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Determining the Ideal Length: How Long Should Your Literature Review Be?

A literature review is a critical component of academic research, providing a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge on a particular topic. It contextualizes your work within the broader academic conversation, identifies gaps in current research, and demonstrates a clear understanding of your field. The length of a literature review can vary widely depending on several factors, such as the scope of the study, academic level, and the complexity of the research topic. This article offers insights into determining the ideal length for your literature review to ensure it is thorough, relevant, and aligned with academic expectations.

Key Takeaways

• The purpose and scope of your literature review significantly influence its length; it should be long enough to cover key theories and research but concise enough to remain focused.
• Academic level and expectations play a crucial role in determining the length; literature reviews in dissertations will be more extensive than those in undergraduate papers.
• The complexity and novelty of the research topic can necessitate a longer review to adequately cover the existing literature and establish the research's relevance.
• Effective literature sourcing strategies, such as using relevant databases and evaluating source credibility, contribute to a literature review's comprehensive yet precise nature.
• The literature review should balance a coherent narrative flow with critical analysis, ensuring that it not only summarizes existing research but also critiques and contextualizes it.

Conceptualizing the Literature Review

Defining the purpose and scope.

Before diving into the vast sea of existing literature, it's crucial to anchor your research with a clear purpose and well-defined scope. Defining your topic may require an initial review to grasp the full breadth of your subject. This preliminary step is not about exhaustive reading but about identifying the contours of your research landscape.

Consider the following questions to clarify your intentions and set the boundaries of your review:

• What specific research question are you aiming to address?
• Will your literature review be comprehensive or will you focus on a selective examination of sources?
• How does the scope align with your academic level and the expectations of your field?

By answering these questions, you establish a framework that guides your literature sourcing, ensuring relevance and depth. Remember, the scope of your review is not static; it may evolve as you delve deeper into your topic. However, having a clear starting point will help you maintain focus and avoid being overwhelmed by the sheer volume of available literature.

Understanding the Role of Literature in Research

In your quest to comprehend the vast landscape of existing knowledge, the literature review serves as your compass, guiding you through the scholarly terrain. It is the foundation upon which your research is built , providing context, identifying gaps, and highlighting the significance of your study. The literature review not only synthesizes relevant literature but also critically evaluates it, establishing a framework for your research questions and hypotheses.

The role of literature in research extends beyond mere summarization. It involves a meticulous process of selection and analysis, where you:

• Engage with key theories and concepts
• Compare and contrast various studies
• Uncover trends and patterns in research
• Assess the methodological rigor of past work

By delving into the analysis of scientific production and communication , you analyze the main recent contributions made by researchers in the field of academic production and communication. This exploration is crucial for situating your work within the broader academic conversation and for ensuring that your research is informed by the most current and relevant findings.

Setting the Boundaries: Depth versus Breadth

In your quest to craft a literature review that is both comprehensive and focused, you must strike a delicate balance between depth and breadth. Depth ensures that you cover each relevant topic thoroughly, providing a detailed understanding and critical analysis . However, too much detail can lead to an overwhelming amount of information that may obscure the main findings and arguments. On the other hand, breadth allows you to present a wide range of studies and perspectives, but a review that is too broad may lack the necessary focus to offer insightful conclusions.

To navigate this balance, consider the following points:

• Define the scope of your review based on the research question.
• Decide whether your coverage will be selective or exhaustive.
• Determine the inclusion and exclusion criteria for your literature search.

Remember, the goal is to provide an overview that is as informative as it is accessible, ensuring that your literature review makes a meaningful contribution to the field without becoming mired in excessive detail.

Strategies for Effective Literature Sourcing

Identifying relevant databases and resources.

Embarking on a literature review begins with the crucial step of identifying the right databases and resources. Efficiently search for relevant articles by utilizing filters, accessing full-text articles, evaluating sources, managing search results, and using advanced search techniques in academic databases. For instance, databases such as Academic Search Complete, JSTOR, ERIC , Sociological Abstracts, and PsycInfo are indispensable for the humanities and social sciences.

