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Research Methodology Quiz | MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions)

In order to enhance your understanding of research methodology, we have made thought-provoking quiz featuring multiple-choice questions.

The quiz aimed to sharpen your critical thinking skills and reinforce our grasp on essential concepts in the realm of research. By actively participating in this exercise, we deepened your appreciation for the significance of selecting the right research methods to achieve reliable and meaningful results.

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Research Methodology

• Introduction to Research Methodology
• Research Approaches
• Concepts of Theory and Empiricism
• Characteristics of scientific method
• Understanding the Language of Research
• 11 Steps in Research Process
• Research Design
• Different Research Designs
• Compare and Contrast the Main Types of Research Designs
• Cross-sectional research design
• Qualitative and Quantitative Research
• Descriptive Research VS Qualitative Research
• Experimental Research VS Quantitative Research
• Sampling Design
• Probability VS Non-Probability Sampling

40 MCQ on Research Methodology

• MCQ on research Process
• MCQ on Research Design
• 18 MCQ on Quantitative Research
• 30 MCQ on Qualitative Research
• 45 MCQ on Sampling Methods
• 20 MCQ on Principles And Planning For Research

Q1. Which of the following statement is correct? (A) Reliability ensures the validity (B) Validity ensures reliability (C) Reliability and validity are independent of each other (D) Reliability does not depend on objectivity

Answer:  (C)

Q2. Which of the following statements is correct? (A) Objectives of research are stated in first chapter of the thesis (B) Researcher must possess analytical ability (C) Variability is the source of problem (D) All the above

Answer:  (D)

Q3. The first step of research is: (A) Selecting a problem (B) Searching a problem (C) Finding a problem (D) Identifying a problem

Q4. Research can be conducted by a person who: (A) holds a postgraduate degree (B) has studied research methodology (C) possesses thinking and reasoning ability (D) is a hard worker

Answer: (B)

Q5. Research can be classified as: (A) Basic, Applied and Action Research (B) Philosophical, Historical, Survey and Experimental Research (C) Quantitative and Qualitative Research (D) All the above

Q6. To test null hypothesis, a researcher uses: (A) t test (B) ANOVA (C)  X 2 (D) factorial analysis

Answer:  (B)

Q7. Bibliography given in a research report: (A) shows vast knowledge of the researcher (B) helps those interested in further research (C) has no relevance to research (D) all the above

Q8. A research problem is feasible only when: (A) it has utility and relevance (B) it is researchable (C) it is new and adds something to knowledge (D) all the above

Q9. The study in which the investigators attempt to trace an effect is known as: (A) Survey Research (B) Summative Research (C) Historical Research (D) ‘Ex-post Facto’ Research

Answer: (D)

Q10. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as: (A) Data analysis and interpretation (B) Parameter inference (C) Statistical inference (D) All of the above

Answer:  (A)

Q11. Fundamental research reflects the ability to: (A) Synthesize new ideals (B) Expound new principles (C) Evaluate the existing material concerning research (D) Study the existing literature regarding various topics

Q12. The main characteristic of scientific research is: (A) empirical (B) theoretical (C) experimental (D) all of the above

Q13. Authenticity of a research finding is its: (A) Originality (B) Validity (C) Objectivity (D) All of the above

Q14. Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite? (A) Area Sampling Technique (B) Purposive Sampling Technique (C) Systematic Sampling Technique (D) None of the above

Q15. Research problem is selected from the stand point of: (A) Researcher’s interest (B) Financial support (C) Social relevance (D) Availability of relevant literature

Q16. The research is always – (A) verifying the old knowledge (B) exploring new knowledge (C) filling the gap between knowledge (D) all of these

Q17. Research is (A) Searching again and again (B) Finding a solution to any problem (C) Working in a scientific way to search for the truth of any problem (D) None of the above

Q20. A common test in research demands much priority on (A) Reliability (B) Useability (C) Objectivity (D) All of the above

Q21. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process? (A) Searching sources of information to locate the problem. (B) Survey of related literature (C) Identification of the problem (D) Searching for solutions to the problem

Answer: (C)

Q22. Which correlation coefficient best explains the relationship between creativity and intelligence? (A) 1.00 (B) 0.6 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.3

Q23. Manipulation is always a part of (A) Historical research (B) Fundamental research (C) Descriptive research (D) Experimental research

Explanation: In experimental research, researchers deliberately manipulate one or more independent variables to observe their effects on dependent variables. The goal is to establish cause-and-effect relationships and test hypotheses. This type of research often involves control groups and random assignment to ensure the validity of the findings. Manipulation is an essential aspect of experimental research to assess the impact of specific variables and draw conclusions about their influence on the outcome.

Q24. The research which is exploring new facts through the study of the past is called (A) Philosophical research (B) Historical research (C) Mythological research (D) Content analysis

Q25. A null hypothesis is (A) when there is no difference between the variables (B) the same as research hypothesis (C) subjective in nature (D) when there is difference between the variables

Q26. We use Factorial Analysis: (A) To know the relationship between two variables (B) To test the Hypothesis (C) To know the difference between two variables (D) To know the difference among the many variables

Explanation: Factorial analysis, specifically factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA), is used to investigate the effects of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable. It helps to determine whether there are significant differences or interactions among the independent variables and their combined effects on the dependent variable.

Q27. Which of the following is classified in the category of the developmental research? (A) Philosophical research (B) Action research (C) Descriptive research (D) All the above

Q28.  Action-research is: (A) An applied research (B) A research carried out to solve immediate problems (C) A longitudinal research (D) All the above

Explanation: Action research is an approach to research that encompasses all the options mentioned. It is an applied research method where researchers work collaboratively with practitioners or stakeholders to address immediate problems or issues in a real-world context. It is often conducted over a period of time, making it a longitudinal research approach. So, all the options (A) An applied research, (B) A research carried out to solve immediate problems, and (C) A longitudinal research are correct when describing action research.

Q29.  The basis on which assumptions are formulated: (A) Cultural background of the country (B) Universities (C) Specific characteristics of the castes (D) All of these

Q30. How can the objectivity of the research be enhanced? (A) Through its impartiality (B) Through its reliability (C) Through its validity (D) All of these

Q31.  A research problem is not feasible only when: (A) it is researchable (B) it is new and adds something to the knowledge (C) it consists of independent and dependent var i ables (D) it has utility and relevance

Explanation:  A research problem is considered feasible when it can be studied and investigated using appropriate research methods and resources. The presence of independent and dependent variables is not a factor that determines the feasibility of a research problem. Instead, it is an essential component of a well-defined research problem that helps in formulating research questions or hypotheses. Feasibility depends on whether the research problem can be addressed and answered within the constraints of available time, resources, and methods. Options (A), (B), and (D) are more relevant to the feasibility of a research problem.

Q32. The process not needed in experimental research is: (A) Observation (B) Manipulation and replication (C) Controlling (D) Reference collection

In experimental research, reference collection is not a part of the process.

Q33. When a research problem is related to heterogeneous population, the most suitable sampling method is: (A) Cluster Sampling (B) Stratified Sampling (C) Convenient Sampling (D) Lottery Method

Explanation: When a research problem involves a heterogeneous population, stratified sampling is the most suitable sampling method. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics or variables. Each stratum represents a relatively homogeneous subset of the population. Then, a random sample is taken from each stratum in proportion to its size or importance in the population. This method ensures that the sample is representative of the diversity present in the population and allows for more precise estimates of population parameters for each subgroup.

Q34.  Generalised conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as: (A) Data analysis and interpretation (B) Parameter inference (C) Statistical inference (D) All of the above

Explanation: Generalized conclusions based on a sample are achieved through statistical inference. It involves using sample data to make inferences or predictions about a larger population. Statistical inference helps researchers draw conclusions, estimate parameters, and test hypotheses about the population from which the sample was taken. It is a fundamental concept in statistics and plays a crucial role in various fields, including research, data analysis, and decision-making.

