collect information and test whether or not your hypothesis is correct.

3. When you want to establish causality

Experimental research is a good way to explore whether or not there is any correlation between two variables. Researchers usually establish causality by changing a variable and observing if the independent variable changes accordingly.

• Types of empirical research

The aim of empirical research is to collect information about a subject from the people by doing experimentation and other data collection methods. However, the methods and data collected are divided into two groups: one collects numerical data, and the other one collects opinion-like data. Let us see the difference between these two types:

Quantitative research

Quantitative research methods are used to collect data in a numerical way. Therefore, the results gathered by these methods will be numbers, statistics, charts, etc. The results can be used to quantify behaviors, opinions, and other variables. Quantitative research methods are surveys, questionnaires, and experimental research.

Qualitiative research

Qualitative research methods are not used to collect numerical answers, instead, they are used to collect the participants’ reasons, opinions, and other meaningful aspects. Qualitative research methods include case studies, observations, interviews, focus groups, and text analysis.

• 5 steps to conduct empirical research

Necessary steps for empirical research

When you want to collect direct and concrete data on a subject, empirical research is a great way to go. And, just like every other project and research, it is best to have a clear structure in mind. This is even more important in studies that may take a long time, such as experiments that take years. Let us look at a clear plan on how to do empirical research:

1. Define the research question

The very first step of every study is to have the question you will explore ready. Because you do not want to change your mind in the middle of the study after investing and spending time on the experimentation.

2. Go through relevant literature

This is the step where you sit down and do a desk research where you gather relevant data and see if other researchers have tried to explore similar research questions. If so, you can see how well they were able to answer the question or what kind of difficulties they faced during the research process.

3. Decide on the methodology

Once you are done going through the relevant literature, you can decide on which method or methods you can use. The appropriate methods are observation, experimentation, surveys, interviews, focus groups, etc.

4. Do data analysis

When you get to this step, it means you have successfully gathered enough data to make a data analysis. Now, all you need to do is look at the data you collected and make an informed analysis.

5. Conclusion

This is the last step, where you are finished with the experimentation and data analysis process. Now, it is time to decide what to do with this information. You can publish a paper and make informed decisions about whatever your goal is.

• Empirical research methodologies

Some essential methodologies to conduct empirical research

The aim of this type of research is to explore brand-new evidence and facts. Therefore, the methods should be primary and gathered in real life, directly from the people. There is more than one method for this goal, and it is up to the researcher to use which one(s). Let us see the methods of empirical research: 

• Observation

The method of observation is a great way to collect information on people without the effect of interference. The researcher can choose the appropriate area, time, or situation and observe the people and their interactions with one another. The researcher can be just an outside observer or can be a participant as an observer or a full participant.

• Experimentation

The experimentation process can be done in the real world by intervening in some elements to unify the environment for all participants. This method can also be done in a laboratory environment. The experimentation process is good for being able to change the variables according to the aim of the study.

The case study method is done by making an in-depth analysis of already existing cases. When the parameters and variables are similar to the research question at hand, it is wise to go through what was researched before.

• Focus groups

The case study method is done by using a group of individuals or multiple groups and using their opinions, characteristics, and responses. The scientists gather the data from this group and generalize it to the whole population.

Surveys are an effective way to gather data directly from people. It is a systematic approach to collecting information. If it is done in an online setting as an online survey , it would be even easier to reach out to people and ask their opinions in open-ended or close-ended questions.

Interviews are similar to surveys as you are using questions to collect information and opinions of the people. Unlike a survey, this process is done face-to-face, as a phone call, or as a video call.

• Advantages of empirical research

Empirical research is effective for many reasons, and helps researchers from numerous fields. Here are some advantages of empirical research to have in mind for your next research:

• Empirical research improves the internal validity of the study.
• Empirical evidence gathered from the study is used to authenticate the research question.
• Collecting provable evidence is important for the success of the study.
• The researcher is able to make informed decisions based on the data collected using empirical research.
• Disadvantages of empirical research

After learning about the positive aspects of empirical research, it is time to mention the negative aspects. Because this type may not be suitable for everyone and the researcher should be mindful of the disadvantages of empirical research. Here are the disadvantages of empirical research:

• As it is similar to other research types, a case study where experimentation is included will be time-consuming no matter what. It has more steps and variables than concluding a secondary research.
• There are a lot of variables that need to be controlled and considered. Therefore, it may be a challenging task to be mindful of all the details.
• Doing evidence-based research can be expensive if you need to complete it on a large scale.
• When you are conducting an experiment, you may need some waivers and permissions.
• Frequently asked questions about empirical research

Empirical research is one of the many research types, and there may be some questions in mind about its similarities and differences to other research types.

Is empirical research qualitative or quantitative?