When considering the vast array of information available, it's essential to evaluate the credibility of your sources. This ensures that your literature review is grounded in reliable and authoritative research. Here are some steps to guide you:

• Use database research logs to track your searches.
• Apply Boolean operators to refine search results.
• Look for peer-reviewed journals and grey literature.
• Check for the presence of literature gaps and future research directions.

Remember, the structure of your literature review, whether it's for a Master's thesis or another academic endeavor, will typically include sections like the Abstract, Literature Review, Methodology, Results, and Conclusion. The theoretical framework will guide your research design and analysis, shaping the depth and breadth of the literature you review.

Evaluating the Credibility of Sources

In your quest to construct a robust literature review, the credibility of your sources is paramount. Ensure that each source you consider is reliable and authoritative to support your research effectively. Employ the C.R.A.P. test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Purpose) to assess the quality of information. Ask yourself: Is the information current? Does it relate directly to your topic? Who is the author, and what is their expertise? What is the purpose of the information?

Consider the following criteria when evaluating sources:

• Accuracy : Verify the facts and data presented. Is the information supported by evidence?
• Authority: Check the author's credentials and the publisher's reputation.
• Objectivity: Determine if the source has a bias or a specific agenda.
• Currency: Ensure the information is up-to-date and relevant.
• Coverage: Evaluate the depth and breadth of the information provided.

Remember, using credible sources not only strengthens your literature review but also establishes you as a more informed writer . Be vigilant and selective to maintain the integrity of your research.

Organizing Literature for Efficient Review

Once you have gathered a substantial number of sources, the next step is to organize them in a way that enhances your understanding and supports the structure of your literature review. As you read sources, themes will emerge that will guide the organization of your review. A practical tool to assist you in this process is the Synthesis Matrix , which allows you to track your notes and observations as you read.

There are several approaches to organizing a literature review, including theoretical, thematic, methodological, and chronological. Each approach serves a different purpose and may suit your research question differently. For instance, a thematic organization groups literature based on common themes, which can be particularly useful when synthesizing research across various studies.

To systematically organize and synthesize knowledge, consider the following steps:

• Identify key themes and concepts from your sources.
• Use a Synthesis Matrix to track themes and connections.
• Choose an organizational structure that aligns with your research objectives.
• Continuously refine the organization as your understanding deepens.

Structuring the Literature Review

Creating a coherent narrative flow.

In crafting your literature review, it is essential to weave a seamless narrative that guides your reader through the research landscape. Begin by clearly defining key terms and terminologies , setting the stage for the discussion that follows. This initial clarity helps in establishing a solid foundation for your arguments.

Organize the selected papers and studies by identifying patterns and developing subtopics . This thematic approach allows you to create a structure that is both logical and compelling. Remember, the goal is to tell a coherent "story" that makes the connections between works clear and meaningful. As you arrange your literature, be prepared to move pieces around to achieve the best fit under different themes or arguments.

Finally, ensure that your narrative is coherent and transitions smoothly from one section to the next. A well-structured literature review not only summarizes research but also critically analyzes and synthesizes the information to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic. Here are some steps to consider:

• Define key terms and concepts
• Identify patterns and develop subtopics
• Arrange literature to tell a coherent story
• Transition smoothly between sections
• Summarize, analyze, and synthesize findings

Thematic Organization versus Chronological Order

When you embark on structuring your literature review, you are faced with a pivotal decision: whether to organize the material thematically or in chronological order. Thematic organization allows you to cluster studies by concepts or topics, which can be particularly helpful in highlighting the development of theoretical concepts over time or across different contexts. This approach can aid others in understanding complex subjects by breaking them down into more digestible themes.

On the other hand, a chronological structure presents the evolution of scholarship over time. It can be the simplest way to organize literature, as it follows the natural progression of published work, from the earliest studies to the most recent. This method is especially useful when examining a trend or history of a topic, such as the ' history of whaling ', where you can observe how perspectives and methodologies have shifted.