Q35. The experimental study is based on

(A) The manipulation of variables (B) Conceptual parameters (C) Replication of research (D) Survey of literature

Q36.  Which one is called non-probability sampling? (A) Cluster sampling (B) Quota sampling (C) Systematic sampling (D) Stratified random sampling

Q37.  Formulation of hypothesis may NOT be required in: (A) Survey method (B) Historical studies (C) Experimental studies (D) Normative studies

Q38. Field-work-based research is classified as: (A) Empirical (B) Historical (C) Experimental (D) Biographical

Q39. Which of the following sampling method is appropriate to study the prevalence of AIDS amongst male and female in India in 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2006? (A) Cluster sampling (B) Systematic sampling (C) Quota sampling (D) Stratified random sampling

Q40. The research that applies the laws at the time of field study to draw more and more clear ideas about the problem is: (A) Applied research (B) Action research (C) Experimental research (D) None of these

Answer: (A)

Research Methodology MCQs With Answers

Methodology could best be described as:

The science of knowing

The science of finding out

The discovery of reality through agreement

The discovery of reality through personal experience

All of the above

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Our attempts to learn about the world we live in come from:

Direct experience

Direct personal inquiry

Which of the following is not an aim to social work research

To produce knowledge for knowledge's sake

To provide practical knowledge to guide social work practice

To provide information needed to alleviate human suffering and promote social welfare

None of the above; all of the above are aims of social work practice

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding practice effectiveness?

It is safe to assume that well trained social workers will be effective regardless of which interventions they employ

Social work practice consists largely of interventions and procedures that have not yet recieved adequate testing

Knowledge of research methods and knowledge areseparate and unrelated

All of the above are true

None of the above are true

Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding your first job as a professional social worker?

You should disregard agency tradition

You should disregard advice based on authority, even if the authority firgure has a high level of training, credentials and xperiences

You should keep in mind that knowledge based on tradition and authority could be wrong, and seek evidence that might support or challenge that knowledge

None of the above

Scientific evidence should be based on

The teachings of authoritative scientists

Systematic and comprehensive observations

A large and diverse sample of observations

Observations gathered in ways that avoid the influence of reseacher biases

B, c, and d only

Which of the following statements is (are) true about the scientific method

Some things are not open to question

Good studies need not be replicated

All knowledge is considered provisional

All of the aboce

Reviews of research on social work practice effectiveness show that

There are doubts about the effectiveness of social work practice

All reviewers are equally pessimistic about social work practice effectiveness

We can assume that if social workers are well trained, then they will be effective

Social work practice consists of interventins that have been well tested

Both a and b

What is the level of measurement for the the variable, "Number of Presidential Elections In Which Respondent Voted in Entire Lite', measured by the number the respondent reports?

What is the level of measurement for the variable, "political ideology", measured as "very conservative","conservative", "moderate","liberal" and "very liberal', what is level of measurement for the variable "political party affiliation', with values "democrat", "independent'; "republican" or "green', what is the level of measurement for the variable "political ideology scale', measured on a scale of 6-24, where 6=very conservative and 24=very liberal, which of the following is a nominal variable.

Employment status

Not enough information to know

Professor Chaos developed a new IQ test measure and claims a score of 180 is considered twice as intelligent as a score of 0; and a score of 90 is three times higher han a score of 30. This scale treats IQ as:

A nominal variable

A interval variable

A ratio variable

An ordinal variable

Professor Coreybantic measured the variable "feelings toward national health care insurance" with categories, "strongly agree", "agree", "indifferent", "disagree", and strongly disagree". This Professor was using the          measurement level

Not enough information to determine

The variable "educational level" was measures as last year in school completed (that is, "none, 1st, 2"d, 3rd, and so on).        It is herefore measured at what level:

What is the lowest level of measurement in which there is an exact difference between attribute and values:, what is the highest level of measurement in which there is an exact difference between attribute and values:, dr howard found that 95of the people in his neighborhood sample have contracted hiv/aids through sexual interaction. if he concludes that all hiv/aids patients are contracted hiv/aids through sexual activities, he would have committed:.

The error of overgeneralization

The error of selective observation

The error of illogical reasoning

The error of inaccurate observation

A social worker invents a new treatment procedure. She became famous, rich and got a large group of followers. Two studies evaluate her new therapy. One is scientifically  weak in its design and concludes that the therapy  is extremely effective. The other  study is scientifically  strong in its design but concludes that the therapy  is not effective  at all. She wrote a letter  to the editor  of the journal.  In her letter  she severely criticized the second study's authors and praised the other ones. What is involved in this debate a) b)  c) d)  e)

Overgeneralization

Ego-involvement in understanding

Premature closure of inquiry

Made up information

Mystification

According to the scientific method, all knowledge should be:

Provisional

Subject to refutation

Based on evidence supported by objective observations

Which of the following  statements is (are true) about the scientific method:

Some things are not open to questions

Good studies need not to be replicated

None of the above is true

Before selecting his study participants, a researcher meets with a large group of adults and their children. He tells them about his research: its objectives, potential implications, and the benefits and risk for the people who would accept to participate  as subjects. What should he do when the parents as well as the youths agree to participate  in the research?

Make the youth and adult promise they keep confidentiality

Make the youths and adults sign a consent contract.

Make the youths sign an assent form

Make the adults sign a consent form

Practitioners engaged in evidence based practice will              ·

Be critical thinkers

Track down evidence as an ongoing lifelong part of their practice

Question things that are based on tradition or authority

Think for themselves as to the logic and evidence supporting what others may convey as practice wisdom

Evidence based practice questions should

Incorporate client characteristics.

Always inquire about only one specific intervention.

Never be altered in light of the evidence emerging in one's literature search

Always specify at least two alternative interventions in advance

Evidence about practice effectiveness will

Always be conclusive

Sometimes indicate what actions not to take.

Usually indicate what is effective with client or situation.

Will point toward taking an action that the client is certain to want

Conceptualization is: A- B- C-

Process of moving from vague to ideas about what you want to study to being able to recognize and measure what you want to study.

Develop specific research procedures that will result in empirical observations of things that represent those concepts in the real world.

Refining and specifying abstracts concepts.

Level of salary is considered what  type  of measurement

What is the saturation point, list these 4 research designs from  lowest  to highest: exploratory, explanatory, descriptive, experimental, a research technique that  emphasize precise, objective, and generalizable findings is.

Qualitative analysis

Quantitative analysis

Qualitative research method

Quantitative research method

To say that social science research and findings are "provisional" means that: A- B- C-D- E-

Researchers attempt to remove their biases and values from the process.

A theory has been proposed but hypotheses derived from it have not been tested.

The Cavaliers reign control over the Eastern Conference.

Research conclusions are always accepted as tentative and subject to change/review.

Procedures used by researchers are organized, methodical, and recognized by other researchers.

If someone said the more they work the less time they have to spend their money would be an example of A-8- C-

A negative directional hypothesis

A non-directional hypothesis

A null hypothesis

A positive directional hypothesis

Reasoning that involves inferring something about a whole group or class of objects from a knowledge of only a few members of that group is called:

Inductive reasoning

Nomothetic reasoning

Idiographic reasoning

Deductive reasoning

If an increase in alcohol leads to an increase in risk-taking score but another variable like sexual activity also contributes to risk-taking score sexual activity is a/an

Extraneous variable

Control variable

Independent variable

Dependent variable

If we predict that an intervention will be effective among females and not males gender is the

If a researchers  attempts to do research on the iq of adults iq is what type of measurement, the hawthorne effect in observational research refers to:.

Observers reacting to the behavior they observe and introducing bias into the measurements.

People behaving differently because they are being observed.

Statistical artifacts that commonly arise in analyzing observational data.

People refusing to let observers make recordings of their behavior.

A scale that  helps change words into numbers is called?

Likert Scale

Chronbach Alpha Scale

Sliding Scale

Word-to-Number Scale

Doing research on research or taking several other research articles and analyzing them to see how the findings are related is an example of what type of data collection?

Content analysis

Meta analysis

Secndary analysis

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All Solved MCQs on Research Methodology

In this post, we have posted 20 Solved MCQs on Research Methodology . Every question is consisted of four options. The answer is bold with black colour.

The Given Solved MCQs on Research Methodology are targeted to the students who are pursuing the subject of Research Methodology as a part of their degree or post graduate degree courses in criminology, law, sociology, social work, etc.

Multiple Choice Questions on Research Methodology

1. Which of the following is the role of a conclusion:

 To gives an ending to your project and highlight what a research result means

 To help the researcher explain how his/her research contributes to the new knowledge.

 To give an impression of the work done by the researcher.

 All the above.

2. A good conclusion can be:

 A repetition of the researcher’s work

 One line.

 Blue-print of the research.

3. A Conclusion should just repeat what the researcher has said in the Research.

 False

4. The Conclusion is a good place to add in all the extra ideas the researcher could not fit in his research.

  False

5. The Conclusion should bring all ideas of the researcher together to justify his/her final view on the topic.

  True

6. The Conclusion is a great place to put all the favorite quotes of the researcher from the book that could fit in the research.

