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The Architecture of Ideal Learning Environments

We talked to some of the leading architects in the country about five key principles in K–12 school design.

To get a sense of the best practices in contemporary school design, we interviewed four of the top K–12 architecture firms in the U.S.: Fanning Howey , Corgan , Perkins+Will , and Huckabee . Collectively, the companies bill hundreds of millions of dollars in work annually, and have built or renovated thousands of schools throughout the country and around the globe.

Key insights into five common design principles—technology integration, safety and security, transparency, multipurpose space, and outdoor learning—surfaced during our conversations.

Technology Integration

At the dawn of the digital era, technology integration in most K–12 schools boiled down to the presence of computer labs, separate rooms filled with bulky terminals that students could sign up to use. Today’s school technology represents a quantum leap forward—it’s at once ubiquitous, invisible, personal, and mobile.

Wiring the entire school—including the outdoors—is necessary, architects agree, and projectors, screens, and sound systems are migrating out of classrooms and into hallways, common spaces, cafeterias, and even stairwells. Students can access the network anywhere on campus, and view and share work on digital displays throughout the building. The effects can be subversive in all the right ways, reducing students’ dependence on the teacher, promoting peer-to-peer collaboration, and widening the sphere of learning from the confines of the classroom to the whole school grounds. 

“The students we’re educating don’t know the world without the internet,” says Kerri Ranney, vice president of educational practice at Huckabee. “We need to be able to embrace that and prepare students for the types of work environments and companies they are going to be working for when they get out of school.”

At Ecole Kenwood French Immersion School, a pre-K to sixth grade public magnet school in Columbus, Ohio, designed by Fanning Howey, the stairway has been extended to accommodate carpeted student seating and features an overhead projector, a large projection screen, a sound reinforcement system, and wireless access. The location is a popular spot for lectures and student presentations as part of project-based learning (PBL). 

And In Whitestown, Indiana, Fanning Howey designed a wet retention basin—a pond that collects stormwater—as an outdoor laboratory for Zionsville West Middle School, a public school.

“The one-acre pond has shallow-depth areas for wetland plant species, and the boardwalk has observation decks with wireless access for small group instruction. Many of our school projects have Wi-Fi in these outdoor spaces. In fact, it’s pretty much an expectation,” says Jeff Bolinger, a landscape architect with Fanning Howey and a member of the American Society of Landscape Architects.

Safety and Security

The horrifying events in Columbine, Colorado, and Parkland, Florida, among many other places, have raised the profile of safety and security measures in school design. But while safeguarding against acts of school terror is uppermost in the public mind, student bullying is a more pervasive, everyday issue and poses its own set of architectural challenges.

Not surprisingly, bullies seek out areas tucked away from adult supervision. In a recent study from the National Center for Education Statistics, students between the ages of 12 and 18 reported nearly twice as many bullying incidents in hallways and stairwells—where they spend a fraction of their time—as in other school areas like cafeterias or playgrounds. A more open, transparent design emphasizing windows and clear lines of sight, even between floors, reduces bullying opportunities and improves the learning environment for vulnerable students, according to architects.

“The old layouts present an anonymous kind of situation, and it’s easy for bullying to take place in those spaces,” says David Stephen, an educator and architect and the founder of New Vista Designs for Learning , a school design and curriculum consulting firm in Boston. “It’s much safer to have more visual interconnectivity because you have lots of sets of adult eyes connecting with kids around the school.”

At Annie Purl Elementary School, a pre-K to fifth grade public school, in Georgetown, Texas, the Huckabee architecture firm designed and installed floor-to-ceiling glass classroom walls. Each academic wing features classrooms that connect to a central collaboration space and a teacher design lab—enabling educators to see kids in the classroom, collaboration space, or corridors from virtually any spot in the learning environment.

In the unlikely event of an intruder or an active shooter in the building, architects rely on multiple layers of security. Having a single point of entry to the school is standard protocol to limit unwanted access, but many schools are starting to install double-locked entries—with two locked doors to get through—and often require sign-in and use video surveillance systems to screen visitors before they enter campus.