Consider the following points when deciding on the structure of your review:

• The nature of your research question
• The volume and patterns of the literature available
• Your intended audience and their familiarity with the topic

Ultimately, the choice between thematic and chronological organization should align with your research objectives and the most effective way to communicate your findings to your audience.

Balancing Summary and Critical Analysis

In your literature review, you must strike a delicate balance between summarizing the existing body of work and providing a critical analysis of it. Summarization is necessary to give your readers a clear understanding of the current knowledge landscape. However, it's the critical analysis that showcases your scholarly insight, as you evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the research, identify gaps, and suggest areas for further study.

Consider the following points when balancing these two aspects:

• Summarize key findings and theories succinctly to provide a foundation for your analysis.
• Critically assess methodologies, results, and arguments presented in the literature.
• Reflect on the relevance and impact of the research in relation to your study.
• Highlight inconsistencies or controversies that may warrant additional investigation.

Remember, the depth of your literature review should align with the academic level and expectations of your research. For instance, a bachelor thesis might explore research gaps within a 30-60 page review , while a master thesis will demand a more extensive engagement with literature, emphasizing meticulous data collection and analysis. The purpose of your review, whether to summarize current knowledge, generate new ideas, or perform a critical assessment , will ultimately guide its length and complexity.

Determining the Appropriate Length

Factors influencing the extent of the review.

The extent of your literature review is not a one-size-fits-all matter; it is influenced by several factors that you must consider to ensure its effectiveness and relevance. The purpose of your review is paramount; are you providing a comprehensive background for a dissertation, or are you focusing on a specific aspect for a journal article? The scope of your research question also plays a critical role. A broad question may require a more extensive review, while a narrow one might only necessitate a focused survey of the literature.

When considering the length of your literature review, reflect on the following points:

• The literature gap and potential for future research. An exhaustive review is essential to identify these gaps.
• The quality and design of the study, including the population, intervention, and outcomes.
• The need to formulate testable hypotheses and review existing literature to address knowledge gaps.
• The turnaround time for publishing, which may influence the depth and timing of your review.

Ultimately, the length of your literature review should be dictated by its contribution to your research objectives, ensuring a balance between comprehensiveness and focus.

Academic Level and Expectations

The academic level at which you are operating significantly dictates the expected length and depth of your literature review. For instance, high school term papers typically range from 3 to 5 pages, while final projects may extend to 5 to 7 pages. Undergraduate assignments often require a more comprehensive review , as do honor's capstone projects or theses.

At the graduate level, expectations escalate. A master's thesis not only demands a substantial literature review but also an independent research contribution to the field. The complexity of your review should mirror the academic rigor of your program. For example, a doctoral dissertation will necessitate an even more extensive survey of literature, reflecting the high level of scholarly inquiry.

Consider the following points when determining the length of your literature review:

• The objective of your research project
• The requirements of your academic program
• The expectations set by your advisor or committee

Remember, a well-crafted literature review is a keystone of your academic work, serving as both a foundation for your research and a demonstration of your scholarly competence.

The Relationship Between Review Length and Research Complexity

The complexity of your research topic plays a pivotal role in determining the length of your literature review. A nuanced and intricate topic will naturally require a more extensive review to cover the relevant literature comprehensively. The ultimate length of the Literature Review depends entirely on the types of sources and the resulting arguments that emerge from synthesizing those sources. This synthesis is not merely a summary but a detailed analysis that evaluates and integrates the findings into your research context.

When you embark on a literature review, consider the following points:

• Analyze gaps in the literature to identify where your research fits.
• Explore personal interests and align them with your academic goals.
• Identify your expertise and use it to guide your literature selection.