7. The Conclusion is a good place to give suggestions how one can take action or change one’s ideas based on the issues discussed in the research.

8. A Researcher should give his/her own opinion in the Research.

9. A Researcher should explain why he/she feels the stated way about the text/topic, referring to the ideas in the research.

10. A good Conclusion could be just one line.                     

11. A Conclusion should use the key words from the Research.

12. According to David Bunton, A well written conclusion should not –

 Present the last word on the issues you raised in your paper.

 Summarize the Research.

 Ignore the importance of the Researcher’s ideas.

 Introduce the new ways or expanded ways of thinking on the issue.

13. A Good Conclusion will refer to the objectives of the research to bring the research to a clear end.

14. A Good Conclusion should not be:

 Clear

 Simple

 Precise

  Ambiguous

15. While drawing conclusion, the method used should be :

  Induction

 Deduction

 Both the methods

 None of the Methods

16. A Researcher should avoid which of the following things while writing a conclusion:

 Unnecessary information

 Ignoring the negative results

 Providing a clear summary

 It should match with the objectives

17. According to Martyn Shuttleworth, a research should draw conclusion on the basis of which of the following points:

 Learning that has been done in the Research

 Evaluation of the Flaws

 Benefits of the Research

 All the above

18. The most important role played by a good Conclusion is:

 It generates the aspects for future research.

 It does not summarise the research.

 It is not a blue-print of the research.

 It does not pave way for new research.

19. A conclusion should:

 Not convey the last words.

 Not identify how a gap has been addressed in literature.

 Not give importance to the researcher’s ideas.

 None of the above

20. In  conclusion, a researcher cannot:

 Add new ideas that did not fit in research.

 Use Key words.

 Give his own opinion.

 Summarize his research.

Others Solved MCQs on Research Methodology

Credit : SWAYAM (Instructor: Prof. Bajpai)

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Table of Contents

Research Methodology MCQ Questions Set-1

1. In “ RESEARCH ”  “R” means

2. In the word “RESEARCH”  “A” means

(A) Articulate

(C) Article

(D) None of the above

3. Research is derived from

(D) Japanizes

4. Who defined “Research” as “systematized effort to gain new knowledge”

(A)Tom & Zerry

(B) Redman and Mory

(C) F.W Taylor

(D) Ross Taylor

5. Which of the following is the Objective of the Research?

(A) To become familiar with a phenomenon

(B) To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables

(C)To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with it is associated with something else.

(D) All of the above

6. Research is basically

(A) a methodology of enquiry

(B) search of truth

(C) a systematic exploration of facts

7. A test of research aptitude for candidates of the UGC NET, is aimed at

(A) providing basic idea of search to the candidates

(B) Screening the persons having scientific bent of mind

(C) providing a database of ‘future’ scientists of the country to the Government

(D) putting obstacles to the candidates

8. The main purpose of research in education is to

(A)-help in individual’s personal growth 

(B) increase the social prestige of an individual

(C) increase individual’s market value of jobs 

(D) help the individual to become an eminent educationist

9. Where is the objective observation used?

(A) In conducting experiments

(B) In research

(C) In normal behaviour 

(D) In almost all the situations

10. Inferring about the whole population on on the basis of the observations made on a small part is called

(A) deductive inference

(B) inductive inference

(C) objective inference

(D) pseudo-inference

11. A hypothesis is a

(A) Tentative statement whose validity is still to be tested

(B) Supposition which is based on the past experiences

(C) Statement of fact

12. What do you mean by synopsis of a research project?

(A) The blue print of research

(B) Extracts from the research observations

(C) A plan of the research

(D) Summary of the findings of the research

13. Can a problem be stated?

(A) By putting forward a question

(B) Making a statment which is declarative in nature

(C) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

14. What do you mean by an assumption?

(A) It is a framework in which research work has to be done

(B) It simplifies the logical process of arriving at the solution

(C) It is a restrictive condition

15. A null hypothesis is

(A) hypothesis of no difference

(B) Hypothesis that assigns value of zero to the variable

(C) Hypothesis of zero significance

16. The preparation of a synopsis is

(B) a science

(D) None of these

17. The advantage of sampling is

(A) time-saving

(B) capital-saving

(C) increased accurary

(D) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’

18. In case of destructive testings, the best method of research is

(A) Sampling

(B) Complete enumeration

(C) Census survey

 (D) None of the above

19. The method of Randomization involves

(A) lottery

(B) Coin method

(C) Tippit’s table of random digits

(D)All of the above

20. The advantages of random sampling is that

(A) It is free from personal biases

(B) It produces reasonably accurate results

(C) It is an economical method of data. Collection

21. Tippit table is

(A) A table of random digits

(B) Used in statistical investigations

(C) Used in sampling methods

22. The demerits of sampling methods is

(A) Existence of sampling errors

 (B) Requirements of adequately trained personnel for sample survey

 (C) Non-uniformity in sample units

23. What is the meaning of Randomization?

(A) Each and every unit of the population has an equal chance of selection in the sample

(B) The selection or non-selection of a unit of population does not affect the selection or non-selection of the other unit of the population in the sample

(C) It is a method of selection which is free from subjective biases.

24. Type-1 Error occurs when

(A) The null hypothesis is rejected even when it is true

(B) The null hypothesis is accepted even when it is false

(C) The null hypothesis as well as Alternative hypothesis, both are rejected

25. What is/are the base(s) of formulation of a Hypothesis?

(A) Reflection

(B) Deduction

(C) Observation

(D) All of these

Research Methodology MCQ Questions Set-2

1. Which is not the characteristic of research

(A) Basic Research

(B) Holistic Perspective

(C) Context Sensitivity

(D) Ex-Post Facto Research

2. The different between the Ex-Post Facto Research and Experiments research is

(B) Control

3. Ex-Post Facto Research could be

4. Part of social research is

(A) Laboratory experiment

(B) Field Experiment

(C) Survey research

5. Kotz has been divided field studies into

(A) Exploratory

(B) Hypothesis testing

(C) Both of the above

6. Which of the following is a step of research design?

 (A) Defining the problem and formulating a hypothesis

(B) Collecting data

(C) Drawing inferences from the data

7. Which of the following is the chief characteristic of sampling methods?

(A) Economy

(B) Reliability

(C) Feasibility

8. Scientific methods are used in

(A) only research projects in pure sciences

(B) social science researches

(D) Neither ‘A’ nor ‘B’

9. Which of the following is a type of hypothesis?

(A) Interrogative hypothesis

(B) Declarative hypothesis

(C) Directional hypothesis

10. Which of the following is a non-probability sampling method?

(A) Simple random sampling

(B) Systematic sampling

(C) Cluster sampling

(D) Quota sampling

11. In which of the following cases, the formation of hypothesis may not be necessary?

(A) Investigative historical studies

(B) Experimental studies

(C) Normative studies

(D) Survey studies

12. A researcher divides the whole population in different parts and then fixes the no. of units from each of the parts that are to be included in the sample. The method of sampling used by him is

(A) Stratified random sampling

(B) Cluster sampling

(C) Quota sampling

13. For the population with finite size which of the following sampling method is generally preferred?

(A) Cluster sampling

(B) Area sampling

(C) Preposive sampling

(D) Systematic sampling

14. A research is based on

 (A) Ideas of the scientists

(B) Experiments

(C) Scientific method

(D) Some general principles

15. The scientific study of the historical back ground of the events to determine its bearing on the present conditions is called

(A) Philosophical research

(B) Action research

(C) Experimental research

(D) Historical research

16. Research and Development (R&D) has now become the index of development of country because

(A) R&D reflect the true economic and social conditions prevailing in a country

(B) R&D targets the human development

(C) R&D can improve the standard of living of the people in a country

17. The word ‘unscientific means

(A) Prejudices and biases

(B) Useless arguments

(C) Not being in harmony

18. Who put forward the statement, “Research is an honest effort carried out through insight”?

19. The Data of research is, generally

(A) Qualitative only

(B) Quantitative only

20. Which of the following is a paramount requirement of a Researcher?

(A) Scientific thinking

(B) Scientific feeling

(C) Scientific behaviour

(D) Scientific attitude

21. A research aims at

(A) Verifying the existing knowledge

(B) Acquiring new knowledge

(C) Filling the missing links in the existing Knowledge

 (D) All of the above

22. Longitudinal approach of Research deals with

(A) Short-term researches

(B) Long-term researches

(C) Horizontal researches

23. Action research means

(A) A longitudinal research

(B) An applied research

(C) Research which are initiated to solve the immediate problems

24. Why Yamuna Action Plan’, is an Action Research Plan?

(A) It has a definite goals and objectives

(B) It is to be finished in a pre-determined schedule

(C) It has a definite socio-economic objective

25. Which of the following Researches emphasise primarily the factual aims?

(A) Philosophical researches

(B) Historical researches

(C) Theoretical researches

(D) Behavioral researches

Research Methodology MCQ Questions Set-3

1. A successful research requirements

(A) Planning

(B) Guidance

2. Which of the following is the research purpose?

(A) To study a phenomenon or to achieve a new insight in to it

(B)To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with

(C) To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship, between variables