The data collected by empirical research can be qualitative, quantitative, or a mix of both. It is up to the aim of researcher to what kind of data is needed and searched for.

Is empirical research the same as quantitative research?

As quantitative research heavily relies on data collection methods of observation and experimentation, it is, in nature, an empirical study. Some professors may even use the terms interchangeably. However, that does not mean that empirical research is only a quantitative one.

What is the difference between theoretical and empirical research?

Empirical studies are based on data collection to prove theories or answer questions, and it is done by using methods such as observation and experimentation. Therefore, empirical research relies on finding evidence that backs up theories. On the other hand, theoretical research relies on theorizing on empirical research data and trying to make connections and correlations.

What is the difference between conceptual and empirical research?

Conceptual research is about thoughts and ideas and does not involve any kind of experimentation. Empirical research, on the other hand, works with provable data and hard evidence.

What is the difference between empirical vs applied research?

Some scientists may use these two terms interchangeably however, there is a difference between them. Applied research involves applying theories to solve real-life problems. On the other hand, empirical research involves the obtaining and analysis of data to test hypotheses and theories.

• Final words

Empirical research is a good means when the goal of your study is to find concrete data to go with. You may need to do empirical research when you need to test a theory, establish causality, or need qualitative/quantitative data. For example, you are a scientist and want to know if certain colors have an effect on people’s moods, or you are a marketer and want to test your theory on ad places on websites. 

In both scenarios, you can collect information by using empirical research methods and make informed decisions afterward. These are just the two of empirical research examples. This research type can be applied to many areas of work life and social sciences. Lastly, for all your research needs, you can visit forms.app to use its many useful features and over 1000 form and survey templates!

Defne is a content writer at forms.app. She is also a translator specializing in literary translation. Defne loves reading, writing, and translating professionally and as a hobby. Her expertise lies in survey research, research methodologies, content writing, and translation.

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Identify Empirical Research Articles

• What is empirical research?
• Finding empirical research in library databases
• Research design
• Need additional help?

Getting started

According to the APA , empirical research is defined as the following: "Study based on facts, systematic observation, or experiment, rather than theory or general philosophical principle." Empirical research articles are generally located in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals and often follow a specific layout known as IMRaD: 1) Introduction - This provides a theoretical framework and might discuss previous studies related to the topic at hand. 2) Methodology - This describes the analytical tools used, research process, and the populations included. 3) Results - Sometimes this is referred to as findings, and it typically includes statistical data.  4) Discussion - This can also be known as the conclusion to the study, this usually describes what was learned and how the results can impact future practices.

In addition to IMRaD, it's important to see a conclusion and references that can back up the author's claims.

Characteristics to look for

In addition to the IMRaD format mentioned above, empirical research articles contain several key characteristics for identification purposes:

• The length of empirical research is often substantial, usually eight to thirty pages long.
• You should see data of some kind, this includes graphs, charts, or some kind of statistical analysis.
• There is always a bibliography found at the end of the article.

Publications

Empirical research articles can be found in scholarly or academic journals. These types of journals are often referred to as "peer-reviewed" publications; this means qualified members of an academic discipline review and evaluate an academic paper's suitability in order to be published. 

The CRAAP Checklist should be utilized to help you examine the currency, relevancy, authority, accuracy, and purpose of an information resource. This checklist was developed by California State University's Meriam Library . 

This page has been adapted from the Sociology Research Guide: Identify Empirical Articles at Cal State Fullerton Pollak Library.

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Empirical Research: A Comprehensive Guide for Academics 

Empirical research relies on gathering and studying real, observable data. The term ’empirical’ comes from the Greek word ’empeirikos,’ meaning ‘experienced’ or ‘based on experience.’ So, what is empirical research? Instead of using theories or opinions, empirical research depends on real data obtained through direct observation or experimentation. 

Why Empirical Research?

Empirical research plays a key role in checking or improving current theories, providing a systematic way to grow knowledge across different areas. By focusing on objectivity, it makes research findings more trustworthy, which is critical in research fields like medicine, psychology, economics, and public policy. In the end, the strengths of empirical research lie in deepening our awareness of the world and improving our capacity to tackle problems wisely. 1,2  

Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

There are two main types of empirical research methods – qualitative and quantitative. 3,4 Qualitative research delves into intricate phenomena using non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations, to offer in-depth insights into human experiences. In contrast, quantitative research analyzes numerical data to spot patterns and relationships, aiming for objectivity and the ability to apply findings to a wider context. 