Remember, the goal is not to include as many sources as possible but to critically engage with the most relevant ones. Your review should not only reflect the existing body of knowledge but also pave the way for your original contribution. Tools and tips for thesis writing can be invaluable in organizing your research and defining the purpose of your thesis. Features like worksheets and academic project planners can help manage references and streamline the literature review process.

Writing and Refining the Literature Review

Crafting clear and concise arguments.

In the quest to articulate your research findings and perspectives, clarity and brevity are your allies . Your literature review should present a persuasive argument, grounded in a robust analysis of the literature. Begin with a definitive thesis statement that encapsulates the essence of your argument. This statement serves as the anchor for your entire review, guiding the reader through your critical discourse.

To ensure your arguments are both clear and concise, consider the following points:

• Identify the central theme of your research and align your literature review accordingly.
• Avoid superfluous language; be succinct yet thorough in your explanations.
• Distinguish between essential details and extraneous information.
• Use transitional phrases to maintain a logical flow between ideas.

Remember, a well-crafted argument is not measured by its length but by its ability to convey complex ideas with simplicity and precision. By adhering to these principles, you will enhance the readability and impact of your literature review.

Incorporating Feedback and Revisions

Once you have drafted your literature review, it is crucial to engage in the iterative process of receiving and incorporating feedback . This step is not merely about correcting errors but about refining your arguments and ensuring your review aligns with your research objectives. Begin by revisiting your initial assumptions and the design of your research, especially if you encounter contradictory data. This re-evaluation is essential for maintaining accuracy and opening up new insights.

When you receive feedback, whether from peers, advisors, or through peer review, focus on the constructive elements . Offer clear, specific, and practical suggestions to address any weaknesses identified. Remember, the goal is to enhance the quality of your literature review, making it a robust foundation for your research. The final stage involves writing and revising the literature review to polish your narrative and arguments. Here is a simple checklist to guide you through this phase:

• Review comments and suggestions carefully.
• Prioritize revisions based on their impact on your review's clarity and coherence.
• Make necessary changes while maintaining your own scholarly voice.
• Ensure all revisions are consistent with the overall structure and theme of your review.
• Revisit your sources to verify citations and avoid any potential issues with plagiarism.

Ensuring Adequate Citation and Avoiding Plagiarism

In the meticulous process of crafting your literature review, ensuring adequate citation is paramount. Not only does it demonstrate the breadth of your research, but it also pays homage to the original authors of the works you reference. Proper citation practices are the bulwark against the serious academic offense of plagiarism. To maintain the integrity of your work, consider the following steps:

• Familiarize yourself with the citation style required for your discipline, whether it be APA, MLA, or another format.
• Keep a detailed record of all sources consulted during your research, including page numbers for direct quotes.
• Utilize citation management tools or software to streamline the referencing process.

Remember, a literature review is not just a summary of existing knowledge; it is a scholarly conversation where you engage with and build upon the work of others. As such, the LibGuides at MIT Libraries emphasize the importance of listing sources to show thorough research. By citing sources properly , you acknowledge the creators of the original information resources, thereby avoiding the pitfalls of plagiarism. This practice not only reflects your academic diligence but also upholds the ethical standards of scholarly writing.

Embarking on the journey of crafting a literature review can be daunting, but with the right guidance, it becomes an enlightening experience. At Research Rebels , we understand the challenges you face and offer a step-by-step Thesis Action Plan to streamline your writing process. Our proven methodologies, endorsed by professors and tested by students worldwide, are designed to alleviate your anxiety and help you write with confidence. Don't let sleepless nights hinder your academic progress. Visit our website now to claim your special offer and take the first step towards a stress-free literature review!

In conclusion, the ideal length of a literature review is not a one-size-fits-all measurement but rather a reflection of the scope, depth, and purpose of the research at hand. It should be long enough to cover the key literature comprehensively, yet concise enough to remain focused and relevant. The review's length may vary depending on the academic level, the complexity of the topic, and the requirements of the research paper or thesis. Ultimately, the literature review should serve as a critical synthesis of the research that establishes a foundation for understanding the research problem, justifies the study's necessity, and guides the research methodology. Striking the right balance in length will ensure that the literature review fulfills its role as an integral component of scholarly research.