3. Which is the Design of sampling?

(A) Probability selection

(B) Purposive Methods

(C) Mixed Sample

4. Survey research methods come under

(A) Pre-empirical research methods

(B) Descriptive research methods

(C) Experimental research methods

5. Ethical principle is available in which report

(A) Belmont Report

(B) Finance report

(C) Research Report

6. The logic of induction is very much related with

(A) The logic of sampling

(B) The logic of controlled variable

(C) The logic of observation

7. The aims of research

(A) are descriptive in nature

(B) are founded on human values

(C) cause-effect-relatedness

8. The aims of research is/are

(A) Verification

(B) Fact finding

(C) Theoretical development

9. Objective or unbiased observation is most vital in

(A) All walks of life

(B) Performing experiments

(C) Normal behaviour

(D) Research methods

10. The reporting of Research findings should be done

(A) by the scientists themselves

(B) in a scientific and effective way

(C) through internet

(D) through scientific journals

11. Reliability of a research result implies its

(A) Verifiability

(B) Validity

(C) Uniqueness

(D) Usefulness

12. Watson and Mcgrath defined research as

(A) An intellectual exercise

(B) Using exploratory methods

(C) Using scientific methods

13. A research is

(A) A serious and investigative study

(B) Being illuminated

(C) Based on standarized conclusions

14. A person who is repeating the same mistakes again and again without trying to rectify it, is

(A) A foolish person

 (B) An excellent researcher

(C) An excellent forgetter

(D) An insane person

 15. In Hindi, the word “Anusandhan’

(A) Praying to achieve

(B) Attaining an aim

(C) Being goal-directed

(D) Following an aim

16. The word “Research” means

(A) To know

(C) To move

(D) To innovate

17. Social research can be divided into

(A) Two categories

(B) Three categories

(C) Four categories

(D) Five categories

18. Which of the following is/are categories of social research?

(B) Field experiment

19. Which of the following is/are types of field studies?

(A) Exploratory testing

20. Survey research studies

(B) Populations

(C) Circumstances

(D) Processes

21. Evaluation research is concerned with

(A) What are we doing?

(B) Why are we doing?

(C)  How well are we doing?

22. Action research is a type of

 (A) Applied research

 (B) Quality research

(C) Working research

(D) Survey research

23. Which of the following is the key factor in determining the success of group research?

(B) Organization

(C) Researcher

(D) Creativity

24. Which of the following have a direct bearing on research tools and techniques?

(A) Concepts

 (B) Knowledge

(C) Aspirations

25. The aim of group research is to achieve integration on

(A) Conceptual level

(B) Technical level

(C) Human level

Research Methodology MCQ Questions Set-4

1. The evolution of operation research could be associated within well-known development of

(A) Industrial organization

(B) Institutional organization

(C) Small scale organization

(D) Traditional organization

2. The problem and techniques can be classified broadly into

(A) Inventory control

(B) Game theory

(C) Network analysis

(D)All of these

3. Which of the following is/are essential requirement/s to carry out a successful research

(C) Experts

4. Which of the following has a great impact mind of the researcher?

(A) References

 (B) Finance

(C) Journals

(D) Library

5. Which of the following is the first step in a research process?

(A) Selecting a topic

(B) Formulating research problem

(C) Development of a hypothesis

6. Hypothesis relate generally or specifically

(A) Variables to variables

(B) Constant to variables

(C) Variables to constant

(D) Constant to constant.

7. The source of hypotheses may be based

(A) Chance-intuition

(B) Expectation

 (D) None of these

8. Research design is

(B) A structure

(C) An strategy

9. Which of the following is/are purposes of the research design?

(A) Providing answers of research questions

 (B) Controling the variance

10. In which of the following selection depends on chance?

(B) Purposive method

(C) Mixed sample

11. In the purposive method of sampling design, items are selected according to

(A) Law of probability

(B) Personal judgement

(C) Law of certainty

12. If samples are taken concerning all probable characteristics then there are

(A) No chances of any error

(B) More chances of error

(C) Lesser chances of more errors

13. Primary data for the research process can be collected through

(A) Experiment

 14. A belief becomes a scientific truth when it is

(A) Established experimentally

(B) Arrived logically

15. In order to study the relationship of family size to income a researcher classifies his population into different income slabs and then takes a random sample from each slab. Which technique of sampling does he adopt?

(B) Random sampling

(C) Stratified random sampling

 16. A researcher uses statistical techniques in his problem to confirm

(A) Whether worthwhile inferences could be drawn

(B) Whether the data could be quantified

(C) Whether appropriate statistical techniques are available

(D) Whether analysis of data would be possible

17. Which of the following qualities do you consider essential for a research scientist?

(A) Keenness of observation

(B) Persistence

(C) Logical reasoning

18. With which of the following propositions about research you do not agree?

(A) Research improves the quality of teaching

(B) Research contributes to social progress of the country

(C) Research is a joy in itself

(D) Research leads to finding solution

19. Which of the following is/are essential for communicating a research work?

(A) Command over language

(B) Conclusions drawn

(C) Procedure followed

20. A researcher should consider himself as

(A) Open minded and radical

(B) A status-quo maintainer

(C) Fairly knowledgeable

(D) Entirely dependent on the teacher

Research Methodology MCQ Questions Set-5

1. A good researcher lays his hands on

(A) A specific area and tries to understand it great details in

(B) A specific area and tries to understand it in minute details

(C) Several areas and tries to understand them at basic level

(D) Any area of his interest

2. The research is always

(A) Verifying the old knowledge

(B) Exploring the new knowledge

3. The research that applies the laws at the time of field study to draw more and more clear ideas about the problem is

(A) Action research

(B) Experimental research

(C) Applied research

4. Which of the following process is not needed in experimental research?

(A) Observation

(B) Reference collection

(C) Controlling

(D) Manipulation

5. A research problem is not feasible only when

(A) It consists of independent and dependent variables

(B) It is researchable

(C) It has utality and relevance

(D) It is new and adds something to knowledge

6. Research methods can be put into which of the following category?

(A) Pre-empirical research

(B) Descriptive methods

(C)Experimental method

7. Choosing a specific behaviour and counting its occurrences comes under

(A) Correctional research

(B) Naturalistic observation

8. Determining the relationships between two or more variables comes under

(A) Naturalistic observation

(B) Correctional research

(D) Action research

9. Participant observation is the process of immersing yourself in the study of

(A) Processes

(D) Methods

10. A research method ‘ethnography’ is the process of describing a

(A) Culture

(B) way of life

11. Which of the following is an way of doing social science research?

(A) Case study

(B) Game study

(C) Plan study

(D) Process study

12. Dramaturgical interviewing is a technique of doing research by

(A) case study

(B) Role playing

(C) Planning

(D) Sampling

13. Which of the following is the goal of evaluation research?

(A) Situation-based decision making

(B) People-based decision making

(C) Data-based decision making

(D) Trend-based decision making

14. Under the evaluation research which type/s of decision is/are made?

(A) Need assessment

(B) Process evaluation

(C) Context evaluation

15. Usually which type of questions is asked during interviews?

(A) Close-ended

(B) Natural

(C) Open-ended

(D) Puzzling

16. Which of the following is not a component of ethical research?

(A) Competence

(B) Voluntariness

(C) Consent

(D) Suitability

17. Which of the following completes the research process?

(A) Research note

(B) Report writing

(C) Summary writing

(D) Preface writing

18. Which of the following is a suggested outline for report writing?

(A) Prefatory material

(B) Primary material

(C) Supplementary material

(D) Analytic material

19. Which of the following is the most eye catching part of the research report?

(A) Summary

(B) Conclusion

(C) Preface

(D) Glossary of terms

20. A research report is the presentation of

(A) Positive evidences.