Counterintuitively, large open spaces can provide protection during a lockdown. The architects of Fanning Howey describe several levels of security within an academic wing designed to prevent the unthinkable at a midwestern public school. The two sets of entry doors bracketing the academic wing are made of bulletproof glass and can be locked remotely from the main office, transforming the shared learning space into a safe haven. If an intruder gains access to the academic wing, four corner classrooms serve as shelters—each is outfitted with bulletproof glass and can be accessed from common areas and adjacent classrooms, and then sealed off from any further entry.

Transparency

Architectural transparency, the principle of visual interconnectedness, is an emerging standard in new school construction. Internal spaces like hallways, classrooms, and cafeterias—typically separated from each other by opaque structures like walls and doorways—have given way to open layouts that emphasize glass partitions and uninterrupted lines of sight, borrowing from cutting-edge work environments like Google’s and Apple’s campuses.

“In very traditional schools, hallways often look exactly the same,” says Stephen, of New Vista Designs for Learning. “They’re 10 feet wide, lined with lockers, and the classroom doors are all closed.”

Opening a line of sight into adjacent spaces makes learning communal, encourages collaboration, and creates a public forum for celebrating and observing student work, according to leading educational architects.

Fanning Howey constructed the British International School of Houston in Katy, Texas, a pre-K to 12th grade private school, with the intention of making learning visible. The entire building is wrapped around a common area called the Agora—Greek for “gathering place”—which is modeled on the public courtyards at the heart of city life in ancient Greece.

All the classroom walls that surround the Agora are framed in floor-to-ceiling glass. From this central gathering place, students of all ages can see and be seen, peering into others’ classrooms to view what they’re doing while being observed at their own work.

“Through visual transparency—by looking through a window into something interesting happening in a makerspace, robotic lab, or a classroom—you’re creating a public conversation about teaching and learning,” says Stephen.

Floor-to-ceiling glass isn’t the only way to achieve transparency, though. Perkins + Will used a cheaper alternative—strategically placed glass windows—at Campus International School, a kindergarten to sixth grade public magnet school in Cleveland, to create a continuous line of sight throughout the space. While the effect is less dramatic, the design is more cost-effective and the learning impact is similar, promoting a sense of collaboration and enabling students to gain inspiration from the work of others.

Multipurpose Space

The pace of social and technological change is disorienting—and modern learning environments are evolving to keep pace. Part of making educational spaces work, according to architects, is incorporating long-term flexibility so that as technology, curricula, and pedagogies evolve over a building’s 50-year life span, it can support and not hinder those changes.

“We know education is going to change. We know curriculums are going to change. So how best do we provide a facility that is equipped to change over its life?” says Chuck Tyler, principal architect at Fanning Howey.

School architects are tossing out industrial-era blueprints that emphasized enclosed, single-use spaces connected by long hallways designed to move students rapidly between bell periods. Today, every inch of the school is scoured for its ability to contribute to learning: Corridors are being widened to become extensions of the classroom, stairs are turning into seating space, and walls throughout the building are doubling as writing surfaces or displaying Wi-Fi-enabled TV screens. Typical, single-use rooms like cafeteria and libraries, meanwhile, are being designed to function as hybrid theaters, makerspaces, and media centers.

“There’s a realization and understanding on the clients’ side that the factory model school that most of us went to—where you’ve got similarly sized classrooms marching down either side of the hallway—is not going to support the kind of teaching and learning that they’re after,” says Steve Turckes, principal and K–12 education global practice leader for Perkins+Will.

Truly flexible spaces should also meet the day-to-day needs of educators to create instructional variety—direct instruction, group work, independent work—by quickly altering their environments. Lightweight chairs, beanbags, area rugs, tables of different heights, and even movable or foldable walls can transform alcoves into quiet reading spaces, which can in turn be modified to suit project-based learning or direct instruction.

For example, at Milan High School, a public school in Milan, Michigan, the PBL learning addition called the Milan Center for Innovative Studies has a designated collaboration space, the Innovation Zone, where students conduct individual research, collaborate on group projects, and give presentations. But the Innovation Zone also serves as the school’s social hub and hosts the campus coffee shop and student-run bookstore, mimicking the integration of work and relaxation space that is so common in today’s start-ups and cutting-edge technology companies.