Frequently Asked Questions

What factors determine the ideal length of a literature review.

The ideal length of a literature review is influenced by the purpose and scope of the research, the academic level, the complexity of the topic, and specific guidelines provided by the institution or publication.

How does academic level affect the length of a literature review?

Higher academic levels typically require more comprehensive literature reviews. Undergraduate reviews may be shorter, while doctoral theses often demand extensive reviews to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the field.

Can the length of a literature review impact the quality of research?

Yes, both overly brief and excessively long reviews can affect research quality. A well-balanced review should be long enough to cover the key literature comprehensively but concise enough to remain focused and relevant.

Is there a standard page count for literature reviews in research papers?

There is no strict standard, as the length varies by field and research scope. However, guidelines suggest that reviews for short papers might range from 2-3 pages, while longer works may require more extensive reviews.

Should a literature review cover every source on the topic?

No, a literature review should be selective, focusing on the most relevant and significant sources that directly relate to the research question and objectives.

How can I ensure my literature review is neither too long nor too short?

Consult with your advisor or follow institutional guidelines, organize your review effectively, and focus on synthesizing key findings while maintaining a clear connection to your research question.

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How to write a literature review for a dissertation, published by steve tippins on july 5, 2019 july 5, 2019.

Last Updated on: 22nd May 2024, 04:06 am

Chapter 2 of your dissertation, your literature review, may be the longest chapter. It is not uncommon to see lit reviews in the 40- to 60-page range. That may seem daunting, but I contend that the literature review could be the easiest part of your dissertation.

It is also foundational. To be able to select an appropriate research topic and craft expert research questions, you’ll need to know what has already been discovered and what mysteries remain. 

Remember, your degree is meant to indicate your achieving the highest level of expertise in your area of study. The lit review for your dissertation could very well form the foundation for your entire career.

In this article, I’ll give you detailed instructions for how to write the literature review of your dissertation without stress. I’ll also provide a sample outline.

When to Write the Literature Review for your Dissertation

Though technically Chapter 2 of your dissertation, many students write their literature review first. Why? Because having a solid foundation in the research informs the way you write Chapter 1.

Also, when writing Chapter 1, you’ll need to become familiar with the literature anyway. It only makes sense to write down what you learn to form the start of your lit review.

Some institutions even encourage students to write Chapter 2 first. But it’s important to talk with your Chair to see what he or she recommends.

How Long Should a Literature Review Be?

There is no set length for a literature review. The length largely depends on your area of study. However, I have found that most literature reviews are between 40-60 pages.

If your literature review is significantly shorter than that, ask yourself (a) if there is other relevant research that you have not explored, or (b) if you have provided enough of a discussion about the information you did explore.

Preparing to Write the Literature Review for your Dissertation

Step 1. Search Using Key Terms

Most people start their lit review searching appropriate databases using key terms. For example, if you’re researching the impact of social media on adult learning, some key terms you would use at the start of your search would be adult learning, androgogy, social media, and “learning and social media” together. 

If your topic was the impact of natural disasters on stock prices, then you would need to explore all types of natural disasters, other market factors that impact stock prices, and the methodologies used. 

You can save time by skimming the abstracts first; if the article is not what you thought it might be you can move on quickly.

Once you start finding articles using key terms, two different things will usually happen: you will find new key terms to search, and the articles will lead you directly to other articles related to what you are studying. It becomes like a snowball rolling downhill. 

Note that the vast majority of your sources should be articles from peer-reviewed journals. 

Step 2. Immerse Yourself in the Literature

When people ask what they should do first for their dissertation the most common answer is “immerse yourself in the literature.” What exactly does this mean?

Think of this stage as a trip into the quiet heart of the forest. Your questions are at the center of this journey, and you’ll need to help your reader understand which trees — which particular theories, studies, and lines of reasoning — got you there. 