(B) Negative evidences

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Multiple Choice Questions on Research Methodology

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Research Methods MCQs

Research methods mcqs topics.

General MCQs

Analyzing Quantitative Research Data MCQs

Our team has conducted extensive research to compile a set of Research Methods MCQs. We encourage you to test your Research Methods knowledge by answering these multiple-choice questions provided below. Simply scroll down to begin!

1: Intensive interviewing seeks in-depth information using _____________ questions.

A.   Indexes based on many closed-ended

B.   Probing, systematically structured

C.   Open-ended, relatively unstructured

D.   Many systematically structured

2: The number of main effects that need to be examined is _____ the number of independent variables.

A.   Main effect

B.   The same as

C.   A difference in differences

D.   Generalizes // interacts

3: A major advantage of case studies is ________.

A.   It is easy to generalize your findings

B.   You have a large sample size

C.   You get a lot of detailed information

D.   You can collect a large amount of data very quickly

4: A ____________________ is a relationship between two variables that allows us to make predictions.

A.   Correlation

B.   Regression

C.   Causation

D.   Covariance

5: An experimental study is one that _____.

A.   Attempts to capture a population's characteristics by making inferences from a sample's characteristics and testing resulting hypotheses

B.   Involves manipulation of one or more variables to determine the effect on another variable

C.   Discovers answers to the questions who, what, when, where, or how much

D.   Attempts to reveal why or how one variable produces changes in another

E.   Provides repeated measures over an extended period of time

6: Foreign-born _____ have highest levels of education in the hispanic population overall.

A.   Venezuelans

B.   Chileans

C.   Ecuadorians

D.   Columbians

E.   Argentineans

7: A scientific poll uses ________ sampling techniques.

A.   Exit poll.

B.   Straw poll.

C.   Random sampling.

D.   Representative sampling.

8: Ideally, everything in the experimental situation except the __________ is held constant.

A.   Inferential statistic

B.   Hypothesis

C.   Independent variable

D.   Placebo

9: A true experiment involves the _____ of the independent variable.

A.   Manipulation

B.   Elimination

C.   Measurement

D.   Correlation

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MCQs on Research Problem & Research Plan [Additional 20 Questions] for NTA NET and SLET Exam

MCQ on research problem and Research Plan

Research methodology MCQs

Also useful for B.Com/M.Com, NTA NET / JRF and SET Exam

In this Post You will get Additional 20  MCQs on Research Problem & Research Plan  which is very helpful for the students of B. Com, M. Com,  NTA NET and SLET Exam . More than 200 MCQs are added including the first part and more questions will be added soon.

Research methodology Chapter wise MCQs are also available on our blog. Links are given below:

a)  Research Methodology MCQs [Part 1] (40 Questions)

b) Research Methodology MCQS Part I1 (35 Questions)

c) Sampling MCQs (35 Questions)

d) MCQ on Research Problem and Research Plan (20 Questions)

e) Collection of data MCQs (33 Questions)

f) MCQ on Research Report Writing (30 Questions)

***********************************************

1. Research process begins with:

a) Identification of research problem.

b) Research design.

c) Collection of data.

d) Report writing.

Ans: a) Identification of research problem

2. Which of the following problems require research?

a) Why brand Z is more popular than brand Y?

b) Why people of Assam preferred Tea than Coffee?

c) How price affects sale of any product?

d) All of the above.

Ans: d) All of the above .

3. Research is a process of:

a) Repeated search for facts.

b) Search for a problem.

c) Collecting primary and secondary data.

d) Preparing report on a problem.

Ans: a) Repeated search for facts.

4. If the researcher is not familiar with research problem, then which study is conducted to acquire knowledge of the subject?

a) Pre-testing.

b) Pilot-study.

c) Detailed-study.

d) Analytical-study.

Ans: b) Pilot-study .

5. Which of the following is true?

a) A good research design is such which gives minimum experimental error.

b) If data is insufficient, then the research problem will exist.

c) Technological changes are a constant search problem for research.

Ans: d) All of the above.

6. Research design strategy encompasses all of the components below except:

a) Data collection design.

b) Sampling design.

c) Instrument development.

d) Data analysis.

Ans: d) Data analysis .

 7. Research design refers to the:

a) Plan that specify how data should be collected and analyzed for the purpose of research.

b) Analysis of data for the purpose of preparing research report.

c) Steps necessary to define the research problem.

d) Suggestions made in the report about the research problem.

Ans: a) Plan that specify how data should be collected and analyzed for the purpose of research.

8. Research design is a  blue-print of  any research work.  

Ans: True .

9. Which is an important feature of a good research plan?

a) A good research design gives minimum experimental error.

b) A good research design should be flexible, efficient and appropriate.

c) A good research design should be economical.

10. All full fledge miniature study of research problem is called:

11. Pre-testing helps in:

a) Formulation of schedules and questionnaires.

b) Improvement of schedules and questionnaires.

c) Revealing the strength and weakness of schedules and questionnaires.

12. Why do you need to review the existing literature?

a) To make sure you have a long list of references.

b) Because without it, you could never reach the required word – count.

c) To find out what is already known about your area of interest.

d) To help in your general studying.

Ans: c) To find out what is already known about your area of interest .

13. The purpose of literature review is to:

a) Get some idea about the project.

b) Helps in framing research questions and hypothesis.

c) Get an idea about the availability of data and materials about the proposed areas.

14. Research is based on:

a) Primary data.

b) Secondary Data.

c) Both a & b.

d) None of the above.

Ans: c) Both a & b .

15. List out the important elements of research design.

a) Need and important of the study.

b) Review of existing literature.

c) Scope and Objectives of the study.

d) Hypothesis formulation.

e) Source of data collection.

f) Method, tools and techniques of data collection.

g) Data analysis.

h) All of the above.

16 Formulation of research problem is the:

a) First stage in research process.

b) Last stage in research process.

c) Middle stage in research process.

Ans: a) First stage in research process.

17. A research problem is feasible only when:

a) It is researchable,

b) It consists of independent and dependent variables.

c) When it has utility and relevance.

18. Hypothesis cannot be stated in:

a) General terms.

b) Declaration terms.

c) Null and Questions terms.

d) Directional terms.

Ans: a) General terms .

19. _______ is compared to Mariner’s Compass in sea voyage

a) Research Problem.

b) Data collection.

c) Sampling.

d) Research design.

Ans: d) Research design.

20. _______ prevent a researcher from blind search and intellectual wandering

c) Research tools.

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Marketing Research: Planning, Process, Practice

Student resources, multiple choice quizzes.

Try these quizzes to test your understanding.

1. Secondary research is about identifying ______ data, information and knowledge.

• easy-to-access

2. Secondary research relies upon ______ data, information and knowledge.

• tailor-made
• already existing

3. Data confidentiality should ______ be a concern when doing secondary research.

4. Internal data sources could be found in a ______.

• marketing information system
• annual report
• both marketing information system and annual report

5. Integration of internal data sources is often a(n) ______.

• opportunity

6. Syndicated services, databases and ______ sources are categories of external secondary data.

7. Professional bodies generated ______ data.

• both internal and external

8. Syndicated services are generally not ______ available.

9. Secondary data can ______ research questions.

• both answer and generate

10. Secondary data sources may not be ______.

• quick to obtain

11. Secondary research is a ______ process.

• superficial

12. Argument building is based on ______.

• individuality
• introspection

13. Referencing work helps with eliminating personal ______.

14. Theory in a literature review should be presented ______.

• in no particular order
• from the general to the specific
• according to personal opinion

15. A ‘funnel’ is a technique to critically review ______.

• secondary data
• primary data

16. Summarising is not a(n) ______ way to build literature reviews.

17. Each stage of secondary research should ______ the next.

18. The purpose of a ‘conclusion’ is to ______ one’s work.

• conceptualise

19. Secondary research is a(n) ______ process.

20. Criticality is needed when ______.

• both reading and writing

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Five Things to Do a Year Before You Retire

Retirement is one of those milestones that seem far away until they're suddenly right on top of you. After decades of working and saving for retirement (you did save for retirement , right?) you’re suddenly faced with actually retiring. And your final year before retirement could be really fun and exciting—work problems don’t matter so much, and you get to make lots of fun plans for your upcoming free time—or really scary. Either way, now is the time to take the essential steps to ensure you’re ready for what’s coming.