Outdoor Learning

Research suggests that there are many benefits from learning in the outdoors, including improved creativity and reduced stress . And a 1998 study concluded that when learning is hands-on and made relevant to students’ surrounding environment, they are more engaged in the curriculum and perform better on academic tests.

According to leading education architects, some outdoor learning environments are simply spaces that facilitate learning—a group of benches, an amphitheater, or a partially covered workspace with amenities like Wi-Fi and supplies. Like classrooms, these outdoor spaces are designated for instruction, presentations, or independent and group work, but they provide a fresh perspective for students who spend most of the school days indoors.

Other outdoor learning spaces are designed to be extensions of the curriculum, and provide opportunities to observe or interact directly with nature.

At Daugherty Elementary, a public school in Garland, Texas, the architecture and design firm Corgan created a learning courtyard that offers a variety of educational zones connected to Texas state standards. On the pavement, there are imprints of fossils native to Texas. Shadow walls—where suspended panels with cutout images cast shadows as the sun shines through the cutouts—teach students about the earth’s rotation and seasonal cycles as shadows cast by the sun shift positions and lengths. A rainwater cistern enables students to track rainfall totals, while xeriscape landscaping—which requires little to no water—helps students learn about local, drought-tolerant plants and gain authentic experience with complex biological concepts like photosynthesis and osmosis.  

And at Lady Bird Johnson Middle School in Irving, Texas, the biggest net-zero public school in the country—it generates more energy than it consumes—the building itself is a laboratory for learning. Corgan designed the building’s green energy capacities to integrate with the school’s grade 6–8 science curriculum. For example, in sixth grade, students collect data and do hands-on learning related to energy transformation, comparing the efficiency of fossil fuel to solar, wind, and geothermal power—all sources of energy that the school taps into.

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How educational institutions' architecture shapes young minds

By Gauri Kelkar

The instinctive, visceral reaction is always sensory—the white institutional light, the shrill sound of the bell at the end of a period, the thundering footsteps tearing down the stairs or out the gates at the end of the day. Or it’s all emotion—the apprehension on the first day; learning with new teachers, or being harangued by them, joy when recess kicks in. Reminders of school typically stay stuck on the experience. The space, the building, the classrooms, the structure and its surroundings are always a backdrop, so much so that you wonder whether the building (which is what it typically always is) where you spent the most important years of your childhood even matters. The short answer is yes, it does. That place called school that has stuck on, lodging itself in the recesses of the mind, is perhaps more telling in its impact than in and of itself.

The architecture of a school, the volumes and the voids, the closed spaces and the open fields, have an unknowable, intangible impact—on how we learn, how we interact, and how it influences us. Louis Kahn knew it when he was tasked with building the now-iconic Indian Institute of Management in Ahmedabad (IIMA), and recently saved from being relegated to the ashes of a forgotten past. Education and imparting it in the right way was at the heart of this decision. The IIMA, in fact, is, according to Suchi Reddy, a “gold standard” for academic design. “Kahn’s masterful weave of solidity and transparency creates a secure and open experience at the same time—a grounding place for those formative experiences,” says the founder of the New York-based practice Reddymade.  

IIM Ahmedabad campus

A New Way of Learning

Back in 1961, a bunch of industrialists were in talks with Harvard Business School to develop a school that was solely focused on educating future generations on specific professions that would facilitate the growth of India’s very nascent industry. The idea then was to build a school that supplemented the concept of western-style of learning—with discussions and an atmosphere where students could engage easily with teachers. The best-suited structure, right down to the materials used to construct it even, has always been integral to learning. Architect Diana Kellogg of her eponymous New York-based practice says, “I think conscientious design and attention to materials, especially for an educational institution, is key to elevating the building with the hopes to inspire. You have to be mindful with the design: considerate to cultural traditions while incorporating new technologies. The combination helps to empower the children so they feel cared about and also safe.”