There are lots of trees in this particular forest, but there are particular trees that mark your path.  What makes them unique? What about J’s methodology made you choose that study over Y’s? How did B’s argument triumph over A’s, thus leading you to C’s theory? 

You are showing your reader that you’ve fully explored the forest of your topic and chosen this particular path, leading to these particular questions (your research questions), for these particular reasons.

Step 3. Consider Gaps in the Research

The gaps in the research are where current knowledge ends and your study begins. In order to build a case for doing your study, you must demonstrate that it:

• Is worthy of doctoral-level research, and
• Has not already been studied

Defining the gaps in the literature should help accomplish both aims. Identifying studies on related topics helps make the case that your study is relevant, since other researchers have conducted related studies.

And showing where they fall short will help make the case that your study is the appropriate next step. Pay special attention to the recommendations for further research that the authors of studies make.

Step 4. Organize What You Find

As you find articles, you will have to come up with methods to organize what you find. 

Whether you find a computer-based system (three popular systems are Zotero, endNote, and Mendeley) or some sort of manual system such as index cards, you need to devise a method where you can easily group your references by subject and methodology and find what you are looking for when you need it. It is very frustrating to know you have found an article that supports a point that you are trying to make, but you can’t find the article!

One way to save time and keep things organized is to cut and paste relevant quotations (and their references) under topic headings. You’ll be able to rearrange and do some paraphrasing later, but if you’ve got the quotations and the citations that are important to you already embedded in your text, you’ll have an easier time of it.  

If you choose this method, be sure to list the whole reference on the reference/bibliography page so you don’t have to do this page separately later. Some students use Scrivener for this purpose, as it offers a clear way to view and easily navigate to all sections of a written document.

Need help with your literature review? Take a look at my dissertation coaching and dissertation editing services.

How to Write the Literature Review for your Dissertation

Once you have gathered a sufficient number of pertinent references, you’ll need to string them together in a way that tells your story. Explain what previous researchers have done by telling the story of how knowledge on this topic has evolved. Here, you are laying the support for your topic and showing that your research questions need to be answered. Let’s dive into how to actually write your dissertation’s literature review.

Step 1. Create an Outline

If you’ve created a system for keeping track of the sources you’ve found, you likely already have the bones of an outline. Even if not, it may be relatively easy to see how to organize it all. The main thing to remember is, keep it simple and don’t overthink it. There are several ways to organize your dissertation’s literature review, and I’ll discuss some of the most common below:

• By topic. This is by far the most common approach, and it’s the one I recommend unless there’s a clear reason to do otherwise. Topics are things like servant leadership, transformational leadership, employee retention, organizational knowledge, etc. Organizing by topic is fairly simple and it makes sense to the reader.
• Chronologically. In some cases, it makes sense to tell the story of how knowledge and thought on a given subject have evolved. In this case, sub-sections may indicate important advances or contributions. 
• By methodology. Some students organize their literature review by the methodology of the studies. This makes sense when conducting a mixed-methods study, and in cases where methodology is at the forefront.

Step 2. Write the Paragraphs 

I said earlier that I thought the lit review was the easiest part to write, and here is why. When you write about the findings of others, you can do it in small, discrete time periods. You go down the path awhile, then you rest. 

Once you have many small pieces written, you can then piece them together. You can write each piece without worrying about the flow of the chapter; that can all be done at the end when you put the jigsaw puzzle of references together.

Step 3. Analyze

The literature review is a demonstration of your ability to think critically about existing research and build meaningfully on it in your study. Avoid simply stating what other researchers said. Find the relationships between studies, note where researchers agree and disagree, and– especiallyy–relate it to your own study. 

Pay special attention to controversial issues, and don’t be afraid to give space to researchers who you disagree with. Including differing opinions will only strengthen the credibility of your study, as it demonstrates that you’re willing to consider all sides.