This isn’t just about prepping your retirement accounts and investments (though you should definitely meet with your financial advisor and ensure you’re in good financial shape). You should also consider taking the following five steps when you're about a year out from retirement—because it will be harder to do them later.

Make the most of your benefits (including your PTO)

Your job offers benefits that are part of your overall compensation. It’s always important to make sure you use all of them that you can, both because they’re owed to you, and because you shouldn't leave anything on the table.

Review your employer’s policy on paid time off (PTO). Do they let you bank those days? If so, how many do you have sitting unused because you’re as American as apple pie and never go on vacation ? Will your company pay those out to you in cash when you retire, or will you lose them? If it's the latter, start planning how you can use them now. Having some extra time off before you officially retire isn’t the worst thing, and certainly better than letting all that time or money go to waste.

In fact, you should review all the benefits you get through your employer to see what you should be taking advantage of before you leave and lose access to them. Everything from health and lifestyle programs, to tuition reimbursements, to employee discount programs should be milked for everything they’re worth, because once you turn in your paperwork they’ll be gone.

Consider a HELOC/Refinance

If you have a big expense coming up in the near future, you should consider how you’ll pay for it now, before you actually retire. That’s because refinancing your mortgage, opening up a home equity line of credit (HELOC), or getting a home equity loan can be more difficult when you’re retired, as you don’t have the steady income of a paycheck, and banks sometimes struggle to make their standard models work. HELOCs can be dormant for many years, so having one on hand can mean you have the funds you need for major repairs or other projects in the future.

Proceed with caution here, however: If you haven't identified a use for a HELOC, the potential risks of having one—including spending the money just because it’s there—may not be worth it. But if you think you might need to tap into your home’s equity, setting it up before you retire will be easier.

Get a complete medical checkup

If you’re a year out from retirement, you’ve probably already looked into how you’ll get health insurance coverage after you leave your job, whether using private insurance or Medicare and some kind of “gap” insurance plan. But whatever your plan is, you should get a thorough physical checkup now, when you’re still around a year away from retirement. The coverage you have through your employer may be superior to Medicare, so finding out you have a serious condition or need expensive surgery now might save you a bundle over dealing with it when it’s all on your own dime. Even if that’s not the case, or you decide to put off treatment for reasons other than finances, knowing that you might have to deal with something will allow you to plan ahead instead of having to react later.

Give your retirement budget a test run

You made a budget for your retirement years, didn’t you? Well, the time to test it out is while you’re still working. You’ve come up with numbers—income versus expenses—but you won’t know whether they actually work until you've lived with them. While you still have a year of work left, try living on the income you expect from your retirement assets (including Social Security, if you qualify). It won’t be a perfect model because you’ll still be in work mode and possible spending money you won't have to once you retire, but it will give you some idea of how realistic your estimates are. If you find yourself miserable and struggling, you’ll need to reshape your plan—and having the option of working a little longer might be a life-saver. Even if you stay committed to your retirement date, you’ll have time to figure out side hustles or expense reduction options in a calm and efficient manner.

Research your Medicare options

Finally, take the year and do some research on your health insurance options. Medicare is complicated , folks, and messing up your coverage or not having the right supplemental plan can not only hurt your health and wellbeing, it can make a deep dent in your pocketbook. The time to ensure you really, actually understand it is now, while you’re still covered by your employer’s insurance and you still have the flexibility to change your retirement plans or financial strategy.

If you do these five things, you’ll (hopefully) face ignificantly fewer regrets in retirement—and that peace of mind will be priceless.

Watch CBS News

Aliens could be "walking among us" on Earth, Harvard researchers suggest

By Neal Riley

Updated on: July 2, 2024 / 11:55 AM EDT / CBS Boston

CAMBRIDGE - Are we alone in the universe? A recent paper from researchers at Harvard University puts an interesting twist on one of humanity's biggest questions.

The paper , which is not affiliated with the university, addresses a resurgent interest in UFOs , known officially as Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena or UAPs by the government. The United States is tracking more than 650 potential UFOs , a Pentagon official said last year.

Harvard researchers Tim Lomas, Brendan Case and Montana Technological University professor Michael Masters put forward a "cryptoterrestrial hypothesis" for the UFOs, theorizing that there's a "concealed earthly explanation" for the sightings. They argue scientists should seriously consider this possibility, alongside explanations that pilots are actually seeing human-made technology or something from an advanced civilization in another part of space. 

"We've seen these cockpit videos so many times ... but what's inside?" Masters said in an interview with CBS News Boston.

What is the cryptoterrestrial hypothesis?

The trio explains that the cryptoterrestrial hypothesis suggests that the intelligent beings responsible for the UFOs may be "concealed in stealth" on Earth or nearby. That could mean they are underground, on the far side of the moon or "even walking among us" and passing as humans.

"We're not saying this is right, we're not saying that this is absolutely 100% the case, we're saying these are some potentialities, these are some possibilities to help explain the origin of these beings," Masters said.

Masters is a biological anthropologist who said he was asked to help research potential explanations for UFOs. He said "aliens" may actually just be humans from far in the future who have figured out how to time travel. 

Are aliens just humans from the future?

Masters said the beings in reported alien encounters are "ubiquitously described as looking just like us." He argues it's highly unlikely that aliens looking just like humans would be from another planet. It "may simply be that they're us," he said. 

"We may go on to look like them," Masters said, referring to typical depictions of "little green men." "Based on our evolutionary characteristics over the last 6 to 8 million years, we are arguably going to have bigger heads, smaller faces, more advanced technology and a lot of these traits are described in association with these beings."

He speculates that the intelligent beings may have "gone underground until we're ready for contact."

"We must seem extremely primitive to them based on what we see flying around in the skies," Masters said.

"Something that we should all be talking about"

A Pentagon report released this year says there's no evidence that any UAP sighting "represented extraterrestrial technology." And while the researchers acknowledge that their paper is "a speculative thought piece," they say it still deserves serious consideration.

"It is something that we should all be talking about," Masters said. 

He said technology from the future could help humans tackle the big problems they face today, such as climate change .

"What if we all just opened our minds to the fact that there's this thing much bigger than us right now, and what could we learn from it?" he said. 

Neal J. Riley is a digital producer for CBS Boston. He has been with WBZ-TV since 2014. His work has appeared in The Boston Globe and The San Francisco Chronicle. Neal is a graduate of Boston University.

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Why Are Companies That Lose Money Still So Successful?

• Vijay Govindarajan,
• Shivaram Rajgopal,
• Anup Srivastava,
• Aneel Iqbal,
• Elnaz Basirian

New research on how to identify investments that produce delayed but real profits — not just those that produce short-term accounting profits.

In a well-functioning capital market, profits should be the sole criterion for firm survival; that is, firms reporting losses should disappear. Of late, however, loss-making firms are highly sought after by investors — often more than some profitable firms. Unicorns, or startups with valuations exceeding a billion dollars, are examples of such loss-making firms. What has changed over time? When and why did losses lose their meaning? The authors’ series of new research papers provide some answers, guiding managers to make the right investments: those that produce delayed but real profits — not just those that produce short-term accounting profits but decimate shareholder wealth in long run.

In 1979, psychologists Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky famously posited that losses loom larger than gains in human decision-making. For example, a dollar of loss affects our behavior more than a dollar of profits . Likewise, when a firm announces losses, its stock price declines more dramatically than it increases for the same dollar amount of profits. Investors abandon and lenders tend to stop financing loss-making firms , which then start restructuring their business lines and laying off employees. Some firms go even further, conducting M&A transactions without substance and “managing earnings” to report profits instead of a loss.