By Aishwarya Khurana

By Alisha Lad

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Girl students from the local village, dressed in their Sabyasachi uniforms, play in the courtyard. Photo credit: Bharath Ramamrutham

The interior curve of the courtyard at the Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls School in Jaisalmer. The courtyard acts as a water-harvesting facility with a cistern in the middle. The rare fruit trees were preserved within the oval with steps around for the girls to play and sit in the shade. Photo credit: Bharath Ramamrutham

“‘Educate a boy and you educate an individual. Educate a girl and you educate a community.’ I read it somewhere in India,” says Kellogg. Photo credit: Bharath Ramamrutham

Building Minds

Architects sensitive to context have always appreciated the value of design of academic institutions, as do educators and those invested in cultivating the minds of generations and understand the importance of catching them young. As Reddy says, “Academic institutions are the place where young minds are formed; therefore, we cannot underestimate the impact that the design of these institutions can have in shaping these minds.” Her approach is founded not just in her design ethos as an architect but her background in neuroaesthetics, “the science of how our environment and experiences shape us. I cannot stress enough on the importance of thoughtful design of these institutions. People design their individuality and find their place in the collective in this space, and they must be supported with design that nurtures that experience. How can we create a great culture if we do not nurture it?”  In a world left much improved by the works of legends who understood this responsibility of architecture at a deeply intuitive level and shouldered it with remarkable grace, we are certainly not lacking in a long and abiding legacy to turn to and learn from. For Reddy, India’s contribution to that legacy comes in the form of Kahn’s IIMA and Doshi’s Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT) in Ahmedabad. “The [CEPT] campus where I had the privilege of teaching a workshop in 2019 is a luminous example that creates a subtle intertwining of the interior and exterior, the individual and the communal. You can see this balance and harmony reflected in the creativity of the students.” 

Balkrishna Doshi, School of Architecture, Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology, Ahmedabad, 1968. Photo credit: Vinay Panjwani India

Nature—and Nurture

A product of CEPT, Khushnu Panthaki Hoof, partner at the Ahmedabad-based Vastushilpa Consultants, and granddaughter of 2018 Pritzker prize winner Doshi, believes in the inescapable value of this kind of indoor-outdoor synergy as well. “The experience of architecture is not just visual but tactile, intertwined with space and body movement in time. I believe architecture impacts our behaviour pattern and affects us emotionally, intellectually and physically.” And that takes on considerably more significance when it comes to learning, engaging the mind and opening it to discoveries, “where the elasticity between named places and unnamed spaces encourages the way we interact with each other and the surrounding landscape”. Hoof’s belief in the importance of design on learning draws on her own experience. “The fluidity between defined places and liminal spaces for me is the most important aspect of design.” To quote a cliché, learning goes beyond the four walls of a classroom—and quite literally.  It isn’t about a static, passive relationship between a teacher who talks and students who listen. So much of education is about discovery, about allowing the mind to wander. And much of that involves in creating physical spaces that encourage, cultivate and prod the latent curiosity present in all of us, in facilitating an environment that nurtures the desire to learn. “A change in the pace of movement interspersed with elements of stillness aids curiosity to learn, explore and generate dialogues. So, academic institutions should be designed in a way that the mind has space to wander and kindle discovery,” asserts Hoof. It is a sentiment that Reddy echoes, with her advocating the idea of ‘forest schools’. “I have become a huge advocate and proponent of [forest schools]; to have students learn in nature in the outdoors, where their senses are not dulled but heightened. Rabindranath Tagore’s Shantiniketan was so far ahead of our time in this regard, a model of learning that I think we need to re-examine and re-integrate into our troubled times.” While surely Shantiniketan was ahead of its time, it was also rooted in the history of India’s gurukul system where students stayed in the humble home of their guru secluded from towns and surrounded by nature, as much of a teacher as the guru.

A Look Back for the Way Ahead

Nature, light, open spaces—invaluable tools in the arsenal of the thoughtful architect and formidable components of any enduring structure—are at play in such well-planned and carefully designed institutions. Where massed volumes and staggered connections that allow for movements of light through vast halls and corridors speak to a sublime choreography that springs forth from a sensitivity to the environment. It’s something the CP Kukreja-designed Gautam Buddha University in Noida, sprawled over 500 acres, has in ample doses. “We created an urban forest so one could leave the humdrum and trivial of the city outside and enter the educational environment,” asserts Dikshu Kukreja, principal architect at the New Delhi-based architectural practice.  Supplementing that thought is the idea that academic institutions go beyond just impacting learning but focusing on the right kind of messaging too. “I believe that the important message that we need to send to the youth who are going to be the future of our society can be easily presented through the design of their academic institutions. We should be able to communicate the concern of our environment or creating sustainable living.” 