Steps for Conducting Empirical Research

When it comes to conducting research, there are some simple steps that researchers can follow. 5,6  

• Create Research Hypothesis:  Clearly state the specific question you want to answer or the hypothesis you want to explore in your study. 
• Examine Existing Research:  Read and study existing research on your topic. Understand what’s already known, identify existing gaps in knowledge, and create a framework for your own study based on what you learn. 
• Plan Your Study:  Decide how you’ll conduct your research—whether through qualitative methods, quantitative methods, or a mix of both. Choose suitable techniques like surveys, experiments, interviews, or observations based on your research question. 
• Develop Research Instruments:  Create reliable research collection tools, such as surveys or questionnaires, to help you collate data. Ensure these tools are well-designed and effective. 
• Collect Data:  Systematically gather the information you need for your research according to your study design and protocols using the chosen research methods. 
• Data Analysis:  Analyze the collected data using suitable statistical or qualitative methods that align with your research question and objectives. 
• Interpret Results:  Understand and explain the significance of your analysis results in the context of your research question or hypothesis. 
• Draw Conclusions:  Summarize your findings and draw conclusions based on the evidence. Acknowledge any study limitations and propose areas for future research. 

Advantages of Empirical Research

Empirical research is valuable because it stays objective by relying on observable data, lessening the impact of personal biases. This objectivity boosts the trustworthiness of research findings. Also, using precise quantitative methods helps in accurate measurement and statistical analysis. This precision ensures researchers can draw reliable conclusions from numerical data, strengthening our understanding of the studied phenomena. 4  

Disadvantages of Empirical Research

While empirical research has notable strengths, researchers must also be aware of its limitations when deciding on the right research method for their study.4 One significant drawback of empirical research is the risk of oversimplifying complex phenomena, especially when relying solely on quantitative methods. These methods may struggle to capture the richness and nuances present in certain social, cultural, or psychological contexts. Another challenge is the potential for confounding variables or biases during data collection, impacting result accuracy.  

Tips for Empirical Writing

In empirical research, the writing is usually done in research papers, articles, or reports. The empirical writing follows a set structure, and each section has a specific role. Here are some tips for your empirical writing. 7   

• Define Your Objectives:  When you write about your research, start by making your goals clear. Explain what you want to find out or prove in a simple and direct way. This helps guide your research and lets others know what you have set out to achieve. 
• Be Specific in Your Literature Review:  In the part where you talk about what others have studied before you, focus on research that directly relates to your research question. Keep it short and pick studies that help explain why your research is important. This part sets the stage for your work. 
• Explain Your Methods Clearly : When you talk about how you did your research (Methods), explain it in detail. Be clear about your research plan, who took part, and what you did; this helps others understand and trust your study. Also, be honest about any rules you follow to make sure your study is ethical and reproducible. 
• Share Your Results Clearly : After doing your empirical research, share what you found in a simple way. Use tables or graphs to make it easier for your audience to understand your research. Also, talk about any numbers you found and clearly state if they are important or not. Ensure that others can see why your research findings matter. 
• Talk About What Your Findings Mean:  In the part where you discuss your research results, explain what they mean. Discuss why your findings are important and if they connect to what others have found before. Be honest about any problems with your study and suggest ideas for more research in the future. 
• Wrap It Up Clearly:  Finally, end your empirical research paper by summarizing what you found and why it’s important. Remind everyone why your study matters. Keep your writing clear and fix any mistakes before you share it. Ask someone you trust to read it and give you feedback before you finish. 

References:  

• Empirical Research in the Social Sciences and Education, Penn State University Libraries. Available online at  https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/emp  
• How to conduct empirical research, Emerald Publishing. Available online at  https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/how-to/research-methods/conduct-empirical-research  
• Empirical Research: Quantitative & Qualitative, Arrendale Library, Piedmont University. Available online at  https://library.piedmont.edu/empirical-research  
• Bouchrika, I.  What Is Empirical Research? Definition, Types & Samples  in 2024. Research.com, January 2024. Available online at  https://research.com/research/what-is-empirical-research  
• Quantitative and Empirical Research vs. Other Types of Research. California State University, April 2023. Available online at  https://libguides.csusb.edu/quantitative  
• Empirical Research, Definitions, Methods, Types and Examples, Studocu.com website. Available online at  https://www.studocu.com/row/document/uganda-christian-university/it-research-methods/emperical-research-definitions-methods-types-and-examples/55333816  
• Writing an Empirical Paper in APA Style. Psychology Writing Center, University of Washington. Available online at  https://psych.uw.edu/storage/writing_center/APApaper.pdf  

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Try it for free or upgrade to  Paperpal Prime , which unlocks unlimited access to premium features like academic translation, paraphrasing, contextual synonyms, consistency checks and more. It’s like always having a professional academic editor by your side! Go beyond limitations and experience the future of academic writing.  Get Paperpal Prime now at just US$19 a month!  

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• What is a Literature Review? How to Write It (with Examples)
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