• Vijay Govindarajan is the Coxe Distinguished Professor at Dartmouth College’s Tuck School of Business, an executive fellow at Harvard Business School, and faculty partner at the Silicon Valley incubator Mach 49. He is a New York Times and Wall Street Journal bestselling author. His latest book is Fusion Strategy: How Real-Time Data and AI Will Power the Industrial Future . His Harvard Business Review articles “ Engineering Reverse Innovations ” and “ Stop the Innovation Wars ” won McKinsey Awards for best article published in HBR. His HBR articles “ How GE Is Disrupting Itself ” and “ The CEO’s Role in Business Model Reinvention ” are HBR all-time top-50 bestsellers. Follow him on LinkedIn . vgovindarajan
• Shivaram Rajgopal is the Roy Bernard Kester and T.W. Byrnes Professor of Accounting and Auditing and Vice Dean of Research at Columbia Business School. His research examines financial reporting and executive compensation issues and he is widely published in both accounting and finance.
• Anup Srivastava holds Canada Research Chair in Accounting, Decision Making, and Capital Markets and is a full professor at Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary. In a series of HBR articles, he examines the management implications of digital disruption. He specializes in the valuation and financial reporting challenges of digital companies. Follow Anup on  LinkedIn .
• Aneel Iqbal is an assistant professor at Thunderbird School of Global Management, Arizona State University. He examines the accounting measurement and financial disclosures for new-economy firms and incorporates his wide-ranging industry experience into his research and teaching. He is a seasoned accounting and finance professional with diverse experience in auditing, financial analysis, business advisory, performance management, and executive training. Follow Aneel on LinkedIn .
• Elnaz Basirian is a PhD student at the Haskayne School of Business. She examines the influence and role of intangibles in accounting and finance, aimed at improving valuation and market efficiency. She brings a decade of work experience in international financial markets. Follow Elnaz on LinkedIn .

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Should You Open a 5-Year CD in July 2024?

Published on July 6, 2024

By: Maurie Backman

• A 60-month CD will generally have a lower APY than a shorter-term CD this July.
• You might make more money with a 5-year CD all in.
• July could be your last opportunity to lock in a CD before the Fed starts lowering interest rates.

If you're thinking about opening a CD this July, you're probably in good company. A lot of people are opening CDs to take advantage of today's competitive rates.

You might think that a CD like that doesn't make sense for a couple of reasons. First, it's a long commitment. But also, most 5-year CDs aren't offering as high an APY as shorter-term CDs.

Our Picks for the Best High-Yield Savings Accounts of 2024

It's all about the guaranteed interest

Most banks are offering their best interest rates on shorter-term CDs right. For example, you'll find the APY on a 12-month CD is around 5%. For a 60-month CD, it's around 3.9%. That's a pretty notable difference in CD rates .

But one factor you should keep in mind is that with a 60-month CD, you're guaranteed today's rate for the next five years. With a 12-month CD, you're taking the risk that rates will fall over time.

You may have heard that the Federal Reserve is planning to cut interest rates now that the pace of inflation has slowed down. Once that happens, CD rates are likely to fall, as are interest rates for regular savings accounts .

In fact, July may be the last time you're able to lock in a CD before the Fed's next interest rate cut. The central bank is scheduled to meet on July 30 and 31. If a rate cut is announced then, CD rates could start to fall as early as August.

Does a 5-year CD make sense for you?

Clearly, you won't lock in as high an APY with a 5-year CD as with a 12-month CD. But remember, we don't know how low CD rates will get over the next few years.

If you open a 12-month CD today, in a year, the best rate you may be able to get could be 3.7%. A year later, you may be looking at 2.3%. And a year after that, the top rate for a 12-month CD may be 1.75%.

Of course, without a crystal ball, we can't predict with any sort of certainty what CD rates will look like in the coming years. What is certain, though, is that if you open a $10,000, 60-month CD today at 3.9%, you're guaranteed to earn $2,108 in interest. With a 12-month CD at 5%, with that same amount, you're guaranteed to earn $500 in interest in the next year. Beyond that, it's anyone's guess.

That's why a 5-year CD could make sense for you if it aligns with a financial goal you have. If you've just started saving for a home but know you're at least five years away from being able to buy, then a 60-month CD might help you grow your down payment nicely.

Or, if you have a child who's set to start college in a little more than five years, a 60-month CD allows you to earn a nice amount of interest without taking on the risk of investing your education fund in stocks (something you may not want to do at the tail end of your savings window).

But remember, five years is a long time. If you're not sure you should be tying up your money in the bank for that long, then don't do it. But if a 60-month CD works for you in theory, then July is a great time to open one.

These savings accounts are FDIC insured and could earn you 11x your bank

Many people are missing out on guaranteed returns as their money languishes in a big bank savings account earning next to no interest. Our picks of the best online savings accounts could earn you 11x the national average savings account rate. Click here to uncover the best-in-class accounts that landed a spot on our short list of the best savings accounts for 2024.

Two of our top online savings account picks:

Our Research Expert

Maurie Backman is a personal finance writer covering topics ranging from Social Security to credit cards to mortgages. She also has an editing background and has hosted personal finance podcasts.

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Eating Foods With Xylitol Can Be a Risk to Your Heart

Xylitol in processed food can increase risk of heart attack and stroke — but there’s no danger in xylitol in oral care products

If you’re watching your sugar intake , you’re probably already well-acquainted with sugar-free packaged snacks and sweets.

Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy

All the taste, none of the sugar or calories! It’s like a miracle.

But how do they do it?

In many of these products, the answer is sugar alcohols . They’re manufactured sugar substitutes that give foods the sweet, sweet taste of sugar but without spiking your glucose levels — adding taste without any calories.

But what was once hailed as a major win for your sweet tooth is increasingly coming under scrutiny. Because recent research on xylitol , a frequent sugar substitute in processed foods, is showing that the full story on sugar alcohols may not be so sweet.

“Our studies show that elevated blood levels of xylitol contribute to heightened platelet reactivity and are associated with an enhanced risk for cardiovascular events, like heart attacks and strokes ,” says physician-scientist Stanley Hazen, MD, PhD . He is the senior author of a study that’s bringing light to the dark side of xylitol.

Dr. Hazen shares what xylitol is, what the risks are to you and what to do about it.

What is xylitol?

Xylitol is a kind of sugar alcohol found most often in candies and desserts labeled as “keto-friendly,” “diabetes-friendly,” “sugar-free” or “calorie-free.” Sugar alcohols are compounds that are similar in chemical structure to sugar. They taste like sugar, but they don’t affect your body in the same way.

Xylitol isn’t one of those little packets of artificial sweeteners that are sitting on the table at restaurants. It’s an additive used in food manufacturing plants. It also can be found in grocery store bakery section sold as a sugar replacement.

“Food manufacturers use sugar alcohols as non-nutritive sweeteners in things like sugar-free candies and baked goods. To our tongues, xylitol tastes like sugar, but it doesn’t affect your blood sugar like glucose (sugar) does,” Dr. Hazen shares.

In addition to being found in food products, xylitol is often found in products for dental care, like toothpaste and mouthwash. That’s because, in addition to its sweet taste, xylitol can also help prevent cavities and lessen their severity.

Xylitol is a natural compound that we make in our bodies in very low levels — much lower than is used in food production. And high levels of xylitol can cause big problems.

Risks of xylitol in food

Consuming sugar alcohols in large quantities as sugar substitutes has been noted to cause trouble in some people. Things like bloating, gas, upset stomach, diarrhea and weight gain. But Dr. Hazen’s research shows much more dangerous effects.

His team’s studies suggest that people whose bodies make high levels of xylitol can be at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.

What’s more, consuming foods and beverages sweetened with xylitol can make the platelets in your blood more likely to clot — a recipe for serious heart events.

In studies performed by Dr Hazen’s team, healthy volunteers were given a drink sweetened with 30 grams of xylitol. That’s similar to the amount found in a single scoop of keto-friendly ice cream or several cookies marketed for people with diabetes.

In every volunteer studied, platelets were significantly more prone to clot after consuming xylitol.

“In the presence of xylitol, platelets become much more angry and ready to clot,” Dr. Hazen reports. “It’s as if our platelets have a kind of tastebud receptor for xylitol that makes them go into overdrive. And that’s very significant because enhanced clotting can stop blood flow.”

The result of stopped blood flow?

• Heart attack.
• Other life-threatening cardiovascular events.

The team came across the risks of xylitol while searching for new pathways linked to heart disease risk. They examined blood samples from 3,000 people and looked to identify substances in blood that were elevated amongst people who went on to have serious heart events. Xylitol was near the top of the list.

But just because xylitol was in their blood didn’t necessarily mean that xylitol caused heart attacks. Additional research studies confirmed that elevating levels of xylitol enhances platelet responsiveness, and — in non-human model studies — clotting potential.

“We had healthy volunteers drink a xylitol-sweetened drink, and we examined blood from before versus after ingestion of the drink. For the next four to six hours xylitol levels remained elevated enough to enhance platelet responses and clotting risk in every person studied,” Dr. Hazen explains.

Platelet function returned to normal levels by the next day. But for people who consistently eat foods containing xylitol, the risk would stick around.