Pathways World School Aravali, designed by CP Kukreja

Delhi Public School Society’s HRD Centre designed by CP Kukreja. Photo credit: Kapil Kamra

What better way to do that than in leading through example. The firm that has for the past five decades focused on thoughtful, considered architecture that mines regional contexts to create enduring structures, walks the talk in its approach and execution, evidenced in their projects, such as the Pathways World School Aravali in Gurgaon. “We did not want to restrict student learning to subjects, such as history and art appreciation, to their classrooms alone. Therefore, the entire campus has sculptures, antiques and artworks interspersed abundantly across its landscape. The feedback we received from the administrators was great because students walked past these works every day through their corridors, they began to not only learn about them but also appreciate art.”  That academic knowledge can be imparted through an unconventional approach has been evident in CEPT, too, the perennial example of a stalwart institute of learning, where the MF Hussain-Doshi collaboration Gufa, an artistic endeavour of fantastical proportions, sits close to the campus. “CEPT’s proximity and connection to Gufa is a wonderful artistic catalyst to both the physical and energetic life of that institution,” says Reddy. The belief that learning is deeply affected by context, circumstance, state of mind, state of surroundings is certainly not new. Deep research by scientists has borne out the importance of a diverse range of issues that impact learning (even the colours used in kindergarten and primary schools play a not inconsiderable role). But the architecture of such temples of learning—the volumes of the spaces, the functions of the rooms, the cleverness in their layout, the restraint in building, in being directed by nature and context—is as integral to shaping, moulding, cultivating and sensitising impressionable young minds as the teachers who stand as custodians of such institutes. Kellogg, for instance, while working on the design and layout of the Rajkumari Ratnavati Girl’s School in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, found inspiration in the METI Handmade School in Bangladesh. “[I] was incredibly impressed. This school to me embodied the essence of what a project like this should be about: the use of traditional materials and built by local craftsmen: beautiful, functional and built by the community,” she explains. She is currently working on a school for a tribal community in Andhra Pradesh “following a similar approach as the bamboo will be gathered locally and the community will build it themselves”. And in a world coming to grips with isolation in a post-pandemic age, where such academic institutions became high-risk environments due to close contact and the sheer number of people moving about, architecture, academia and learning has perhaps taken on greater significance and requires deeper thinking. “I think one of the important lessons of the pandemic has been in the field of teaching and learning in our new remote ways,” says Reddy  Architecture and its effect on learning is an enduring reality that, if imbibed and acted on can help transform education in the best way possible. Kahn did it with IIMA, as did Doshi with CEPT—as many discerning architects who look at the bigger picture and work for the greater good continue to do.

By Komal Sharma

Photography by Bharath Ramamrutham

By Nivedita Jayaram Pawar

Photography by Rahul Jain

By Avantika Shankar

Photography by Link Studio

By Harsh Thakkar

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Defining Educational Architecture And its Key Principles

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Do you know the peculiarities of building innovative educational spaces? These are educational architecture professionals who know the answer to this question. Learn what educational architecture is and what modern trends dominate in it nowadays.

Blog post guide

5 key principles in educational architecture: what to expect, key principles in educational architecture, integration of technology, safety and security, transparency, multipurpose spaces, outdoor studying.

Every person visits educational institutions whether these are schools, universities, colleges, or other destinations meant for studying. Have you noticed they differ from places people live or entertain themselves? The reason for that is the fact that constructions designed for educational purposes have a certain number of criteria they should correspond with. In fact, these are tasks set for architects who create a design of such buildings and a direction they work in is defined as educational architecture.

Originally, the term “educational architecture” was used for denominating physical buildings used for learning but gradually it has also been associated with the design of the educational process as well. If you compare both these terms, you will see that the design of schools, universities, and the outdoor environment next to them refers to physical representation or educational architecture. However, the design of courses and the development of the VR environment are parts of the educational process.