Step 4. Justify the Methodology

In addition to discussing studies related to your topic, include some background on the methodology you will be using. This is especially important if you are using a new or little-used methodology, as it may help get committee members onboard. 

I have seen several students get slowed down in the process trying to get committees to buy into the planned methodology. Providing references and samples of where the planned methodology has been used makes the job of the committee easier, and it will also help your reader trust the outcomes.

Advice for Writing Your Dissertation’s Literature Review

• Remember to relate each section back to your study (your Problem and Purpose statements).
• Discuss conflicting findings or theoretical positions. Avoid the temptation to only include research that you agree with.
• Sections should flow together, the way sections of a chapter in a nonfiction book do. They should relate to each other and relate back to the purpose of your study. Avoid making each section an island.
• Discuss how each study or theory relates to the others in that section.
• Avoid relying on direct quotes–you should demonstrate that you understand the study and can describe it accurately.

Sample Outline of a Literature Review (Dissertation Chapter 2)

Here is a sample outline, with some brief instructions. Note that your institution probably has specific requirements for the structure of your dissertation’s literature review. But to give you a general idea, I’ve provided a sample outline of a dissertation ’s literature review here.

• Introduction
• State the problem and the purpose of the study
• Give a brief synopsis of literature that establishes the relevance of the problem
• Very briefly summarize the major sections of your chapter

Documentation of Literature Search Strategy

• Include the library databases and search engines you used
• List the key terms you used
• Describe the scope (qualitative) or iterative process (quantitative). Explain why and based on what criteria you selected the articles you did.

Literature Review (this is the meat of the chapter)

• Sub-topic a
• Sub-topic b
• Sub-topic c

See below for an example of what this outline might look like.

How to Write a Literature Review for a Dissertation: An Example 

Let’s take an example that will make the organization, and the outline, a little bit more clear. Below, I’ll fill out the example outline based on the topics discussed.

If your questions have to do with the impact of the servant leadership style of management on employee retention, you may want to saunter down the path of servant leadership first, learning of its origins , its principles , its values , and its methods . 

You’ll note the different ways the style is employed based on different practitioners’ perspectives or circumstances and how studies have evaluated these differences. Researchers will draw conclusions that you’ll want to note, and these conclusions will lead you to your next questions. 

Next, you’ll want to wander into the territory of management styles to discover their impact on employee retention in general. Does management style really make a difference in employee retention, and if so, what factors, exactly, make this impact?

Employee retention is its own path, and you’ll discover factors, internal and external, that encourage people to stick with their jobs.

You’ll likely find paradoxes and contradictions in here that just bring up more questions. How do internal and external factors mix and match? How can employers influence both psychology and context ? Is it of benefit to try and do so?

At first, these three paths seem somewhat remote from one another, but your interest is where the three converge. Taking the lit review section by section like this before tying it all together will not only make it more manageable to write but will help you lead your reader down the same path you traveled, thereby increasing clarity. 

Example Outline

So the main sections of your literature review might look something like this:

• Literature Search Strategy
• Conceptual Framework or Theoretical Foundation
• Literature that supports your methodology
• Origins, principles, values
• Seminal research
• Current research
• Management Styles’ Impact on employee retention
• Internal Factors
• External Factors
• Influencing psychology and context
• Summary and Conclusion

Final Thoughts on Writing Your Dissertation’s Chapter 2

The lit review provides the foundation for your study and perhaps for your career. Spend time reading and getting lost in the literature. The “aha” moments will come where you see how everything fits together. 

At that point, it will just be a matter of clearly recording and tracing your path, keeping your references organized, and conveying clearly how your research questions are a natural evolution of previous work that has been done.

PS. If you’re struggling with your literature review, I can help. I offer dissertation coaching and editing services.

Steve Tippins

Steve Tippins, PhD, has thrived in academia for over thirty years. He continues to love teaching in addition to coaching recent PhD graduates as well as students writing their dissertations. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. Book a Free Consultation with Steve Tippins

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