“It’s not hard to imagine that someone with diabetes could eat products containing xylitol every day, throughout the day,” Dr. Hazen elaborates. “So, that risk would remain if you continued to ingest xylitol. The very people who are most at risk for clotting events like heart attack and stroke — people with diabetes — are the very same people who are most likely to be ingesting xylitol in high levels and further increasing that risk without knowing it.”

The findings are similar to what Dr. Hazen and his team found in studies of erythritol , another common sugar alcohol. Taken together, the studies are causing some medical professionals to rethink the safety of all sugar alcohols. But more tests need to be done to know for sure.

What about xylitol in your toothpaste?

Importantly, Dr. Hazen notes that using toothpaste or mouthwash with xylitol isn’t likely to have the same risks.

“We know that xylitol in your oral care products can help fight cavities ,” he acknowledges. “And since you don’t ingest those products in large amounts, they’re still OK to use.”

What foods contain xylitol?

Xylitol is most commonly found in sugar-free candies and other confections.

But unfortunately, knowing if your food contains xylitol isn’t as easy as just reading the nutrition label . That’s because food manufacturers aren’t always required to list sugar alcohols on their packaging. So, they can lurk in the background without you even knowing it.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) guidelines regarding sugar alcohols state that they only need to be included in the nutrition label if “a claim [is] made about sugar alcohols or sugar when sugar alcohols are present.”

In other words, if a package is touting its sugar-free status, it needs to include sugar alcohol content on the label.

But xylitol is just one sugar alcohol that food companies use in sugar-free foods. Others include:

• Erythritol.

Even if a food says it contains sugar alcohol, it won’t necessarily state which one.

Should you avoid xylitol?

That’s the million-dollar question, and a tough one to answer. Because you have to weigh the risks of xylitol and other sugar alcohols with the risks of consuming sugar . For people with diabetes or insulin resistance in particular, neither is likely totally safe for you.

And considering that you don’t necessarily know which foods contain xylitol, it’s even harder to know what to avoid.

Dr. Hazen’s advice? “We need to practice moderation in what we’re consuming. I would argue sugar or honey are actually better alternatives, even for people with diabetes. But if you have diabetes, you need to be vigilant about your glucose levels and keep your intake low.”

Even better: Satisfy your sweet tooth with natural sources of sugar, like fruits. They’re less likely to cause blood sugar spikes. And they nourish your body with vitamins and minerals in a way that no packaged snack or dessert can.

And for his part, Dr. Hazen is calling for further studies and regulations that will help both healthcare providers and their patients understand what’s in their foods and what the risks are.

“This is a health concern on a population scale,” Dr. Hazen emphasizes. “I hope this research and future studies will trigger a reappraisal of the regulatory guidelines around artificial sweeteners. We need more research on this topic so we can make sure we’re not inadvertently having people reach for something that they think is a healthy choice if it’s not.”

Learn more about our editorial process .

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• Americans’ Views of Government’s Role: Persistent Divisions and Areas of Agreement

1. Government’s scope, efficiency and role in regulating business

Table of contents.

• Views on the efficiency of government
• Views on the government’s regulation of business
• Confidence in the nation’s ability to solve problems
• Views on the effect of government aid to the poor
• Views on government’s role in health care
• Views on the future of Social Security
• Trust in government
• Feelings toward the federal government
• Acknowledgments
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

American s are evenly divided in their preferences for the size of government. Yet a somewhat greater share wants the government to do more to solve problems than say it is doing too much better left to others.

There is a persistent belief that government is wasteful: 56% say it is “almost always wasteful and inefficient.”

However, a majority of Americans (58%) say government regulation of business is necessary to protect the public good.

Divisions on government’s size, scope

Overall, 49% say they would prefer a smaller government providing fewer services, while 48% say they would rather have a bigger government providing more services.

Most Democrats prefer a larger government. For nearly half a century, Democrats and Republicans have differed in their preferences for the size of government. Today, those differences are as wide as they have ever been:

• Nearly three-quarters of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents (74%) favor a bigger government, providing more services. By comparison, in 2015, a smaller majority of Democrats (59%) said they preferred a bigger government.
• Just 20% of Republicans and Republican leaners prefer a bigger government; nearly four times as many want smaller government with fewer services. Republicans’ views of the size of government have changed less than Democrats’. Still, when George W. Bush was running for reelection in 2004, roughly a third of Republicans favored a bigger government.

When asked about the proper role of government, about half of Americans (53%) say the government should do more to solve problems, while 46% say the government is doing too many things better left to businesses and individuals.

An overwhelming share of Democrats (76%) say government should do more to solve problems, while about a quarter (23%) say it is doing too many things better left to individuals and businesses.

By contrast, Republicans prefer a more limited role for government: 71% say government is doing too many things better left to businesses and individuals, while 28% say government should do more to solve problems.

There are also sizable demographic differences in these views:

• White adults (54%) are the most likely to say government is doing too many things better left to businesses and individuals, while smaller shares of Asian (34%), Black (31%) and Hispanic (29%) adults say the same.
• Younger adults are more likely than older adults to favor a larger role for government, with adults ages 18 to 29 (66%) being the most likely to say government should do more to solve problems.
• Among income groups, a majority of lower-income adults (61%) say government should do more to solve problems, while smaller shares of upper- and middle-income adults (53% and 48%, respectively) say the same.

Views among partisans by race, ethnicity and income

Among partisans, there are wide demographic differences on the preferred role of government – especially among Republicans.

Hispanic Republicans (58%) are much more likely than White Republicans (21%) to favor a larger role for government.

Views among Democrats are much less divided, with at least seven-in-ten Democrats in each racial and ethnic group saying government should do more to solve problems.

Nearly half of lower-income Republicans (46%) say that the government should do more to solve problems, while smaller shares of middle- (22%) and upper-income (19%) Republicans say the same.

Wide majorities of Democrats across income groups say government should do more to solve problems.

In assessments of the efficiency of the government, a majority of Americans (56%) find it to be “almost always wasteful and inefficient.” A smaller share (42%) say government “often does a better job than people give it credit for.”

Overall, views on the efficiency of government have remained somewhat steady since 2019, with views today mirroring those five years ago.

Among partisans, a majority of Democrats (63%) say the government often does a better job than people give it credit for, while a large majority of Republicans (77%) say government is often wasteful and inefficient.

Views on the efficiency of government in both parties have remained steady since 2021.

While Democrats are generally more likely than Republicans to say government does not get enough credit, these views vary somewhat depending on which party holds the presidency:

• Democrats are now more likely to give credit to the government than they were during the Trump administration.
• Among Republicans, views of government efficiency were more positive during the Trump administration.

This is consistent with shifts in views during prior administrations .

On the topic of government regulation of business, about six-in-ten Americans (58%) say that government regulation of business is necessary to protect the public interest. Four-in-ten, however, say government regulation of business usually does more harm than good.

These views have remained largely unchanged since 2017.

As with other attitudes about government, Republicans and Democrats differ on the impact of government regulation of business:

• About two-thirds of Republicans (65%) say government regulation does more harm than good.
• Roughly eight-in-ten Democrats (82%) say government regulation is necessary to protect the public interest.

Among other demographic differences:

• White adults (45%) are the most likely to say government regulation does more harm than good, while smaller shares of Hispanic (32%), Asian (29%) and Black (27%) adults say the same.
• Younger adults are more likely than older adults to say government regulation of business is necessary to protect the public interest, with adults ages 18 to 29 (64%) being the most likely to say this.

Americans are divided in their views on the country’s ability to solve important problems. About half (52%) of Americans say “this country can’t solve many of its important problems,” while 47% say that “as Americans, we can always find ways to solve our problems and get what we want.”

More Americans express confidence in the country’s ability to solve problems now than a year ago (47% now, 43% then). Still, the share saying this is lower than it was from 2019 to 2022.

Unlike assessments of government, there are no partisan differences in views on the country’s ability to solve its important problems.

In both parties, about half say the U.S. can’t solve many of its important problems, while slightly narrower shares say Americans can always find ways to solve the country’s problems.

Views among age groups

Among age groups, younger adults are the most likely to express skepticism in the country’s ability to solve its important problems. About six-in-ten adults ages 18 to 29 (62%) say the U.S. can’t solve many of its important problems, while smaller shares of older adults say the same.

Overall, the shares of adults in each age group who voice skepticism on the country’s ability to solve its problems remain higher than they were in 2022.

However, older adults have grown slightly more optimistic on this issue in the past year. Views among the youngest adults are relatively unchanged from 2022.

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