It only seems a simple task to develop a design of an educational establishment, but there are so many details to consider that it may seem unbelievable for an ordinary person. However, professional architects not only create designs that correspond with hundreds of strict requirements but also implement them in reality. Thousands of schools, higher educational establishments, spaces for extracurricular activity are being built on the planet at the moment, but what is special about them? According to the professionals working in this sphere, every educational architecture project should meet the following requirements.

Living in the digital era it is difficult to imagine classes without computers, smart devices, and other innovative equipment that can contribute to the educational process. Architects should consider special computer labs, bulky terminals to connect personal devices to, the power of energy resources, wiring the building, and many other things. A special accent should be made on common spaces and learning campuses since they are an integral part of the building.

Being one of the most significant principles in educational architecture, it sets lots of tasks for a professional in charge of this project. Every space for learning should be safe, so numerous measures should be undertaken and planned in the construction to guarantee this security. This is not only fire alarm or video surveillance but also the prevention of bullying with transparent design, clear lines of sight, larger windows, etc. Many schools require the installation of double-locked entries and sign-in screens to prevent unwanted access. All these protection measures should be easy to control which is very important too.

Modern educational spaces are more often designed according to the principle of visual interconnectedness. There are opaque structures to divide different rooms creating open layouts like in many modern IT office

One of the main challenges for an architect is to provide a project with long-term flexibility. Naturally, people will observe numerous changes in the upcoming 50 years, and this educational space should be able to incorporate them if required. Modern tendencies in architecture look as follows:

• Corridor widening for it to be transformed into classrooms of necessary;
• Stairs are turned into sitting places;
• Walls are changed into writing surfaces or large screens for projectors;
• Altering environments that can be easily adapted to different types of work.

Learning environments outside traditional buildings should be adapted to studying. Therefore, the area should be provided with extra sitting spaces like benches, amphitheater, necessary amenities like Wi-Fi, and other important features.

As you can see, the number of tasks in educational architecture is overwhelming, so a quality project requires not only time and skills but also creativity. Nowadays, we can see lots of changes in the way educational buildings are built and there is lots of space for innovation too.

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Today it is not surprising to hear the term ‘visualization’ but from recent times it began to be used in combination with 3-dimensional technology that helps create a vision of the deep space. This process has become an indispensable part of the IT industry and many other spheres where it has found its implementation. But to understand why it has become so popular, it is necessary to learn the notion of 3D visualization.

Software used by architects for rendering

The popularity of architectural rendering services encourages many people to try their effort in this field, so they look for information on how professional architects and designers manage to create such photorealistic projects. The answer is simple: the use of the necessary software and a possession of skills and experience are a key to the success of every designer. It goes without saying that you need to get a certain qualification, have a designer and architect talent, be persistent and hard-working to achieve heights in this industry, but without a professional software, even these characteristics will play no role. That is why let’s see what tools and programs are used by modern architects and designers to create such wonderful rendering masterpieces.

Difference between 3D modeling and rendering

Nowadays it is not surprising to hear a variety of synonyms describing one object or process. The technological development has also resulted in the appearance of new vocabulary that can seem odd to somebody. No wonder only some individuals recognize the difference between software and tools, CPU and GPU etc. With the introduction of 3D technology, the number of terms connected with it has also multiplied by several times. One pair of notions that causes some misconceptions among users is also connected with 3D. Many modern companies offer 3D rendering and 3D modeling services, but unfortunately, not every client fully realizes what he will finally acquire ordering ones or other services. In this article, we would try to explain how these terms differ from each other and what is common among them too.

What Is 3D Architectural Visualization?

The visualization process in architecture has become an integral part of many industries including home building, real estate business, and marketing. The main reasons for that are the ease-of-use, speed, and reasonable cost. Would you like to learn more about this trend? Find out its definition, history, and what to expect from this solution in the future.

Top 27 Best 3D Rendering Tools 2021

3D rendering is used in a variety of industries from architecture, marketing, and engineering to movie, game, and animation production. The main benefit of renders is access to exact measurements and calculations used for 3D modeling and the possibility to view the existing models without special equipment.

Residential Architecture: What is it?

There are many types of architecture but residential one takes one of the leading positions among them. Find out what residential architecture is and what differs it from others.

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• Virtual Staging
• Architectural Visualization
• Furniture rendering
• 3D Modeling
• Real Estate Photography
• Virtual tour real estate

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